Analysis of Ecological Footprint and Tourism Relationship with GUW Cointegration Test

Yıl 2023, , 293 - 308, 30.11.2023

Oğuzhan Sungur , Eda Bozkurt , Ali Altıner

https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1316865

Cited By: 1

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between tourism and ecological footprint within the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis.
Design/Methodology: In the study, the 10 countries with the highest ecological footprints were discussed for the period 1995-2020. The GUW cointegration test developed by Gengenbach, Urbain, and Westerlund (2016) was used. Long-term coefficient estimates were made with the Common Correlated Effect (CCE) test.
Findings: The findings showed that tourist arrivals are positive for some countries and negative for others on the ecological footprint. In addition, it was concluded that the Kuznets Curve is inverted u-shaped in China, Russia and Japan. On the other hand, renewable energy consumption was found to be significant for all countries.
Limitations: The most important limitation of the research is the inclusion of the 10 countries with the highest ecological footprint in the analysis and the data supply in terms of the country set that constitutes the sample group of the research. In future studies, more comprehensive studies can be conducted by increasing the number of countries and obtaining data covering a longer period of time.
Originality/Value: EKC Hypothesis has been studied in many studies, mostly by considering carbon emissions. The ecological footprint variable is an important indicator used to measure environmental quality in recent years. On the other hand, tourism is seen as an important income generating item for countries. Examination of ecological footprint and tourism with the EKC Hypothesis constitutes the original value of the research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecological Footprint, GUW Cointegration Test, Kuznets Hypothesis, Tourism

Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Turizm İlişkisinin GUW Eşbütünleşme Testi ile Analizi

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, turizm ile ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki ilişkiyi Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (EKC) Hipotezi çerçevesinde ele almaktır.
Tasarım/Yöntem: Araştırmada ekolojik ayak izi en yüksek 10 ülke 1995-2020 periyodu için ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın yönteminde Gengenbach, Urbain ve Westerlund (2016) tarafından geliştirilmiş GUW eşbütünleşme testi kullanılmıştır. Uzun dönem katsayı tahminleri ise Ortak İlişkili Etkiler (Common Correlated Effect-CCE) testi ile yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Bulgular gelen uluslararası turist sayısının ekolojik ayak izi üzerinde bazı ülkeler için pozitif bazı ülkeler için negatif etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca Japonya ve Güney Kore’de Kuznets Eğrisinin ters U şeklinde olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Sınırlılıklar: Araştırmanın en önemli sınırlılığını, ekolojik ayak izi en yüksek 10 ülkenin analize dahil edilmiş olması ve araştırmanın örneklem grubunu oluşturan ülke seti açısından veri temini oluşturmaktadır. Sonraki çalışmalarda ülke sayısının artırılması ve daha uzun zamanı içeren verilerin elde edilebilmesiyle ile daha kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılabilir.
Özgünlük/Değer: EKC hipotezi birçok çalışmada çoğunlukla karbon emisyonu ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Ekolojik ayak izi değişkeni son yıllarda çevre kalitesini ölçmede kullanılan önemli bir göstergedir. Diğer taraftan turizm ülkeler için önemli bir gelir getirici kalem olarak görülmektedir. Ekolojik ayak izi ve turizmin EKC Hipotezi ile incelenmesi araştırmanın özgün değerini oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekolojik Ayak İzi, GUW Eşbütünleşme Testi, Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi, Turizm

