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Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 419 - 438, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1353946

Öz

Poverty persists as a global challenge, particularly in economically underdeveloped Islamic countries. Despite government efforts to address income inequality and reduce poverty, these issues continue to afflict societies. To effectively confront this pressing problem, it is imperative to scrutinize the impact of Zakat, a crucial institution in Islam, and its potential contribution to alleviating these challenges. Zakat, one of Islam's five pillars, plays a pivotal role as a guiding economic force and a form of worship. It serves as a means of social assistance and solidarity, fostering stronger bonds between the donor and the recipient. Zakat cultivates feelings of love, compassion, and mercy while also mitigating jealousy, envy, and hostility. Furthermore, it operates as a mechanism for income redistribution in societies marked by unequal wealth distribution. This long-standing practice is rooted in the belief that wealth is a trust from Allah and underscores the importance of sharing it with those in need. Zakat has the potential to address a range of economic issues, from supporting the marriages of impoverished individuals to tackling unemployment. It remains significant as an expression of social responsibility and a means to promote justice and compassion, ultimately creating a more equitable income distribution. The objectives of Zakat are multifaceted, encompassing goals such as poverty alleviation, wealth redistribution, strengthened social bonds, wealth purification, meeting basic needs, and empowering vulnerable individuals. However, in Muslim-majority countries such as Bangladesh, the impact of zakat distribution is often inadequate due to a lack of self-discipline and understanding among Muslims. Additionally, the economic recession triggered by COVID-19 has exacerbated poverty in Bangladesh, with adverse effects on employment and a significant increase in poverty rates among low-income workers. Fair and Shariah-compliant zakat distribution remains underutilized in these regions, including South Asian countries within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The ease of collective cash or clothing distribution in zakat practices has led to inaccurate assessments of the genuinely needy. This traditional approach has also drawn criticism for its deviation from Islamic principles. This study examines changing perceptions and practices of zakat distribution in Bangladesh, focusing on promoting effective and equitable distribution methods. These methods may include income-generating expenditures, vocational training, microfinance initiatives, and targeted cash transfers. By adhering to Zakat's authentic principles and purposes, Bangladesh can leverage its potential to alleviate poverty and foster a compassionate society per Islamic teachings. Emphasizing the importance of Zakat and applying it fairly can drive significant progress in poverty reduction and social development in Islamic countries like Bangladesh. This study seeks to explore innovative approaches to zakat distribution that align with contemporary economic challenges and societal dynamics, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and prosperous future for the people of Bangladesh. As a result, poverty remains an ongoing problem in Islamic countries, and Zakat is a powerful tool to overcome this problem. By revising and improving the zakat distribution practices in Bangladesh, where the principles of Islamic economics guide efforts to reduce poverty and increase social welfare, work can be done toward building a more just and compassionate society.

Kaynakça

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  • Alaro, AbdulRazzaq Abdul-Majeed - Alalubosa, Abdulrahman Habeeb. “Potential of Sharī’ah Compliant Microfinance in Alleviating Poverty in Nigeria: A Lesson from Bangladesh.” International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 12/1 (2018), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-01-2017-0021
  • Ali, Isahaque - Hatta, Zulkarnain A. “Zakat as a Poverty Reduction Mechanism among the Muslim Community: Case Study of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia.” Asian Social Work and Policy Review 8/1 (2014), 59–70.
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Toplulukları Güçlendirmek: Bangladeş’te Covid-19 Sonrası Zekat Dağıtımını Yeniden Tanımlamak

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 419 - 438, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1353946

