Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşından Alınan Hava Savunma Dersleri

Yıl 2023, , 357 - 383, 03.11.2023

Mehmet Gürsu

https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.1323714

Öz

Rusya’nın Ukrayna’nın tam ölçekte işgali amacıyla başlattığı savaş, harp silah, sistem ve araçlarının sahnelenmesi; yeni harp konseptlerinin ve taktiklerinin denenmesi, geliştirilmesi ve ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi açısından laboratuvar işlevi görmektedir. Askerî ve ekonomik açıdan Rusya’nın Ukrayna karşısında üstünlüğü olmasına rağmen bir yıldan fazla süredir devam eden savaşta, Batı’nın Ukrayna’ya desteği ile göreli bir dengenin sağlandığı görülmektedir. Bu denge, Batı desteğinin devamına ve Rusya’nın, hava üstünlüğünü kazanamamasına bağlıdır. Ukrayna’nın Yerde Konuşlu Hava Savunma Sistemleri (Ground Based Air Defence Systems, GBAD) şu ana dek Rusya’nın hava savunmasını bastırma ve yok etme (SEAD/DEAD) harekâtını durdurmayı başarmıştır. Böylece Rusya, ağırlıklı olarak Yakın Hava Desteği (CAS) harekâtına yönelmiştir. Ayrıca, gezinen (loitering) İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA), Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı (SİHA), seyir füzesi, balistik füze ve siber saldırılarıyla Ukrayna’nın askerî ve sivil altyapısını da hedef almaktadır.Çalışmada, Rusya’nın hava saldırı taktikleri ile Ukrayna GBAD’lerinin karşı taktikleri incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede yerden havaya füze sistemlerinin (Surface to Air Missile, SAM) bütünleşik bir komuta kontrol yapısı altında gelişen muharebe şartlarına uygun olarak esnek kullanımı ve bu sistemlerin lojistik desteğindeki devamlılığın harekâta etkileri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Ukrayna savaşından alınan dersler ışığında GBAD sistemlerinin savaşa hazırlık seviyelerini yükseltecek önlemlerin ortaya konulması ve yeni taktiklerin geliştirilmesine bir temel oluşturmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

GBAD, Entegre Hava ve Füze Savunması, Çok Alanlı Harekât, Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı.