Kaynakça

• Al-Mulali, U. & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
• Alola, A. A., Eluwole, K. K., Lasisi, T. T., & Alola, U. V. (2021). Perspectives of globalization and tourism as drivers of ecological footprint in top 10 destination economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 31607-31617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12871-4
• Ansari, M. A., & Villanthenkodath, M. A. (2022). Does tourism development promote ecological footprint? A nonlinear ARDL Approach. Anatolia, 33(4), 614-626. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1985542
• Arı, A. (2021). Yenilenebilir Enerji, Turizm, CO2 ve GSYH İlişkisinin Türkiye İçin Analizi. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 12(2), 192-205. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.880406
• Balli, E., Sigeze, C., Manga, M., Birdir, S. & Birdir, K. (2019). The relationship between tourism, CO2 emissions and economic growth: a case of Mediterranean countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1557717
• Bardi, U. (2011). The limits to growth revisited. Springer.
• Boluk, G. & Guven, M. (2022). The Role of Tourism, Energy Consumption, Urbanization, and Economic Growth on Ecological Footprint: The Turkish Case. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (38), 440-449. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1030941
• Gerçeker, M., Özcan, C. C., Mucuk, M., & Özmen, İ. (2019). Küreselleşme, reel gelir ve turizmin çevre üzerindeki etkisi: Akdeniz ülkeleri örneği. In International Congress of Energy, Economy and Security, November, 08-10. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338396783_KURESELLESME_REEL_GELIR_VE_TURIZMIN_CEVRE_UZERINDEKI_ETKISI_AKDENIZ_ULKELERI_ORNEGI_The_Effect_of_Globalization_Real_Income_and_Tourism_on_Environment_The_Case_of_Mediterranean_Countries
• Danish, & Wang, Z. (2018). Dynamic Relationship between tourism, economic growth and environmental quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26 (11), 1928-1943. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1526293
• De Vita, G., Katircioglu, S., Altinay, L., Fethi, S., & Mercan, M. (2015). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in a tourism development context. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 16652-16663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4861-4
• Dogan, E., Seker, F. & Bulbul, S. (2017). Investigating the impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: a panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1701-1719. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103
• Duran, M. S., & Bozkaya, Ş. (2022). Asya-Pasifik Ülkelerinde Turizm, Enerji, Büyüme ve Çevre İlişkisinin İkinci Nesil Panel Nedensellik Testi ile İncelenmesi (Investigation of the Relationship between Tourism, Energy, Growth and Environment in Asia-Pacific Countries by Second Generation Panel Causality Test). Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 10(3), 1887-1907. DOI: 10.21325/jotags.2022.1072
• Eyuboglu, K., & Uzar, U. (2020). The impact of tourism on CO2 emission in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1631-1645. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1636006
• Gengenbach, C., Urbain, J. P., & Westerlund, J. (2016). Error correction testing in panels with common stochastic trends. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 982-1004. DOI:10.1002/jae.2475
• Global Footprint Network. (2023, Nisan). Country trends. Global Footprint Network Advancing the Science of Sustainability. Available at: https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?type=BCtot,EFCtot&cn=351.
• Godil, D.I., Sharif, A., Rafique, S., &Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The asymmetric effect of tourism, financial development, and globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(32), 40109-40120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09937-0
• Gössling, S. & Peeters, P. (2015). Assessing tourism’s global environment impact 1900-2050, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(5), 639-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1008500
• Grossman, G. & Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economics Research Working Paper, No. 3194. NBER, Cambridge. DOI: 10.3386/w3914
• Guan, C., Rani, T., Yueqiang, Z., Ajaz, T., & Haseki, M. I. (2022). Impact of tourism industry, globalization, and technology innovation on ecological footprints in G-10 countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 6688-6704. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2052337
• Han, V., Polat, G. & Coşkun, S. (2022). Türkiye’de Turizm Gelişiminin Çevresel Bozulma Üzerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Fiscaoeconomia, 6 (2), 345-361. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1049390
• Jebli, B. M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0063-7
• Irps, H. (2009). Energy Sources: Non Renewable and Renewable. Agriculturel Mechanization and Automation,1,200-231. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ae48/405362100745eb84792da0efb5de06b68c8b.pdf.
• IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The physical science basis, contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. (Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G. K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)) Cambridge University Press.
• İlban, M. O. & Liceli, M. T. (2022). Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Turizm Büyümesi Panel Nedensellik İlişkisi. Gastroia: Journal of Gastronomy And Travel Research, 6 (2), 231-241. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gastoria/issue/73234/1178807
• Karadağ, H. (2021). Türkiye Ekonomisinde 1990-2016 Döneminde turizm ve çevre ilişkisinin ekonometrik analizi. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 164-175. https://www.tutad.org/index.php/tutad/article/view/410
• Katircioglu, S. T., Feridun, M. & Kilinc, C. (2014). Estimating tourism-induced energy consumption and CO2 emissions: The case of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.004
• Katircioglu, S., Korhan, K. Gokmenoglu, K.K., & Eren, B.M., (2018). Testing the role of tourism development in ecological footprint quality: evidence from top 10 tourist destinations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 33611–33619. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3324-0
• Khan, I. & Hou, F. (2021). The dynamic links among energy consumption, tourism growth, and the ecological footprint: The role of environmental quality in 38 IEA countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(5), 5049-5062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10861-6
• Khoi, N. H., Le, N. H., & Ngoc, B. H. (2022). The effect of tourism development on the ecological footprint in Singapore: evidence from asymmetric ARDL method. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(15), 2500-2517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1971165
• Kızılırmak, İ. (2011). Dünyada ve Türkiye’deki turizm işletmelerinde çevre korumaya yönelik uygulamalar: Amacı ve önemi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2, 1-12. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iusosbil/issue/9499/118693
• Kongbuamai, N., Zafar, M.W., Zaidi, S.A.H., & Liu, Y. (2020). Determinants of the ecological footprint in Thailand: the influences of tourism, trade openness, and population density. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(32), 40171-40186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09977-6
• Kutlu, Ş. Ş., & Kutlu, M. (2022). Turizm Faaliyetlerinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Maliye Dergisi, 182, 233-249. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2022/07/11-182-60-Turizm-Faaliyetlerinin-Ekolojik-Ayak-Izi.pdf