Öz

Yoksulluk, dünya çapında, özellikle de ekonomik olarak henüz gelişmemiş İslam ülkelerinde yaygın bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Hükümetler, gelir eşitsizliği ile mücadele etmek ve yoksulluğu azaltmak amacıyla çeşitli politikalar uygulamış olsalar da bu sorunlar toplumları rahatsız ediyor. Bu acil meseleyi etkili bir şekilde ele almak için, İslam'da önemli bir kurum olan zekâtın etkisini incelemek ve bu zorlukların hafifletilmesine nasıl katkıda bulunabileceğini anlamak önemlidir. İslam'ın beş şartından biri olan zekât, ekonomik hayatta yol gösterici bir güç olarak önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Zekâtın bir ibadet olmasının yanında sosyoekonomik faydaları da bulunmaktadır. Sosyal bir yardımlaşma ve dayanışma faaliyeti olarak zekât, fertleri birbirine kenetler. Zekât veren ve alan arasında sevgi, şefkat, merhamet duyguları pekişir; kıskançlık ve düşmanlık hisleri yok olur. Zekât, zenginlik dağılımının eşit olmadığı toplumlarda geliri yeniden dağıtma mekanizması olarak işlev görür. Bu köklü uygulama, zenginliğin Allah'ın bir emaneti olduğu inancına dayanır ve bu zenginliğin ihtiyaç sahipleriyle paylaşılması gerektiğini vurgular. Zekât, yoksulların evlenmelerini desteklemekten işsizlik sorunlarına çözüm üretmeye kadar çeşitli ekonomik meselelere katkıda bulunma potansiyeline sahiptir. Zekât, gelir dağılımında daha adil bir toplum oluşturarak günümüzde de sosyal sorumluluğun bir ifadesi ve adalet ile merhameti teşvik etmenin bir yolu olarak önemini korumaktadır. Zekâtın hedefleri çok yönlüdür; yoksulluğu hafifletmek, zenginliği yeniden dağıtmak, sosyal bağları güçlendirmek, zenginliği arındırmak, temel ihtiyaçları karşılamak ve savunmasızları güçlendirmek gibi amaçları içerir. Ancak Bangladeş gibi Müslüman nüfusun çoğunlukta olduğu ülkelerde, Zekât dağıtımının etkisi, oto kontrolün sağlanamayışı ve Müslümanlar arasındaki anlayış eksikliği nedeniyle yeterince görünmez. Bunun yanında Covid-19’la birlikte başlayan ekonomik durgunluk çalışma hayatını olumsuz yönde etkilediği ve henüz bir toparlanışa geçilemediği için Bangladeş'teki yoksulluğu daha da kötüleştirdi; yoksulluk oranında önemli bir artış yaşandı ve düşük gelirli işçiler arasında iş kayıpları meydana geldi. İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı'na üye Güney Asya ülkeleri dahil olmak üzere bu bölgelerde adil ve Şeriat'a uygun zekat dağıtımı yaygın olarak uygulanmamaktadır. Çünkü daha kolay olması sebebiyle nakit veya giysi dağıtımını içeren zekât dağıtımı geleneksel olarak toplu bir şekilde yapılagelmekte, bu işlem de fakirlerin tespitinde doğru ve uygun bir değerlendirmenin yapılmamasına ve gerçek ihtiyaç sahiplerine ulaşmamasına neden olmaktadır. Bu da bazı yönlerden suiistimal içerdiğinden ve İslami prensiplerden sapma barındırdığından eleştirilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Bangladeş'te zekât dağıtımının değişen algılarını ve uygulamalarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, gelir yaratıcı harcamalar, mesleki eğitim, mikrofinans girişimleri ve hedeflenen nakit transferleri gibi etkili ve adil dağıtım yöntemlerini teşvik etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bangladeş, zekâtın gerçek ilke ve amaçlarını koruyarak, yoksulluğu hafifletme ve İslam öğretileriyle uyumlu, merhametli bir toplum inşa etme potansiyelini kullanabilir. Zekâtın önemini vurgulamak ve bunu adil bir şekilde uygulamak, Bangladeş gibi İslam ülkelerinde yoksulluğu azaltma ve toplumsal kalkınma konusunda önemli ilerlemelere sebep olabilir. Bu çalışma, sosyal zorluklara uyumlu, çağdaş ekonomik ve Bangladeş halkı için daha adil ve müreffeh bir geleceğe katkıda bulunacak zekât dağıtımına yönelik yenilikçi yaklaşımları keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, yoksulluk İslam ülkelerinde devam eden bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir ve zekât, bu sorunun üstesinden gelmek için güçlü bir araç olarak durmaktadır. Bangladeş'teki İslam ekonomisi ilkelerinin yoksulluğu azaltma ve toplumsal refahı artırma çabalarına rehberlik ettiği zekât dağıtım uygulamaları tekrar gözden geçirilerek ve geliştirilerek daha adil ve merhametli bir toplum inşa etme yolunda çalışılabilir.

