The microplastic (MP) profile in water and sediment samples collected from five stations along Aksu Stream, which serves as a drinking water source for Giresun province, was investigated. The presence and characterization of MPs in the samples were determined using both microscopic and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy techniques. The study revealed 910 items kg-1 of MPs in sediment samples, while 0.65 items L-1 were found in water samples. The dominant color of MPs observed in the study was transparent. The most prevalent size range of MPs was between 0-50 µm, and the dominant shape in the polymer analysis of MPs collected from Aksu Stream was fiber. According to FT-IR analysis results, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the most abundant MP polimer types detected. When assessing the potential ecological risk of MPs, it was determined that the stream falls into damage and risk categories III (High) and IV (Hazard). This research adds to the expanding body of evidence indicating that microplastic contamination is pervasive in freshwater environments. It is urgent to reduce MP waste generation in order to protect aquatic ecosystems and human health.
Akdogan Z., Guven, B., and Kideys, A.E. (2023). Microplastic distribution in the surface water and sediment of the Ergene River, Environmental Research, 234 (2023) 116500.
Akkan, T., Gedik, K., and Mutlu, T. (2023). Protracted dynamicity of microplastics in the coastal sediment of the Southeast Black Sea. Marine pollution bulletin, 188, 114722.
Alprol, A.E., Gaballah, M.S., and Hassaan, M.A. (2021). Micro and nanoplastics analysis: focus on their classification, and impacts in marine environment. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 42: 101625.
Andrady, A.L. (2015). Plastics and environmental sustainability. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
Aydın, A., and Sunlu, U. (2004). Investigation of carbon and burnable matter levels in the sediments of the South Aegean Sea, E.Ü. Journal of Fisheries, 21(3-4), 229-234.
Baalkhuyur, F. M., et al. (2018). Microplastic in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 131(April): 407–415.
Bayhan, B., and Aydin Uncumusaoglu, A. (2024). Abundance, characteristics, and potential ecological risks of microplastics in some commercial fish in İzmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Türkiye). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 103488.
Bellas, J., Martínez-Armental, J., Martínez-Cámara, A., Besada, V., and Martínez-Gómez, C. (2016). Ingestion of microplastics by demersal fish from the Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 109:55–60.
Çebi, H., and Uncumusaoğlu, A. A. (2024). Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 68-82.
Chen, Y., Leng, Y., Liu, X., and Wang, J. (2020). Microplastic pollution in vegetable farmlands of suburb Wuhan, central China, Environmental Pollution, 257, 113449.
Çil, E. A., Uncumusaoğlu, A. A., Ergen, Ş. F., and Gürbüzer, P. (2023). Evaluation of water and sediment quality of İnaltı Cave (Northern Türkiye) by using multivariate statistical methods. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 195 (6), 667.
Çullu, A.F., Sönmez, V.Z., and Sivri, N. (2021). Microplastic contamination in surface waters of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey): Sources and areal distribution. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115-801.
Daana, K. K. La., Gårdfeldt, K., Lyashevska, O., Hassellöv, M., Thompson, R. C. and I. O'Connor, I. (2018). Microplastics in sub-surface waters of the Arctic Central Basin, Marine pollution bulletin, 130, 8-18.
Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande, C., and Tassin, B. (2016). Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment? Mar. Pollut. Bull.104, 290–293.
Enamul Kabir, A. H. M., Sekine, M., Imai, T., Koichi Yamamoto, K., Kanno, A., and Higuchi, T. (2022). Microplastics in the sediments of small-scale Japanese rivers: Abundance and distribution, characterization, sources-to-sink, and ecological risks. Science of the Total Environment, 812, 152590.
Fan, Y., Zheng, J., Deng, L., Rao, W., Zhang, Q., Liu, T., and Qian, X. (2022). Spatiotemporal dynamics of microplastics in an urban river network area. Water Research, 212, 118116.
Frias, J.P., and Nash, R., (2019). Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition, Marine pollution bulletin, 138, 145-147.
Gatidou, G., Arvaniti, O.S., and Stasinakis, A. S. (2019). Review on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in Sewage Treatment Plants, Journal of hazardous materials, 367, 504-512.
Gedik, K., and Gozler, A. M. (2022). Hallmarking microplastics of sediments and Chamelea gallina inhabiting Southwestern Black Sea: A hypothetical look at consumption risks. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 174, 113252.
Hermsen, E., Pompe, R., Besseling, E., and Koelmans, A.A. (2017). Detection of low numbers of microplastics in North Sea fish using strict quality assurance criteria. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 122, 253-258.