• Lee, J. W. & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.016
• Lee, C. C., Chen, M. P., & Wu, W. (2022). The criticality of tourism development, economic complexity, and country security on ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(24), 37004-37040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18499-2
• Leitao, N. C. & Shahbaz, M. (2016). Economic growth, tourism arrivals and climate change. Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4(1), 35-43. Available at: http://tesdo.org/shared/upload/pdf/papers/BEE,%204_1_,%2035-43%20.pdf
• Leon, C. J. & Arana, J. E. & Aleman, A. H. (2014). CO2 emissions and tourism in developed and less developed countries. Applied Economics Letters, 21(16), 1169-1173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.916376
• Li, X., Meo, M. S., Aziz, N., Arain, H., & Ferraz, D. (2022). Effects of Inbound Tourism on the Ecological Footprint. An Application of an Innovative Dynamic Panel Threshold Model. Front. Environ. Sci, 10, 910999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.910999
• Liu, Z., Lan, J., Chien, F., Sadiq, M., & Nawaz, M. A. (2022). Role of tourism development in environmental degradation: A step towards emission reduction. Journal of environmental management, 303, 114078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114078
• Liu, Y., Sadiq, F., Ali, W., & Kumail, T. (2022). Does tourism development, energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth matters for ecological footprint: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve and pollution haven hypothesis for Pakistan. Energy, 245, 123208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123208
• Meadows, D. L., Meadows D. H., Randers, J. & Behrens, W.W. (1972). The limits to growth. Universe Books.
• Mercan, M. (2014). Feldstein-horioka hipotezinin AB-15 ve Türkiye ekonomisi için sınanması: Yatay kesit bağımlılığı altında yapısal kırılmalı dinamik panel veri analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(2), 231-245. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/562559
• Naradda Gamage, S. K., Hewa Kuruppuge, R., & Haq, I. U. (2017). Energy consumption, tourism development, and environmental degradation in Sri Lanka. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(10), 910-916. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1324533
• Nosheen, M., Iqbal, J., & Khan, H. U. (2021). Analyzing the linkage among CO 2 emissions, economic growth, tourism, and energy consumption in the Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 16707-16719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11759-z
• Oğul, B. (2022). Turizm sektörü çevre kirliliğini artırıyor mu? Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir tahmin. Ardahan Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2), 98-103. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/aruiibfdergisi/issue/73708/1118020
• Ozturk, I., Al-Mulali U., & Saboori B. (2016). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 1916–1928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5447-x
• Özsoy, F. N. (2021). Turizm sektörü ve çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişkinin çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezi çerçevesinde incelenmesi. ASBİ Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.v21i60671.750236
• Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Chen, C. F. (2017). The effects of tourism on economic growth and CO2 emissions: a comparison between developed and developing economies. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 712-724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516667848
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, (Working Paper No:0435), University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7
• Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels wiht a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951.
• Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
• Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias- adjusted LM test of error cross-section indepence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x
• Rapport, D. J. (2000). Ecological footprints and ecosystem health: Complementary approaches to a sustainable future. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 367-370. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00156-1
• Raza, S. A., Sharif, A., Wong, W. K. & Karim, M. Z. A. (2017). Tourism development and environmental degradation in the United States: Evidence from wavelet-based analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1768-1790. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1192587
• Satrovic, E., & Muslija, A. (2019). The empirical evidence on tourism-urbanization-CO2 emissions nexus. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 7(1), 85-105. DOI: 10.30519/ahtr.484287
• Shaheen, K., Zaman, K., Batool, R., Khurshid, M.A., Aamir, A., Shoukry, A.M., Sharkawy, M.A., Aldeek, F., Khader, J.& Gani, S. (2019). Dynamic linkages between tourism, energy, environment, and economic growth: evidence from top 10 tourism-induced countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 31273–31283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06252-1
• Shakouri, B., Khoshnevis Yazdi, S. & Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions?. Anatolia, 28(3), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1335648
• Solarin, S. A. (2014). Tourist arrivals and macroeconomic determinants of CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Anatolia, 25(2), 228-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2013.868364
• Solarin, S. A. (2019). Convergence in CO2 emissions, carbon footprint and ecological footprint: Evidence from OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(6), 6167-6181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3993-8
• Tandoğan, D., & Genç, M.C. (2019). Türkiye’de Turizm ve Karbondioksit Salımı Arasındaki İlişki: Rals-Engle ve Granger Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 30(3), 221-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.17123/atad.656018
• Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F. (2013). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı. (2. Baskı). Beta Yayınları.
• The World Bank, (2023, Nisan). World development indicators. DataBank, The World Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
• UNWTO -The World Tourism Organization- (2011). Tourism towards 2030 / Global overview. https://www.unwto.org/archive/global/press-release/2011-10-11/international-tourists-hit-18-billion-2030 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023)
• UNWTO -The World Tourism Organization- (2019). Tourism’s carbon emissions report. https://www.unwto.org/news/tourisms-carbon-emissions-measured-in-landmark-report-launched-at-cop25 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2023).
• UNWTO -The World Tourism Organization- (2023). Global and regional tourism performance https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/global-and-regional-tourism-performance (Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023).
• Yurtkuran, S. (2022). Gelen Turist Sayısının En Fazla Olduğu 10 Ülkede Turizm ile CO2 Salımı Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Fourier Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (61), 281-303. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.988886
• Zaman, K., Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., & Raza, S. A. (2016). Tourism development, energy consumption and Environmental Kuznets Curve: Trivariate analysis in the panel of developed and developing countries. Tourism management, 54, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.12.001