Kaynakça

  • A, Ganiyev - S, Umaraliev. “The Role of Zakat in the Early Stages of the Islamic Civilization.” EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 25/1 (2020), 441–444.
  • Ağır, Hüseyin et al. “İslam Ülkelerinin Makroekonomik Göstergelerinin Değerlendirilmesi.” 424–454. İstanbul, 2017.
  • Ajlūnī, Ismāʻīl ibn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Hādī al-Jarrāḥī al-ʻ. Kashf Al-Khafāʼ Wa-Muzīl al-Ilbās. Beirut-Lebanon: al-Maktabah al-ʻAṣrīyah, 2000.
  • Aksu, Ali. Abbasiler Döneminde Zekât Uygulaması, Tarihte ve Günümüzde Zekât Uygulamaları. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2017.
  • Alaro, AbdulRazzaq Abdul-Majeed - Alalubosa, Abdulrahman Habeeb. “Potential of Sharī’ah Compliant Microfinance in Alleviating Poverty in Nigeria: A Lesson from Bangladesh.” International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 12/1 (2018), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-01-2017-0021
  • Ali, Isahaque - Hatta, Zulkarnain A. “Zakat as a Poverty Reduction Mechanism among the Muslim Community: Case Study of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia.” Asian Social Work and Policy Review 8/1 (2014), 59–70.
  • Bidisha, Sayema Haque. “Post-Covid Challenges for Our Labour Market.” The Daily Star (2022). https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/post-covid-challenges-our-labour-market-3119351
  • Boynukalın, Mehmet. “Zekâtin Toplanmasi Ve Dağitimi İlk Kurumsal Tecrübeler (Hulefa-İ Râşidîn Dönemi).” 91–113. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2017.
  • Bukhārī, Abū ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mughīrah al-. Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī. Beirut-Lebanon: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2002.
  • Byron, Rejaul Karim - Rahman, Md Fazlur. “Bangladesh Economy 2020: Rising from the Rubble” (2021). https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/bangladesh-economy-2020-rising-the-rubble-2020481
  • Demircan, Adnan. Hulefa-i Raşidin Döneminde Zekât Uygulamaları, Tarihte ve Günümüzde Zekât Uygulamaları Içinde. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2017.
  • Demirhan, Yahya. Hz. Peygamber Döneminde Zekâtın Toplanmasında İzlenen Yol. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü: Uludağ Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2006.
  • Erkal, Mehmet. “Zekat.” Günlük Yaşayış Ansiklopedisi. IV/519, no date.
  • Haris, Chadijah. “Zakat as a Solution for Public Economic Recovery in the Era of Covid-19.” Tasharruf: Journal Economics and Business of Islam 6/1 (2021), 1–19.
  • Hassan, M. Kabir - Khan, Juanyed Masrur. “Zakat, External Debt and Poverty Reduction Strategy in Bangladesh.” Journal of Economic Cooperation 8/4 (no date), 1–38.
  • Hossain, Imran. “Covid-19: Employment Takes a Serious Hit in Bangladesh.” Dhaka Tribune (2020). https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/health/224133/covid-19-employment-takes-a-serious-hit-in
  • Hossain, Md. Saddam et al. “Factors Influencing Proper Zakah Payment in Dighalia Upazila of Khulna District, Bangladesh.” European Journal of Business and Management Research 5/2 (2020), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.2.292
  • Hossain, Mohammad Imran. “COVID-19 Impacts on Employment and Livelihood of Marginal People in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned and Way Forward.” South Asian Survey 28/1 (2021), 57–71. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1177/097152312199
  • Hudaefi, Fahmi Ali et al. “Zakat Administration in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: A Knowledge Discovery via Text Mining.” International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 15/2 (2021), 271–286.
  • Ibn al-Athīr, al-Mubārak ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Karīm al-Shaybānī al-Jazarī. Jāmiʻ Al-Uṣūl Fī Aḥādīth al-Rasūl. Dimashq: Maktabat Dār al-Bayān, 1969.
  • Ibn Manzur, Muhammed b. Mükerrem. Lisān Al-ʻArab. Beirut-Lebanon, 1990.
  • Ibn Qudāmah, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad. Al-Mughnī. Riyāḍ: Dār ʻĀlam al-Kutub, 1997.
  • Ibn Rushd, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Bidāyat Al-Mujtahid Wa-Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid. Riyāḍ: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 1992.
  • Islam, Md. Karimul et al. “Perceptions about the Common Malpractice of Zakat Paying in Bangladesh during Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the Supply Side.” Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 14/3 (2023), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-09-2021-0253