Huang, C.W., Li, Y.L., Lina, C., Bui, X., Vo, T., and Ngo, H. (2023). Seasonal influence on pollution index and risk of multiple compositions of microplastics in an urban river. Science of the Total Environment, 859, 160021.
İpek, G. G., Aras, S., Arslan, N., and Mutlu, E. (2024). Evaluation of Freshwater Water Quality with Indexes and GIS-Based: A Case Study, Güren Stream (Küre Mountains National Park, Western Black Sea Basin, Turkey). Water Resources, 51(3), 332-343.
Kulkarni, N.N., and Anantharama, V. (2020). Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal solid waste management: Challenges and opportunities, Science of the Total Environment, 743, 140693.
Lithner, D., Larsson, A., and Dave, G. (2011) Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Science of the Total Environment, 409(18), 3309–3324.
Liu, L., Tang, Z., Kong, M., Chen, X., Zhou C., Huang, K., and Wang, Z., (2019). Tracing the potential pollution sources of the coastal water in Hong Kong with statistical models combining APCS-MLR, Journal of Environmental Management, 245, 143-150.
Masura, J., et al. (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-48.
Özgüler, Ü. (2022). Determination of the Effect of the Abundance of Microplastics from Some Rivers Draining into Mersin Bay during the Rainy Season, Mersin University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, MSc Thesis.
Ranjani, M., Veerasingam, S., Venkatachalapathy, R., Mugilarasan, M., Bagaev, A., Mukhanov, V., and Vethamony, P. (2021). Assessment of potential ecological risk of microplastics in the coastal sediments of India: A meta-analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163.
Shekoohiyan, S., and Akbarzadeh, A. (2022). The abundance of microplastic pollution along the Jajroud river of Tehran: Estimating the water quality index and the ecological risk, Ecological Indicators,145, 109629.
Tiseo, I. (2021). Annual production of plastics worldwide from 1950 to 2020. UNDP, 2016. Goal 14: Life Below Water, UNDP Support to the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal.
Tokatli, C., Mutlu, E., Ustaoğlu, F., Islam, A. R. T., and Muhammad, S. (2024). Spatiotemporal variations, health risk assessment, and sources of potentially toxic elements in potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Türkiye), Black Sea Region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(5), 420.
Vaid, M., Sarma, K., and Gupta, A. (2021). Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments with special emphasis on riverine systems: current understanding and way forward. J. Environ. Manag. 293, 112860.
Wang, W., Ndungu, A. W., Li, Z., and Wang, J. (2017). Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 1369-1374.
Wang, G., Lu, J., Tong, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, H., and Xiayihazi, N. (2020). Occurrence and pollution characteristics of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 710, 136099.
Wright, S., Ulke, J., Font, A., Chan, K., and Kelly, F. (2020). Atmospheric microplastic deposition in an urban environment and an evaluation of transport, Environment international, 136, 105411.
Xu, E.G., and Ren, Z. J., (2021). Preventing masks from becoming the next plastic problem, Front. Environ. Sci. Eng, 15, (6)125.
Xu, P., Peng G., Su L., Gao Y., Gao L., and Li D. (2018). Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters: A case study in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 133: 647–654.
Xu, Z., X. Bai, X., Li, Y., Weng, Y., and Li., F. (2023). New insights into the decrease in Cd2+ bioavailability in sediments by microplastics: Role of geochemical properties, J. Hazard. Mater., 442,130103,
Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Cai, L., and Han, J. (2023). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in surface sediments of a typical river with a highly eroded catchment, a case of the Yan River, a tributary of the Yellow River. Science of the Total Environment, 863(3), 160932.
Zhou, G., Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, M., and Huang, X. (2020). Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in urban waters of seven cities in the Tuojiang River basin, China. Environmental Research, 189, 109893.
Zhou, Z., Zhang, P., Zhang, G., Wang, S., Cai, Y., and Wang, H. (2021). Vertical microplastic distri- bution in sediments of Fuhe River estuary to Baiyangdian wetland in northern China. Chemosphere, 280, 130800.
