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Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry

Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 15 Haziran 2025
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Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry

Abstract

This article critically examines the two central claims made by G.R. Hawting in The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam. Hawting argues that the Qur’ānic term mushrik (polytheist) has been misinterpreted in classical Islamic tradition and is entirely understood as referring to "idol worship." He contends that the Qur’ān actually critiques defective monotheistic practices with this term, using mushrik as a polemical device. Based on this, Hawting questions the origins of the Qur’ān, asserting that its addressees were not "polytheistic," and thus it is impossible for the Qur’ān to have originated from the pagan Arabs of the Hijaz. In this context, Hawting suggests that the Qur’ān was influenced by the broader religious environment of the late antiquity and emerged in the Fertile Crescent, a region where various religious groups accused each other of being mushrik. This article aims to provide a comprehensive critique of these two central claims by Hawting. This chapter begins by examining the concept of mushrik in the Qur’ān and its interpretation within Islamic tradition, focusing on how classical exegesis framed this term within historical and theological contexts. Following this, the article discusses the religious and cultural milieu of pre-Islamic Arabia, drawing on archeological and epigraphic evidence to articulate Hawting’s hypothesis. The article reveals that pre-Islamic Arab society was not entirely polytheistic. Rather, this society had a belief system that recognized Allah as the supreme creator, relying on intermediaries to approach Him. Furthermore, the article shows that contrary to Hawting’s argument, classical Muslim scholars have recognized this aspect significantly. According to the conclusions reached, while Hawting’s critique of the literal interpretation of mushrik is reasonable and valid, his other claims based on this conclusion are not scientifically grounded and reflect the baggage of revisionist Orientalism. This article aims to provide a comprehensive critique of these two central claims by Hawting. This chapter begins by examining the concept of mushrik in the Qur’ān and its interpretation within Islamic tradition, focusing on how classical exegesis framed this term within historical and theological contexts. Following this, the article discusses the religious and cultural milieu of pre-Islamic Arabia, drawing on archeological and epigraphic evidence to articulate Hawting’s hypothesis. The article reveals that pre-Islamic Arab society was not entirely polytheistic. Rather, this society had a belief system that recognized Allah as the supreme creator, relying on intermediaries to approach Him. Furthermore, the article shows that contrary to Hawting’s argument, classical Muslim scholars have recognized this aspect significantly. According to the conclusions reached, while Hawting’s critique of the literal interpretation of mushrik is reasonable and valid, his other claims based on this conclusion are not scientifically grounded and reflect the baggage of revisionist Orientalism.

Keywords

Tafsīr , Qurʾanic Studies , Idolatry , Monotheism , Mushrikūn , G.R. Hawting , Jahiliya

Kaynakça

  1. Berg, Herbert. “Competing Paradigms in the Study of Islamic Origins” Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. 259-292. ed. Herbert Berg. Leiden: Brill, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047401575.
  2. Crone, Patricia. “The Qur’ānic Mushrikūn and the Resurrection.” Bulletin of the School of the Oriental and African Studies 75/3 (2012), 445-472. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X12000584.
  3. Crone, Patricia. “The Religion of the Quranic Pagans: God and the Lesser Deities.” Arabia 55 (2010), 151-200. https://doi.org/10.1163/157005810X502637.
  4. Donner, Fred M. “G. R. Hawting. The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 121/2 (2001), 336-338. https://doi.org/10.2307/606608.
  5. Dutton, Yasin. “Review of The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History, by G. R. Hawting.” Journal of Islamic Studies 12/2 (2001): 177–179. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/12.2.177.
  6. Gibb, Hamilton A.R. “Pre-Islamic Monotheism in Arabia,” The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam. Ed.by. F.E. Peters. London-New York: Routledge, 2017.
  7. Grafton, David. D. “The identity and witness of Arab pre-Islamic Arab Christianity: The Arabic language and the Bible,” HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 70/1 (2014), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2726.
  8. Hawting, G.R. The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511497490.
  9. Ibn Habîb, Abû Ja’far Muhammad. al-Muhabbar. ed. Ilse Lichtenstädter. Haydarabad: Dâirat al-Ma‘ârif al- ‘Uthmâniyya, 1361/1942.
  10. Al-Jallad, Ahmad. The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Reconstruction Based on the Safaitic Inscriptions. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004504271

Kaynak Göster

APA
Coşkun, M. (2025). Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, 8(1), 84-95. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1620105
AMA
1.Coşkun M. Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2025;8(1):84-95. doi:10.52637/kiid.1620105
Chicago
Coşkun, Muhammed. 2025. “Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 8 (1): 84-95. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1620105.
EndNote
Coşkun M (01 Haziran 2025) Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 8 1 84–95.
IEEE
[1]M. Coşkun, “Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry”, Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, c. 8, sy 1, ss. 84–95, Haz. 2025, doi: 10.52637/kiid.1620105.
ISNAD
Coşkun, Muhammed. “Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 8/1 (01 Haziran 2025): 84-95. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1620105.
JAMA
1.Coşkun M. Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2025;8:84–95.
MLA
Coşkun, Muhammed. “Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, c. 8, sy 1, Haziran 2025, ss. 84-95, doi:10.52637/kiid.1620105.
Vancouver
1.Muhammed Coşkun. Qurʾānic Mushrikūn Between Monotheism and Idolatry. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 01 Haziran 2025;8(1):84-95. doi:10.52637/kiid.1620105