  • Islam, Tazul. Microcredit and Poverty Alleviation. Routledge, 2006.
  • Jahangir, Rashed - Bulut, Mehmet. “Estimation Of Zakat Proceeds In Bangladesh: A Two-Approach Attempt.” Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 8/1 (2022), 133–148.
  • Jamal, Eresh Omar. “Time to Address the Growing Wealth Gap in Bangladesh.” The Daily Star (2021). https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/the-overton-window/news/time-address-the-growing-wealth-gap-bangladesh-2181906
  • J.M.S, Farah et al. “Compliance Behaviour on Zakat Donation: A Qualitative Approach.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 572/1 (2019), 12040.
  • Kaya, S. “Osmanlı Döneminde Zekât, Tarihte ve Günümüzde Zekât Uygulamaları.” 323–339. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2017.
  • Khatun, Fahmida. “Time to Address Youth Unemployment” (2019). https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/macro-mirror/news/time-address-youth-unemployment-1803226
  • Khatun, Sumaya et al. “Impact of Poverty and Inequality on Economic Growth of Bangladesh.” Internatıonal Knowledge Sharin Platform 12/10 (2021), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.7176/JESD/12-10-10
  • Kibria, Asjadul. “Making Zakat Collection and Distribution Meaningful” (2018). https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/views/making-zakat-collection-and-distribution-meaningful-1526570598
  • Mahmud, Kazi Tanvir et al. “Impact of Microcredit on the Household Income and Expenditure of the Fish Farmers: Bangladesh Perspective.” Aquaculture Economics & Management 26/2 (2021), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2021.1963350
  • Mawṣilī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Maḥmūd ibn Mawdūd al-. Al-Ikhtiyār Li-Taʻlīl al-Mukhtār. Istanbul, 1980.
  • Mehmet, Bayraktar. Türkiye‟nin Tarım ve Hayvancılıkta Zekât Potansiyeli, Türkiye’de Zekât Potansiyeli Içinde. Istanbul: İslami İlimler Araştırma Vakfı Yayınları, 1987.
  • Mersland, Roy et al. “The Effects of Religion on Development Efforts: Evidence from the Microfinance Industry and a Research Agenda.” World Development 41 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.030
  • Michael, Morris et al. “Entrepreneurship as a Solution to Poverty in Developed Economies.” Business Horizons 63/3 (2020), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.01.010
  • Muḥammad, Yūsuf Kamāl. Uṣūl Al-Iqtiṣād al-Islāmī. Jeddah: Dār al-Bayān al-ʻArabī, 1st Ed., 1985.
  • Nawaz, Shah. “Microfinance and Poverty Reduction: Evidence from a Village Study in Bangladesh.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 45/6 (2010), 670–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/002190961038
  • O’Neill, Aaron. “Unemployment Rate in Bangladesh 2022.” Statista (2023). https://www.statista.com/statistics/808225/unemployment-rate-in-bangladesh/
  • Ortakaya, Ülkü İstilal. İslamda Sosyal Politika Uygulamaları: İslam Ülkeleri ve Türkiye. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsüne: Yildirim Beyazit Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2017.
  • Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf al-. Fiqh Al-Zakāh. Beirut-Lebanon, 1980.
  • R.A.J, Saad et al. “Business Zakat Compliance Behavioral Intention in a Developing Country.” Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11/2 (2020), 511–530.
  • S, Khan. “Unemployment Still a Key Challenge.” The Financial Express (2020). https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/views/unemployment-still-a-key-challenge-1585151594
  • Samed, Abdus - Glenn, Lowell M. “Development of Zakah and Zakah Coverage in Monotheistic Faiths.” International Journal of Social Economics 37/4 (2010), 302–315. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068291011025264
  • Shillabeer, M. Gehlich. “Poverty Alleviation or Poverty Traps? Microcredits and Vulnerability in Bangladesh.” Disaster Prevention and Management 17/3 (2008), 396–409.
  • Sohag, Kazi et al. “Can Zakat System Alleviate Rural Poverty in Bangladesh? A Propensity Score Matching Approach.” Journal of Poverty 19/3 (2015), 261–277.
  • Sohel, Md. Salman et al. “Understanding Rural Local Government Response during COVID-19-Induced Lockdown: Perspective from Bangladesh.” SN Social Sciences 2/216 (2022), 1–21. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1007/s43545-022-00516-3
  • Terzi, Günay. Türkiye’de Zekâtın Kurumsallaşması ve Diyanet Personelinin Bakış Açısı Hakkında Bir Araştırma (Kocaeli Örneği). İslam Ekonomisi ve Finans Enstitü: Bursa Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2019.