Giresun ili içme suyu teminini sağlayan, Aksu Deresi boyunca beş istasyondan toplanan, su ve sediment örneklerindeki mikroplastik (MP) profili araştırılmıştır. Örneklerde tespit edilen MP'lerin varlığı ve karakterizasyonu hem mikroskobik hem de ATR-FT-IR spektroskopisi teknikleri kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada, sediment örneklerinde 910 parça kg-1 MP tespit edilirken, su örneklerinde 0.65 parça L-1 MP bulunmuştur. Çalışmada gözlenen MP'lerin baskın rengi transparandır. MP'lerin en baskın boyut aralığı 0-50 µm arasında bulunurken ve Aksu Deresi'nden toplanan MP'lerin polimer şekli analizinde baskın grup olarak fiber bulunmuştur. FT-IR analiz sonuçlarına göre, PE ve PP tespit edilen en bol MP polimer türleri olmuştur. MP'lerin potansiyel ekolojik riski değerlendirildiğinde, derenin III (Yüksek) ve IV (Tehlike) hasar ve risk kategorilerine girdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu araştırma, mikroplastik kirliliğinin tatlı su ortamlarında yaygın olduğunu gösteren kanıtların artmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Sucul ekosistemlerin ve insan sağlığının korunması için MP atık üretiminin azaltılması acilen gerekmektedir.
The study was carried out with the financial support of the Giresun University Scientific Research Project (FEN-BAP-A-250620-61), Giresun, Türkiye.
Kaynakça
Akdogan Z., Guven, B., and Kideys, A.E. (2023). Microplastic distribution in the surface water and sediment of the Ergene River, Environmental Research, 234 (2023) 116500.
Akkan, T., Gedik, K., and Mutlu, T. (2023). Protracted dynamicity of microplastics in the coastal sediment of the Southeast Black Sea. Marine pollution bulletin, 188, 114722.
Alprol, A.E., Gaballah, M.S., and Hassaan, M.A. (2021). Micro and nanoplastics analysis: focus on their classification, and impacts in marine environment. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 42: 101625.
Andrady, A.L. (2015). Plastics and environmental sustainability. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
Aydın, A., and Sunlu, U. (2004). Investigation of carbon and burnable matter levels in the sediments of the South Aegean Sea, E.Ü. Journal of Fisheries, 21(3-4), 229-234.
Baalkhuyur, F. M., et al. (2018). Microplastic in the gastrointestinal tract of fishes along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 131(April): 407–415.
Bayhan, B., and Aydin Uncumusaoglu, A. (2024). Abundance, characteristics, and potential ecological risks of microplastics in some commercial fish in İzmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Türkiye). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 103488.
Bellas, J., Martínez-Armental, J., Martínez-Cámara, A., Besada, V., and Martínez-Gómez, C. (2016). Ingestion of microplastics by demersal fish from the Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 109:55–60.
Çebi, H., and Uncumusaoğlu, A. A. (2024). Evaluation of the abundance, characteristics and potential ecological risk of microplastics in Batlama Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 68-82.
Chen, Y., Leng, Y., Liu, X., and Wang, J. (2020). Microplastic pollution in vegetable farmlands of suburb Wuhan, central China, Environmental Pollution, 257, 113449.
Çil, E. A., Uncumusaoğlu, A. A., Ergen, Ş. F., and Gürbüzer, P. (2023). Evaluation of water and sediment quality of İnaltı Cave (Northern Türkiye) by using multivariate statistical methods. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 195 (6), 667.
Çullu, A.F., Sönmez, V.Z., and Sivri, N. (2021). Microplastic contamination in surface waters of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey): Sources and areal distribution. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115-801.
Daana, K. K. La., Gårdfeldt, K., Lyashevska, O., Hassellöv, M., Thompson, R. C. and I. O'Connor, I. (2018). Microplastics in sub-surface waters of the Arctic Central Basin, Marine pollution bulletin, 130, 8-18.
Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande, C., and Tassin, B. (2016). Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment? Mar. Pollut. Bull.104, 290–293.
Enamul Kabir, A. H. M., Sekine, M., Imai, T., Koichi Yamamoto, K., Kanno, A., and Higuchi, T. (2022). Microplastics in the sediments of small-scale Japanese rivers: Abundance and distribution, characterization, sources-to-sink, and ecological risks. Science of the Total Environment, 812, 152590.
Fan, Y., Zheng, J., Deng, L., Rao, W., Zhang, Q., Liu, T., and Qian, X. (2022). Spatiotemporal dynamics of microplastics in an urban river network area. Water Research, 212, 118116.
Frias, J.P., and Nash, R., (2019). Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition, Marine pollution bulletin, 138, 145-147.
Gatidou, G., Arvaniti, O.S., and Stasinakis, A. S. (2019). Review on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in Sewage Treatment Plants, Journal of hazardous materials, 367, 504-512.
Gedik, K., and Gozler, A. M. (2022). Hallmarking microplastics of sediments and Chamelea gallina inhabiting Southwestern Black Sea: A hypothetical look at consumption risks. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 174, 113252.