Kaynakça

• Airforce Technology. (2024, 24 Mart). Orlan-10 Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV). https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/orlan-10-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav/.
• Army Recognition. (2023, 21 Nisan). IRIS-T SL Diehl Defence. https://www.armyrecognition.com/germany_missile_systems_vehicles_uk/iris-t_slm_medium-range_air_defense_missile_system_technical_data.html.
• Antoniuk, D. (2022, 18 Mayıs). How electronic warfare is reshaping the war between Russia and Ukraine. https://therecord.media/how-electronic-warfare-is-reshaping-the-war-between-russia-and-ukraine.
• Cameron, I. (2022, 30 Ekim). Lessons from Ukraine’s Current Air Defense Deficit. https://www.americansecurityproject.org/lessons-from-ukraines-current-air-defense-deficit/.
• Canadian Centre for Cyber Security. (2022, 14 Temmuz). Cyber Threat Activity Related to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. https://www.cyber.gc.ca/sites/default/files/cyber-threat-activity-associated-russian-invasion-ukraine-e.pdf.
• Bou, J. (2022, 26 Eylül). U.S. delivers NASAMS advanced air defence system to Ukraine. https://www.graphicnews.com/en/pages/42878/U.S._to_deliver_NASAMS_advanced_air_defence_system_to_Ukraine?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=gngraphicnews.
• Bronk, J. ve Cranny-Evans, S. (2022, 23 Kasım). Building the Capacity to Conduct Joint All-Domain Operations (JADO). https://static.rusi.org/345_OP_JADO.pdf.
• Bronk, J., Reynolds, N. ve Watling, J. (2022, 07 Kasım). The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence. https://static.rusi.org/SR-Russian-Air-War-Ukraine-web-final.pdf.
• Christenson, J. (2023, 10 April). Leaked Pentagon documents warn Ukraine air defense on last legs. https://nypost.com/2023/04/10/ukraines-frontline-air-defense-depleted-by-may-leaked-docs/
• Cooper, H., Schwirtz, M. ve Gibbons-Neff, T. (2023, 09 Nisan). Leaked Documents Suggest Ukrainian Air Defense Is in Peril if Not Reinforced. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/09/us/politics/leaked-documents-ukrainian-air-defense.html
• Cooper, H. ve Schmitt, E. (2023, 06 Nisan). Ukraine War Plans Leak Prompts Pentagon Investigation. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/06/us/politics/ukraine-war-plan-russia.html.
• CSIS. Missiles of Russia, (2021, 10 Ağustos). https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/russia/.
• Dress, B. (2023, 14 Mart). Why the US is going full throttle on hypersonic missiles. https://thehill.com/policy/defense/3900329-why-the-us-is-going-full-throttle-on-hypersonic-missiles/.
• Foltynova, K. (2022). Protecting The Skies: How Does Ukraine Defend Against Russian Missiles? https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-missile-defense-weapons-chartsrussia/32192132.html.
• Gauthier-Villars, D., Stecklow, S., Tamman, M., Grey, S. ve Macaskill, A. (2022, 08 Ağustos). As Russian missiles struck Ukraine, Western tech still flowed. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/ukraine-crisis-russia-missiles-chips/
• Gordon, C. (2023, 22 Mart). Lack of Airpower in Ukraine Proves Value of Air Superiority, NATO Air Boss Says. https://www.airandspaceforces.com/airpower-ukraine-air-superiority-hecker/
• Gürsu, M. (2021). Ukrayna Krizi sonrasında NATO’nun Avrupa Güvenlik Yapısına Etkisi: Baltık Güvenliği Üzerine Bir İnceleme [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
• Hacket, J. (Ed.). (2022). The Military Balance 2022, Routledge.
• Hacket ,J. (Ed.). (2023). The Military Balance 2023, Routledge.
• Karber, P. (2015, 05 Haziran). A. Russia's 'New Generation Warfare. https://www.nga.mil/news/Russias_New_Generation_Warfare.html.
• Kaushal, S., Macy A., ve Stickings, A. (2021, 12 Temmuz). The Future of NATO's Air and Missile Defence. https://static.rusi.org/NATOMissileDefence2021.pdf.
• Kossov, I. (2023, 13 Ocak). How many missiles does Russia have left? https://kyivindependent.com/how-many-missiles-does-russia-have-left/.
• Kostenko, M. ve Walsh, N. P. (2023, 06 Mayıs). Ukraine says it used US-made Patriot system to intercept Russian hypersonic missile. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/06/europe/us-patriot-system-ukraine-hypersonic-missile-intl-hnk/index.html.
• Lohmann, S. ve Evans. C. (2022, 02 Şubat). Navigating New Threats: NATO’s Posture on Emerging Technologies. https://jsis.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/22_TF_JSIS-495H_Lohmann.pdf.
• Mills, C. (2022, 04 Mart). Military assistance to Ukraine 2014-2021. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9477/.
• Military Today. (t.y.). Kh-47M2 Kinzhal, Air Launched Missile.. https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/kh_47m2_kinzhal.htm,