  • Tirmidhī, Muḥammad ibn ʻĪsá ibn Sūrat ibn Mūsá al-Sulamī al-Būghī al-. Sunan Al-Tirmidhī “Zakat”, 6. Beirut-Lebanon: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1996.
  • Turan, Melih. Zekat Politikası Ekonomi-Politik Yaklaşım. Mevsimler Kitap, 2018.
  • Uddin, A H M Ershad. “Through Islamic Banks’ Zakat House (IBZH): Investment of Zakah Funds in Microfinance to Remove Poverty in Bangladesh: A New Model.” International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies 2/1 (2016), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.12816/0036592
  • Zaman, Azaz. “A Freelancing Boom Is Reshaping Bangladesh and Its Economy.” ThePrint (2019). https://theprint.in/world/a-freelancing-boom-is-reshaping-bangladesh-and-its-economy/252971/
  • “Bangladesh: Economic Growth Cannot Justify Keeping Workers in Poverty, Says UN Expert.” United States: United Nations, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/05/bangladesh-economic-growth-cannot-justify-keeping-workers-poverty-says-un
  • Business Standard. “Bangladesh Sees 6.94% Economic Growth in 2020-21 Fiscal Year” (2022). https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/bangladesh-sees-6-94-economic-growth-in-2020-21-fiscal-year-122020900091_1.html
  • The Economıst. “Bangladesh’s Economic Miracle Is in Jeopardy” (2023). https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/03/01/bangladeshs-economic-miracle-is-in-jeopardy
  • The Financial Express. “Bangladesh’s Poverty Rate Has Risen to 30% amid the Pandemic” (2021). https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladeshs-poverty-rate-rises-to-30pcamid- pandemic-1618291091
  • United News of Bangladesh (UNB). “Focus Both on Saving Lives, Livelihoods: Experts to Govt” (2020). https://unb.com.bd/category/Special/focus-both-on-saving-lives-livelihoods-experts-togovt/ 49774
  • The Business Standard. “Poverty Rate Drops 5.6 Percentage Points in 6 Years” (2023). https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/poverty-rate-drops-56-percentage-points-6-years-615202
  • “Poverty Reduction Programs in Bangladesh.” Bangladesh Ministry of Finance, 2019. http://www.mof.gov.bd
  • Dhaka Tribune. “The Economies of Zakat” (2014). www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/08/10/the-economics-of-zakat
  • “The World Bank in Bangladesh: Overview,” 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/overview
  • The Daily Star. “Unemployment in RMG Sector Deepened in September: Study” (2020). https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/garment-jobless-crisis-deepens-sep-study-1987881
  • “Reorganized Zakat Board.” Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023. https://mora.gov.bd/site/notices/6e3f6c78-2f61-4997-a957-9b1306dc5e0c/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A5%A4
  • Zakat Board.” Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023. http://islamicfoundation.gov.bd/site/page/6cfc4f30-eb11-400e-9130
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İslam Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahm Ershad Uddın 0000-0002-6270-9117

Hüseyin Okur 0000-0003-4285-7478

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ershad Uddın, A., & Okur, H. (2023). Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, 6(2), 419-438. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1353946
AMA Ershad Uddın A, Okur H. Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. Aralık 2023;6(2):419-438. doi:10.52637/kiid.1353946
Chicago Ershad Uddın, Ahm, ve Hüseyin Okur. “Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 6, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 419-38. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1353946.
EndNote Ershad Uddın A, Okur H (01 Aralık 2023) Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 6 2 419–438.
IEEE A. Ershad Uddın ve H. Okur, “Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19”, Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 419–438, 2023, doi: 10.52637/kiid.1353946.
ISNAD Ershad Uddın, Ahm - Okur, Hüseyin. “Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 6/2 (Aralık 2023), 419-438. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1353946.
JAMA Ershad Uddın A, Okur H. Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2023;6:419–438.
MLA Ershad Uddın, Ahm ve Hüseyin Okur. “Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 419-38, doi:10.52637/kiid.1353946.
Vancouver Ershad Uddın A, Okur H. Empowering Communities: Redefining Zakat Distribution in Bangladesh Post-Covid-19. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2023;6(2):419-38.