Hermsen, E., Pompe, R., Besseling, E., and Koelmans, A.A. (2017). Detection of low numbers of microplastics in North Sea fish using strict quality assurance criteria. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 122, 253-258.
Huang, C.W., Li, Y.L., Lina, C., Bui, X., Vo, T., and Ngo, H. (2023). Seasonal influence on pollution index and risk of multiple compositions of microplastics in an urban river. Science of the Total Environment, 859, 160021.
İpek, G. G., Aras, S., Arslan, N., and Mutlu, E. (2024). Evaluation of Freshwater Water Quality with Indexes and GIS-Based: A Case Study, Güren Stream (Küre Mountains National Park, Western Black Sea Basin, Turkey). Water Resources, 51(3), 332-343.
Kulkarni, N.N., and Anantharama, V. (2020). Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal solid waste management: Challenges and opportunities, Science of the Total Environment, 743, 140693.
Lithner, D., Larsson, A., and Dave, G. (2011) Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Science of the Total Environment, 409(18), 3309–3324.
Liu, L., Tang, Z., Kong, M., Chen, X., Zhou C., Huang, K., and Wang, Z., (2019). Tracing the potential pollution sources of the coastal water in Hong Kong with statistical models combining APCS-MLR, Journal of Environmental Management, 245, 143-150.
Masura, J., et al. (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-48.
Özgüler, Ü. (2022). Determination of the Effect of the Abundance of Microplastics from Some Rivers Draining into Mersin Bay during the Rainy Season, Mersin University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, MSc Thesis.
Ranjani, M., Veerasingam, S., Venkatachalapathy, R., Mugilarasan, M., Bagaev, A., Mukhanov, V., and Vethamony, P. (2021). Assessment of potential ecological risk of microplastics in the coastal sediments of India: A meta-analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163.
Shekoohiyan, S., and Akbarzadeh, A. (2022). The abundance of microplastic pollution along the Jajroud river of Tehran: Estimating the water quality index and the ecological risk, Ecological Indicators,145, 109629.
Tiseo, I. (2021). Annual production of plastics worldwide from 1950 to 2020. UNDP, 2016. Goal 14: Life Below Water, UNDP Support to the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal.
Tokatli, C., Mutlu, E., Ustaoğlu, F., Islam, A. R. T., and Muhammad, S. (2024). Spatiotemporal variations, health risk assessment, and sources of potentially toxic elements in potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Türkiye), Black Sea Region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(5), 420.
Vaid, M., Sarma, K., and Gupta, A. (2021). Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments with special emphasis on riverine systems: current understanding and way forward. J. Environ. Manag. 293, 112860.
Wang, W., Ndungu, A. W., Li, Z., and Wang, J. (2017). Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 1369-1374.
Wang, G., Lu, J., Tong, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, H., and Xiayihazi, N. (2020). Occurrence and pollution characteristics of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 710, 136099.
Wright, S., Ulke, J., Font, A., Chan, K., and Kelly, F. (2020). Atmospheric microplastic deposition in an urban environment and an evaluation of transport, Environment international, 136, 105411.
Xu, E.G., and Ren, Z. J., (2021). Preventing masks from becoming the next plastic problem, Front. Environ. Sci. Eng, 15, (6)125.
Xu, P., Peng G., Su L., Gao Y., Gao L., and Li D. (2018). Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters: A case study in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 133: 647–654.
Xu, Z., X. Bai, X., Li, Y., Weng, Y., and Li., F. (2023). New insights into the decrease in Cd2+ bioavailability in sediments by microplastics: Role of geochemical properties, J. Hazard. Mater., 442,130103,
Zhao, X., Liu, Z., Cai, L., and Han, J. (2023). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in surface sediments of a typical river with a highly eroded catchment, a case of the Yan River, a tributary of the Yellow River. Science of the Total Environment, 863(3), 160932.
Zhou, G., Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, M., and Huang, X. (2020). Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in urban waters of seven cities in the Tuojiang River basin, China. Environmental Research, 189, 109893.
Zhou, Z., Zhang, P., Zhang, G., Wang, S., Cai, Y., and Wang, H. (2021). Vertical microplastic distri- bution in sediments of Fuhe River estuary to Baiyangdian wetland in northern China. Chemosphere, 280, 130800.
Aydın Uncumusaoğlu, A. (2024). Microplastic pollution profile and potential ecological risk of in Aksu Stream (Giresun, Türkiye). Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 953-969. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1489735