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Popülist Söylemde Retorik Kullanımı: Giorgia Meloni’nin Göçmen Karşıtı Popülist Söylemlerinin Aristoteles Retoriği Perspektifinde Analizi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 15, 231 - 257, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1648793

Öz

Siyasal aktörlerin (siyasi lider, parti ve adaylar gibi), belirledikleri siyasal amaçlara (oy alma, toplumsal denetim gibi) ulaşmak adına bir siyasal iletişim stratejisi olarak kullandığı popülist söylem, kavram olarak ortaya atıldığı günden bu yana çeşitli yönleri ile tartışılmıştır. Halk tarafından sorun olarak nitelendirilen durumların, siyasal iletişimde kullanılması olarak da görülen popülist söylemler, gerçekleşmesi zor ya da imkânsız vaatleri içermektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda Avrupa’da artan göçmen sorunlarıyla yükselişe geçen ve göçmen karşıtı popülist söylemler geliştiren aşırı sağ, çeşitli araştırmalarda kavram perspektifinde ele alınmıştır. Birçok yol ve yöntem içeren popülist söylem, kısaca güzel söz söyleme sanatı olarak tanımlanan retoriği de yer yer araçsallaştırmaktadır. Aristoteles tarafından ortaya atılan ve sistematik hale getirilen retorik yaklaşımı ethos, pathos ve logos bileşenlerini içermektedir. Birçok yol, yöntem ve araç barındıran popülist söylemlerde retorik bileşenlerinin hangi ya da hangilerinin var olduğunun araştırılması, literatüre katkı bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Makalede popülist söylemlerde Aristoteles retoriği bileşenlerinden hangi ya da hangileri kullanılmaktadır? sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Bütün bu durumlardan yola çıkarak çalışmada, popülist söylemlerde Aristoteles retoriği bileşenlerinden hangilerinin kullanıldığının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Avrupa’da yükselişe geçen ve göçmen karşıtı popülist söylemleri sıklıkla kullanan aşırı-sağ ideolojilerin İtalya’daki temsilcisi olan Giorgia Meloni’nin Instagram hesabından 2022 Genel Seçimleri kampanyası sürecinde paylaştığı ve popülist söylem ve Aristoteles retoriği bileşenlerini içeren dört gönderi stratejik örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Gönderiler, Teun A. van Dijk’ın eleştirel söylem analizi (ESA) yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir ve analiz sonucunda popülist söylemlerde Aristoteles retoriği bileşenlerinden ethos, pathos ve logosun tamamının kullanıldığı görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Allard-¬Nelson, S. K. (2001). Virtue in Aristotle's rhetoric: A metaphysical and ethical capacity. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 34(3), 245-259.
  • Aristoteles. (2021). Retorik (A. Çokona, Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Baba, C. (2017). Retorik ve kanıtlama, ikna etme, inandırma ilişkisi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi.
  • Bal, M. (2009). Aristoteles’e göre retorik. Özne Kitap.
  • Barr, R. R. (2009). Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics. Party Politics, 15(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808097890
  • Benjamin, J. (1997). Principles, elements and types of persuasion. Wadsworth Publishing.
  • Beyer, B. K. (1995). Critical thinking. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
  • Billig, M. (2005). Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour. Sage.
  • Bilişli, Y. ve Çakmak, F. (2019). Michel Foucault’nun biyo-iktidar perspektifinden Türkiye’de gazete sağlık haberlerinin analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 35, 323-339. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.444224
  • Burke, S. (2018). The discursive “othering” of Jews and Muslims in the Britain First solidarity patrol. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 28, 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2373
  • Büyükkantarcıoğlu, S. N. (2012). Tehlikedeki diller üzerine düşünmek. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi, 1(1), 21-23.
  • Cameron, D. (2001). Working with spoken discourse. Sage.
  • Carpentier, N. (2017). The discursive-material knot, Peter Lang Verlag.
  • Çakır, A. (2014). Söylem analizi. Palet Yayınları.
  • Danermark, B., Ekstrom, M., Jakobsen, L. ve Karlsson, J.C. (2001). Explaining society: an introduction to critical realism in the social sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203996249
  • Doyuran, L. (2018). Medyatik bir çalışma alanı olarak eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi (televizyon dizileri örneğinde). Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(4), 301-323. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.362184
  • Engesser, S., Fawzi, N. ve Larsson, A. O. (2017). Populist online communication: Introduction to the special issue. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1279-1292.
  • Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
  • Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
  • Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. Polity Press.
  • Fortenbaugh, W. W. (2006). Aristotle's practical side: On his psychology, ethics, politics and rhetoric. Brill.
  • Gal, N. (2019). Ironic humor on social media as participatory boundary work. New Media and Society, 21, 729–749. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818805719.
  • Giorgia Meloni [@giorgiameloni]. (2022a, Temmuz 3). “Avrupa Birliği, 2022 Avrupa Gençlik Yılı sosyal medya kampanyasında Avrupa değerleri üzerine yapılan tartışmaları devam ettirme görevini başörtülü bir kadına emanet ediyor”. [Fotoğraf]. Instagram.https://www.instagram.com/p/CfjE3K0Dr9o/?igsh=MTVmd2F2YzNueGcyeA==
  • Giorgia Meloni [@giorgiameloni]. (2022b, Temmuz 6). “Hedef almış, sopayla vurmuş ve tecavüz etmeye çalışmış. Bu, bir kızın spor yaparken yaşadığı zulümdür.” [Fotoğraf]. Instagram.https://www.instagram.com/p/CfrU-LAKoae/?igsh=MXFsMDlnYjA4NXdm
  • Giorgia Meloni [@giorgiameloni]. (2022c, Ağustos 12). “Tren istasyonları artık şiddet ve suç kıskacında olan İtalya’nın sembolü haline geldi.” [Fotoğraf]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/ChJ4uC0o5OX/?igsh=ZWxnNWM0bXpydDA0
  • Giorgia Meloni [@giorgiameloni]. (2022d Eylül 21). “İran’da ailesiyle tatildeyken ölen genç Kürt kadın Mahsa Amini için derin üzüntü duyuyoruz.” [Fotoğraf]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CixyyJaMjQr/?igsh=MTZ2a29kdXdtZWJjdA==
