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A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action

Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 15 Aralık 2025
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A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action

Abstract

The problem of evil remains one of the most powerful philosophical objections to the existence of God, particularly concerning divine omnipotence, omniscience, and goodness. In his 2019 work Is a Good God Logically Possible?, James Sterba has formulated a contemporary version of this problem by integrating principles from moral philosophy, especially the doctrine of Double Effect and the Pauline principle, into the debate. He argues that God, by failing to prevent horrendous moral evils, violates even the minimal standards of moral responsibility and thereby contradicts the notion of perfect goodness. This article offers a critical response to Sterba’s argument by addressing two interrelated issues. Firstly, following Gilbert Ryle’s definition, it will be argued that Sterba commits a “category mistake” by evaluating God’s actions according to standards appropriate to human moral agency, as this approach overlooks the ontological and epistemological distinctions between God and humans. Secondly, it will be argued that the action theory developed by the prominent Mu‘tazilite theologian, Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, provides a far more coherent and robust framework for evaluating divine actions. Qāḍī’s theory encompasses divine attributes such as omnipotence, knowledge, and will, emphasizing that these attributes operate within the framework of justice (ʿadl) and wisdom (ḥikma), principles frequently invoked in the Islamic intellectual tradition, thus avoiding an account of divine will as arbitrary. Moreover, Qāḍī’s acknowledgment that human-related factors such as benefit (maṣlaḥa), grace (iḥsān), and need are taken into account in God’s actions reinforces the thesis of the purposiveness of divine acts. Unlike the skeptical theism that renders God’s reasons unknowable, Qāḍī asserts that divine actions are both just and comprehensible. In order to support the hypothesis developed on the basis of Qāḍī’s views, this study also draws on contemporary critiques of Sterba’s argument from evil. These critiques provide a substantive foundation that further reinforces Qāḍī’s perspective. Ultimately, the article contends that classical Islamic theology, particularly Qāḍī’s action theory, offers a philosophically robust and morally meaningful alternative to Sterba’s challenge.

Keywords

Philosophy of Religion , Ḥikma , ‘Adl , Divine Action , James P. Sterba , al-Qāḍī ‘Abd al-Jabbār

Kaynakça

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  2. Arslan, Hulusi. “Mutezilî Düşüncede İlâhî Fiil-İnsânî Fiil Ayrımı ve Bu Ayrımın Temel Kriterleri”. Dinî Araştırmalar 6/16 (2003), 55-74.
  3. Aytepe, Mahsum. İlahi Yardım ve Özgürlük Diyalektiği: Mu‘tezile’nin Lütuf Teorisi. İstanbul: Endülüs, 2018.
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  5. Balci, Elif Nur. “A Modified Free-Will Defense: A Structural and Theistic Free-Will Defense as a Response to James Sterba”. Religions 13/700 (2022), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13080700
  6. Betenson, Toby. “The Problem of Evil Remains Logically Binding”. Religions 12/154 (2021), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12030154
  7. Cengiz, Yunus. Mu‘tezile’de Eylem Teorisi: Kâdî Abdülcebbâr Örneği. İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2012.
  8. Conway, David A. “The Philosophical Problem of Evil”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 24/1-2 (1988), 35-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00134164
  9. Davies, Brian. The Reality of God and Problem of Evil. London – New York: Continuum, 2006.
  10. Elkaisy-Friemuth, Maha. God and Humans in Islamic Thought: ‘Abd al-Jabbār, Ibn Sīnā and al-Ghazālī. London-New York: Routledge, 2006.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Bozbuğa, H. N. (2025). A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, 8(2), 377-392. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1731449
AMA
1.Bozbuğa HN. A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2025;8(2):377-392. doi:10.52637/kiid.1731449
Chicago
Bozbuğa, Hande Nur. 2025. “A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 8 (2): 377-92. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1731449.
EndNote
Bozbuğa HN (01 Aralık 2025) A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 8 2 377–392.
IEEE
[1]H. N. Bozbuğa, “A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action”, Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, c. 8, sy 2, ss. 377–392, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.52637/kiid.1731449.
ISNAD
Bozbuğa, Hande Nur. “A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 8/2 (01 Aralık 2025): 377-392. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1731449.
JAMA
1.Bozbuğa HN. A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2025;8:377–392.
MLA
Bozbuğa, Hande Nur. “A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, c. 8, sy 2, Aralık 2025, ss. 377-92, doi:10.52637/kiid.1731449.
Vancouver
1.Hande Nur Bozbuğa. A Response to James Sterba’s Problem of Evil through al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Understanding of Divine Action. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 01 Aralık 2025;8(2):377-92. doi:10.52637/kiid.1731449