• Military Watch Magazine. (2022, 15 Şubat). Is the S-500 Missile System an F-35 and F-22 Killer? A Force Multiplier for Russia’s Air Defences. https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/is-the-s500-missile- system-an-f35-and-f22-killer-a-force-multiplier-for-russias-air-defences.
• Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. (2023, 01 Nisan). Russian Defence Ministry report on the progress of the special military operation. https://eng.mil.ru/en/special_operation/news/more.htm?id=12462607@egNews.
• Ministry of Defence Ukraine. (2023, 24. Şubat). The total combat losses of the enemy from 24.02.2022 to 02.04.2023. https://www.mil.gov.ua/en/news/2023/04/02/the-total-combat-losses-of-the-enemy-from-24-02-2022-to-02-04-2023/.
• Missile Defense Project. (2022, 19 Mart). Kh-47M2 Kinzhal, https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/kinzhal/. Mission of Ukraine to the European Union. (2014, 08 Eylül). Protocol on the results of consultations of the
• Trilateral Contact Group (Minsk 05/08/2014). https://ukraine-eu.mfa.gov.ua/en/news/27596-protocolon-the-results-of-consultations-of-the-trilateral-contact-group-minsk-05092014.
• Mittal, V. (2023, 10 Mayıs). Ukraine Is Neutralizing Russian Air Defense Systems Ahead Of The Counteroffensive. https://www.forbes.com/sites/vikrammittal/2023/05/10/ukraine-is-neutralizing-russian-air-defense-systems-ahead-of-the-counteroffensive/?sh=706eece543b2.
• Mitzer, S. ve Janovsky. J. (2023, 24 Şubat). Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine. https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html.
• NATO. (2023, 04 Mart). Relations with Ukraine. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_37750.htm.
• Nia, O. T. (2023, 19 Nisan). Germany delivers Patriot missiles to Ukraine. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/germany-delivers-patriot-missiles-to-ukraine/2876592.
• O'Connor, S. (2010, 28 Mayıs). The Ukrainian SAM Network. http://geimint.blogspot.com/2009/07/ukrainian-sam-network.html.
• Peace Maker. (2015, 12 Şubat). Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements. https://peacemaker.un.org/ukraine-minsk-implementation15
• Pemble, A. (2023, 20 Nisan). US-made Patriot guided missile systems arrive in Ukraine. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-patriot-missile-system-4c79f9110899ca1880a61f2d1f328179, (26.04.2023).
• Powell, C., ve Encina, C. G. (2023, 28 Mart). Spanish responses to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/spanish-responses-to-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-elcano-royal-institute.pdf
• Quarles, G. (2022, 27 Aralık). The Importance of Layered Defense: Lessons Learned From Ukraine. https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/12/28/layered-defense-us-ukraine/.
• Stashevskyi, O. ve Bajalk, F. (2022, 04 Haziran). Deadly secret: Electronic warfare shapes Russia-Ukraine war. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-kyiv-technology-90d760f01105b9aaf1886427dbfba917.
• Sukhodolia O. (Ed.). (2017). Developing the critical infrastructure protection system in Ukraine: monograph. https://ekmair.ukma.edu.ua/items/f455ce1f-f4b2-407b-905f-23d93a1ee5aa.
• Thomas, T. (2017). The Evolving Nature of Russia’s Way of War. Military Review, 97(4), 39-40.
• Tiwari, S. (2023, 01 Nisan). Russian S-300 ‘Deceiving’ F-35 Fighters As US Stealth Jets ‘Hunt’ For Kremlin’s Defense Systems. https://eurasiantimes.com/f-35s-struggling-against-s-300s-as-us-stealth-jets-hunt/.
• Trebesch, C., Antezza, A., Bushnell, K., Frank, A., Frank, P., Franz, L., Kharitonov, I., Kumar, B., Rebinskaya, E., ve Schramm. S. (2023, - Şubat) The Ukraine Support Tracker: Which countries help Ukraine and how? https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/270853/1/KWP2218v6rev.pdf.
• U.S. Army (2028). Army Air and Missile Defence 2028, https://www.smdc.army.mil/Portals/38/Documents/Publications/Publications/SMDC_0120_AMD-BOOK_Finalv2.pdf.
• World Peace Catalyst Fund, (2022) Case Study: Russia-Ukraine War. https://www.worldpeacecatalystfund.org/#/caseRussiaUkraine.
• Wójtowicz, T. (2022). The American Multi-Domain Operation as a response to the Russian concept of New Generation Warfare. Nowa Polityka Wschodnia, 34(3), 86.
• Yuting, Z. (2022, 01 Aralık). US Army's New Field Manual indicates multi-domain operations a reality. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/OPINIONS_209196/Opinions_209197/10202993.html
• Zabrodskyi, M., Watling, J., Danylyuk, O. V. ve Reynolds, N. (2022, 28 Şubat). Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February-July 2022. https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/preliminary-lessons-conventional-warfighting-russias-invasion-ukraine-february-july-2022