  • Glaser, B. G. ve Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Goleman, D. (1998). What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review, 76(4), 82-91.
  • Haider, A. S. (2016) A corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis of the representation of Qaddafi in media: evidence from Asharq Al-Awsat and Al-Khaleej newspapers. Int J Linguist Commun, 4(2), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.15640/ijlc.v4n2a2.
  • Hannah, S. T. ve Jennings, P. L. (2013). Leader ethos and big-¬C character. Organizational Dynamics, 42, 8¬-16.
  • Hartman, E. (2013). Virtue in business: Conversations with Aristotle. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hawkins, A., Aguilar, R., Castanho Silva, B., Erin Jenne, K., Kocijan, B. Ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2019). Measuring populist discourse: The global populism database [Conference paper]. EPSA Annual Conference In Belfast, UK.
  • Hawkins, K. A. ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2018). Introduction: The ideational approach. Routledge.
  • House, R. J. ve Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23(3), 409-473.
  • Janks, H. (1997). Critical discourse analysis as a research tool. Discourse Stud Cult Polit Education, 18(3): 329–342.
  • Jay, S., Batruch, J., Jetten, J., Mc Garty, C. ve Muldoon, O. T. (2019). Economic inequality and the rise of far-right populism: A social psychological analysis. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 418–428
  • Kefford, G., Moffitt, B. ve Werner, A. (2022). Populist attitudes: Bringing together ideational and communicative approaches. Political Studies, 70(4), 1006-1027.
  • Kömürcü, K. (2014). Antik Yunan’da retorik algısı. Felsefe Dünyası.
  • Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. Verso.
  • Lauwren, S. (2020). Interpersonal functions in Greta Thunberg’s “civil society for rEUnaissance” speech. J Appl Stud Lang, 4(2), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2084.
  • Malmqvist, K. (2015). Satire, racist humour and the power of (un)laughter: On the restrained natüre of Swedish online racist discourse targeting EU-migrants begging for money. Discourse and Society, 26, 733–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926515611792.
  • Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching. Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Meyer, M. ve Hühn, M. P. (2020). Positive language and virtuous leadership: Walking the talk. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 18(3), 263-284.
  • Mudde, C. (2004) The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39, 541-563.
  • Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mudde, C. ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2013). Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, 48(2), 147-174. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.11
  • Nehamas, A. (1994). Aristotle's rhetoric. Philosophical essays. Princeton University Press.
  • Nusartlert, A. (2017). Political language in Thai and English: findings and implications for society. J Mekong Soc, 13(3), 57-75.
  • O’Halloran, K. (2011). Multimodal discourse analysis. Bloomsbury.
  • Özer, Ö. (2012). Teun Van Dijk örneğinde eleştirel söylem çözümlemeleri. Literatürk.
  • Pavlovich, K. ve Krahnke, K. (2012). Empathy, connectedness and organization. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 131-137.
  • Reicher, S. ve Uluşahin, Y. (2020). Resentment and redemption: On the mobilization of dominant group victimhood. Oxford University Press.
  • Rooduijn, M., De Lange, S. L., ve Van Der Brug, W. (2014). A popülist zeitgeist? Programmatic contagion by populist parties in Western Europe. Party Politics, 20(4), 563–575.
  • Salmela, M. ve von Scheve, C. (2017). Emotional roots of right-wing political populism. Social Science Information, 56, 567–595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018417734419.
  • Scheidel, T. M. (1967). Persuasive speaking. Scott Foresman.
  • Schwarznegger, C. ve Wagner, A. (2018). Can it be hate if it is fun? Discursive ensembles of hatred and laughter in extreme satire on Facebook. Studies in Communication and Media, 7, 473-498. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-473.
  • Silverman, D. (2017). Doing qualitative research. Sage Publications.
  • Sison, A. J. G. (2003). The moral Capital of Leaders-Why virtue matters. Edward Elgar.
  • Sison, A. J. G. (2008). Corporate governance and ethics. Elgar.
  • Sprute, J. (1982). Die Enthymementheorie der aristotelischen Rhetorik. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  • Stavrakakis, Y., Katsambekis, G., Kioupkiolis, A., Nikisianis, N. and Siomos, T. (2017). Populism, anti-populism and crisis. Contemporary Political Theory. 17, 4-27.
  • Strauss, A. L. ve Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage.
  • Şah, U. (2020). Eleştirel söylem analizi: temel yaklaşımlar. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7, 210-231. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.819362
  • Tajfel H. ve Turner J. (1986). The social identity theory of ıntergroup behavior: psychology of ıntergroup relations. Nelson-Hall.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1988). New analysis: case studies of international and national news in the press, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: a multidisciplinary approach. Sage Publication.
  • Wettstein, M., Esser, F., Buchel, F., Schemer, C., Wirz, D., Schulz, A., Wirth, W. (2019). What drives populist styles? Analyzing immigration and labor market news in 11 countries. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(2), 516–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018805408.
  • Wirz, D. (2018). Persuasion through emotion? An experimental test of the emotion-eliciting natüre of populist communication. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1114–1138. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-149959.
  • Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear. What right-wing populist discourses mean. London, Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270073.
  • Yushkov I. V. (2020). The phenomenon of digital populism: origins and current state. Scientific- analytical journal, 10(369), 21-31.

The Usage of Rhetoric in Populist Discourse: Analysis of Giorgia Meloni's Anti-Immigrant Populist Discourses from the Perspective of Aristotelian Rhetoric

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 15, 231 - 257, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1648793

Öz

Populist discourse, employed as a political communication strategy by political actors (such as political leaders, parties, and candidates) to achieve their objectives (including gaining votes and social control), has been debated from various perspectives since its inception. Populist discourse, which is also characterized by the exploitation of situations deemed problematic by the public in political communication, often contains promises that are difficult or impossible to fulfill. The far-right, which has been on the rise in recent years due to increasing immigration problems in Europe and has developed anti-immigrant populist discourses, has been examined from a conceptual perspective in various studies. Populist discourse, encompassing a multitude of methods, sometimes instrumentalizes rhetoric, defined as the art of eloquence. The rhetorical approach introduced and systematized by Aristotle includes the components of ethos, pathos, and logos. Investigating the rhetorical components present in populist discourses, which encompass a multitude of methods and tools, is crucial for contributing to the existing literature. Which of the components of Aristotelian rhetoric are used in populist discourses in this article? The question is sought to be answered. Based on these various situations, the study aimed to examine which components of Aristotelian rhetoric are employed in populist discourses. Four posts containing populist discourse and Aristotelian rhetoric, shared by Giorgia Meloni, the Italian representative of far-right ideologies that are on the rise in Europe and frequently use anti-immigrant populist discourse, were identified through strategic sampling during the 2022 General Election campaign on her Instagram account. These posts were analyzed using Teun A. van Dijk's critical discourse analysis (CDA) method, and the analysis revealed that all the Aristotelian rhetorical components of ethos, pathos, and logos were employed in populist discourses.

Kaynakça

  • Allard-¬Nelson, S. K. (2001). Virtue in Aristotle's rhetoric: A metaphysical and ethical capacity. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 34(3), 245-259.
  • Aristoteles. (2021). Retorik (A. Çokona, Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Baba, C. (2017). Retorik ve kanıtlama, ikna etme, inandırma ilişkisi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi.
  • Bal, M. (2009). Aristoteles’e göre retorik. Özne Kitap.
  • Barr, R. R. (2009). Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics. Party Politics, 15(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808097890
  • Benjamin, J. (1997). Principles, elements and types of persuasion. Wadsworth Publishing.
  • Beyer, B. K. (1995). Critical thinking. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
  • Billig, M. (2005). Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour. Sage.
  • Bilişli, Y. ve Çakmak, F. (2019). Michel Foucault’nun biyo-iktidar perspektifinden Türkiye’de gazete sağlık haberlerinin analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 35, 323-339. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.444224
  • Burke, S. (2018). The discursive “othering” of Jews and Muslims in the Britain First solidarity patrol. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 28, 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2373
  • Büyükkantarcıoğlu, S. N. (2012). Tehlikedeki diller üzerine düşünmek. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi, 1(1), 21-23.
  • Cameron, D. (2001). Working with spoken discourse. Sage.
  • Carpentier, N. (2017). The discursive-material knot, Peter Lang Verlag.
  • Çakır, A. (2014). Söylem analizi. Palet Yayınları.
  • Danermark, B., Ekstrom, M., Jakobsen, L. ve Karlsson, J.C. (2001). Explaining society: an introduction to critical realism in the social sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203996249
  • Doyuran, L. (2018). Medyatik bir çalışma alanı olarak eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi (televizyon dizileri örneğinde). Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(4), 301-323. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.362184
  • Engesser, S., Fawzi, N. ve Larsson, A. O. (2017). Populist online communication: Introduction to the special issue. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1279-1292.
  • Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
  • Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
  • Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. Polity Press.
  • Fortenbaugh, W. W. (2006). Aristotle's practical side: On his psychology, ethics, politics and rhetoric. Brill.
  • Gal, N. (2019). Ironic humor on social media as participatory boundary work. New Media and Society, 21, 729–749. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818805719.
  • Giorgia Meloni [@giorgiameloni]. (2022a, Temmuz 3). “Avrupa Birliği, 2022 Avrupa Gençlik Yılı sosyal medya kampanyasında Avrupa değerleri üzerine yapılan tartışmaları devam ettirme görevini başörtülü bir kadına emanet ediyor”. [Fotoğraf]. Instagram.https://www.instagram.com/p/CfjE3K0Dr9o/?igsh=MTVmd2F2YzNueGcyeA==
  • Giorgia Meloni [@giorgiameloni]. (2022b, Temmuz 6). “Hedef almış, sopayla vurmuş ve tecavüz etmeye çalışmış. Bu, bir kızın spor yaparken yaşadığı zulümdür.” [Fotoğraf]. Instagram.https://www.instagram.com/p/CfrU-LAKoae/?igsh=MXFsMDlnYjA4NXdm
  • Giorgia Meloni [@giorgiameloni]. (2022c, Ağustos 12). “Tren istasyonları artık şiddet ve suç kıskacında olan İtalya’nın sembolü haline geldi.” [Fotoğraf]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/ChJ4uC0o5OX/?igsh=ZWxnNWM0bXpydDA0
  • Giorgia Meloni [@giorgiameloni]. (2022d Eylül 21). “İran’da ailesiyle tatildeyken ölen genç Kürt kadın Mahsa Amini için derin üzüntü duyuyoruz.” [Fotoğraf]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CixyyJaMjQr/?igsh=MTZ2a29kdXdtZWJjdA==
  • Glaser, B. G. ve Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Goleman, D. (1998). What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review, 76(4), 82-91.
  • Haider, A. S. (2016) A corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis of the representation of Qaddafi in media: evidence from Asharq Al-Awsat and Al-Khaleej newspapers. Int J Linguist Commun, 4(2), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.15640/ijlc.v4n2a2.
  • Hannah, S. T. ve Jennings, P. L. (2013). Leader ethos and big-¬C character. Organizational Dynamics, 42, 8¬-16.
  • Hartman, E. (2013). Virtue in business: Conversations with Aristotle. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hawkins, A., Aguilar, R., Castanho Silva, B., Erin Jenne, K., Kocijan, B. Ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2019). Measuring populist discourse: The global populism database [Conference paper]. EPSA Annual Conference In Belfast, UK.
  • Hawkins, K. A. ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2018). Introduction: The ideational approach. Routledge.
  • House, R. J. ve Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23(3), 409-473.
  • Janks, H. (1997). Critical discourse analysis as a research tool. Discourse Stud Cult Polit Education, 18(3): 329–342.
  • Jay, S., Batruch, J., Jetten, J., Mc Garty, C. ve Muldoon, O. T. (2019). Economic inequality and the rise of far-right populism: A social psychological analysis. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 418–428
  • Kefford, G., Moffitt, B. ve Werner, A. (2022). Populist attitudes: Bringing together ideational and communicative approaches. Political Studies, 70(4), 1006-1027.
  • Kömürcü, K. (2014). Antik Yunan’da retorik algısı. Felsefe Dünyası.
  • Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. Verso.
  • Lauwren, S. (2020). Interpersonal functions in Greta Thunberg’s “civil society for rEUnaissance” speech. J Appl Stud Lang, 4(2), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2084.
  • Malmqvist, K. (2015). Satire, racist humour and the power of (un)laughter: On the restrained natüre of Swedish online racist discourse targeting EU-migrants begging for money. Discourse and Society, 26, 733–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926515611792.
  • Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching. Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Meyer, M. ve Hühn, M. P. (2020). Positive language and virtuous leadership: Walking the talk. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 18(3), 263-284.
  • Mudde, C. (2004) The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39, 541-563.
  • Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mudde, C. ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2013). Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, 48(2), 147-174. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.11
  • Nehamas, A. (1994). Aristotle's rhetoric. Philosophical essays. Princeton University Press.
  • Nusartlert, A. (2017). Political language in Thai and English: findings and implications for society. J Mekong Soc, 13(3), 57-75.
  • O’Halloran, K. (2011). Multimodal discourse analysis. Bloomsbury.
  • Özer, Ö. (2012). Teun Van Dijk örneğinde eleştirel söylem çözümlemeleri. Literatürk.
  • Pavlovich, K. ve Krahnke, K. (2012). Empathy, connectedness and organization. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 131-137.
  • Reicher, S. ve Uluşahin, Y. (2020). Resentment and redemption: On the mobilization of dominant group victimhood. Oxford University Press.
  • Rooduijn, M., De Lange, S. L., ve Van Der Brug, W. (2014). A popülist zeitgeist? Programmatic contagion by populist parties in Western Europe. Party Politics, 20(4), 563–575.
  • Salmela, M. ve von Scheve, C. (2017). Emotional roots of right-wing political populism. Social Science Information, 56, 567–595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018417734419.
  • Scheidel, T. M. (1967). Persuasive speaking. Scott Foresman.
  • Schwarznegger, C. ve Wagner, A. (2018). Can it be hate if it is fun? Discursive ensembles of hatred and laughter in extreme satire on Facebook. Studies in Communication and Media, 7, 473-498. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-473.
  • Silverman, D. (2017). Doing qualitative research. Sage Publications.
  • Sison, A. J. G. (2003). The moral Capital of Leaders-Why virtue matters. Edward Elgar.
  • Sison, A. J. G. (2008). Corporate governance and ethics. Elgar.
  • Sprute, J. (1982). Die Enthymementheorie der aristotelischen Rhetorik. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  • Stavrakakis, Y., Katsambekis, G., Kioupkiolis, A., Nikisianis, N. and Siomos, T. (2017). Populism, anti-populism and crisis. Contemporary Political Theory. 17, 4-27.
  • Strauss, A. L. ve Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage.
  • Şah, U. (2020). Eleştirel söylem analizi: temel yaklaşımlar. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7, 210-231. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.819362
  • Tajfel H. ve Turner J. (1986). The social identity theory of ıntergroup behavior: psychology of ıntergroup relations. Nelson-Hall.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1988). New analysis: case studies of international and national news in the press, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: a multidisciplinary approach. Sage Publication.
  • Wettstein, M., Esser, F., Buchel, F., Schemer, C., Wirz, D., Schulz, A., Wirth, W. (2019). What drives populist styles? Analyzing immigration and labor market news in 11 countries. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(2), 516–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018805408.
  • Wirz, D. (2018). Persuasion through emotion? An experimental test of the emotion-eliciting natüre of populist communication. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1114–1138. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-149959.
  • Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear. What right-wing populist discourses mean. London, Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270073.
  • Yushkov I. V. (2020). The phenomenon of digital populism: origins and current state. Scientific- analytical journal, 10(369), 21-31.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hacı Hasan Saf 0000-0002-7778-0258

Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 27 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA Saf, H. H. (2025). Popülist Söylemde Retorik Kullanımı: Giorgia Meloni’nin Göçmen Karşıtı Popülist Söylemlerinin Aristoteles Retoriği Perspektifinde Analizi. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi(15), 231-257. https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1648793