Araştırma Makalesi
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Is all for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25, 441 - 456, 28.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.873072

Öz

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate whether foreign assistance is provided towards the development of the aid-receiving country or it is in line with their national interests by addressing the relationship between Turkey's foreign aid and foreign policy.
Design/Methodology: In the study, Turkey's foreign aid between 2002-2018 was obtained through data published by TIKA and AFAD; foreign trade figures with these countries were obtained through statistics published by TUIK and It was analyzed based on the foreign policy implemented by the AK Party in the light of dependency approach. Hereby an answer was sought to the question of whether a dependency relationship has been established with the aid receiving country.
Findings: As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the aids granted between the years 2002-2018 included both aspects (creating dependency and national interest), but such aid, contrary to what often pointed out in the literature, could not make Turkey a strong actor in this area and Turkey still has a limited capacity.
Originality/Value: Although there are some qualitative and quantitative studies in the literature about this issue, handling of foreign aids that Turkey made in the context of national interest-foreign policy and its analysis through a dependency approach, constitute the original value of this research.

Kaynakça

  • Addison, T., & Tarp, F. (2015). Aid policy and the macroeconomic, management of mid. World Development, 69, 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.02.009
  • Akçay, E. (2012). Bir dış politika enstrümanı olarak Türk dış yardımları. Turgut Özal Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Aluko, F., & Arowolo, D. (2010). Foreign aid, the third World’s debt crisis and the implication for economic development: The Nigerian experience. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 4(4), 120-127. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpsir
  • Amin, S. (1973). Unequal development: An essay on the social formations of peripheral capitalism. B. Pearce (Çev.), England, The Harvester Press, 246-260.
  • Apaydin, F. (2012). Overseas development aid across the global South: Lessons from the Turkish experience in Sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia. European Journal of Development Research, 24(2), 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2012.5
  • Asiedu, E. (2014). Does foreign aid in education promote economic growth? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Development, 16(1), 37-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrideve.16.1.0037
  • Asiedu, E., & Nandwa, B. (2007). On the impact of foreign aid in education on growth: How relevant is heterogeneity of aid flows and heterogeneity of aid recipients? Review of World Economics, 143(4), February, 631-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-007-0125-9
  • Asongu, S., & Jellal, M. (2016). Foreign aid fiscal policy: Theory and evidence. Comparative Economic Studies, 58, 279-314. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2741431
  • Asongu, S., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2016). Foreign aid and governance in Africa. International Review of Applied Economics, 30(1), 69-88. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/71789/
  • BAE’den Mısır’a 3 milyar dolar destek. (18 Temmuz 2013). http://www.dunya.com/baeden-misira-3-milyar-dolar-destek-198257h.htm
  • Balcı, A. (2013). Türkiye dış politikası, ilkeler, aktörler, uygulamalar. Etkileşim Yayınları.
  • Balcı, A., & Yeşiltaş, M. (2006). Bir dış politika aracı olarak dış yardımların kullanılması: Japonya örneği. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 2(8), 167-198. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uidergisi/issue/39249/462213
  • Boone, P. (1996). Politics and the effectiveness of foreign aid. European Economic Review, 40(2), 289-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00127-1
  • Brautigam, B. A., & Knack, S. (2004). Foreign aid, institutions and governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(2), 255-285. https://doi.org/10.1086/380592
  • Brempong, K. G., & Racine, J. (2014), Aid and economic growth: A robust approach. Journal of African Development, 16(1), 465-480 https://doi.org/10.1080/09638190802464974
  • Burnside, C., & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, policies and growth. American Economic Review, 90(4), 847-868. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1777
  • Clemens, M. A., Radelet, S., & Bhavnani, R. R. (2004). Counting chickens when they hatch: The short-term effect of aid on growth. Center for Global Development Working Paper, 44. (July 12). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.567241
  • Çevik, S. B. (2016). Turkey’s state based foreign aid: Narrating ‘Turkey’s story’. Rising Powers Quarterly, 1(2), 55-67. https://risingpowersproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/vol1.2-Senem-Cevik.pdf
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2008a). Stratejik derinlik, Türkiye’nin uluslararası konumu (26. Baskı). Küre Yayınları.
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  • Davutoğlu, A. (2010b). Turkey’s zero-problems foreign policy. Foreignpolicy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/20/turkeys_zero_problems_foreign_policy
  • Dobb, M. (1981). Kapitalizm sosyalizm azgelişmiş ülkeler ve iktisadi kalkınma. M. Selik (Çev.), Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, 464, 123-124.
  • Doğan, S. (2016). Türkiye’nin geniş Orta Asya coğrafyasına yönelik insani diplomasi ve dış yardım faaliyetleri: Afganistan örneği. E. Akıllı (Ed.), Türkiye’de ve Dünyada dış yardımlar (ss. 378-402), Nobel Yayınevi.
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  • Frank, A. G. (1967). Crisis in the third World. Holmes & Meier Publishers.
  • Ghura, D., Muhlisen, M., Nord, R., Hadjimichael, M. T., & Ucer, E. M. (1995). Sub-Saharan Africa: growth, savings and investment. 1986-93. IMF Occasional, 118, Washington DC, https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557754585.084
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Herşey Bir Gülümseme için mi? Yoksa Bağımlılık Oluşturmak için mi? Türkiye’nin Kalkınma Yardımlarının Analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25, 441 - 456, 28.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.873072

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin dış yardım ve dış politikası arasındaki ilişkiye değinerek, yapılan yardımların yardım alan ülkenin kalkınmasına mı, yoksa Türkiye’nin ulusal çıkarlarına mı yönelik olup olmadığını araştırmaktır.
Tasarım/Yöntem: Araştırmada Türkiye’nin 2002-2018 yılları arasında gerçekleştirmiş olduğu dış yardımlar TİKA’nın ve AFAD’ın yayınladığı veriler, bu ülkelerle olan dış ticaret rakamları da TÜİK’in yayınladığı istatistikler üzerinden döküman analizi yöntemiyle elde edilmiş ve bağımlılık yaklaşımı üzerinden AK Parti’nin uyguladığı dış politika temelinde analiz edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda yardım yapılan ülkeyle bir bağımlılık ilişkisinin oluşturulup oluşturulmadığı sorusuna cevap aranmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışma neticesinde 2002-2018 yılları arasında yapılan yardımların her iki yönü de (bağımlılık oluşturma ve ulusal çıkar) içerdiği, ancak literatürde sıklıkla belirtilenin aksine, sözkonusu yardımların Türkiye'yi bu alanda güçlü bir aktör yapamadığı ve Türkiye'nin hala sınırlı bir kapasiteye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Özgünlük/Değer: Literatürde niteliksel ve niceliksel anlamda çeşitli çalışımalar olmasına karşın, Türkiye’nin yaptığı dış yardımların ulusal çıkar-dış politika bağlamında ele alınması ve bunun bağımlılık ilişkisi üzerinden analiz edilmesi araştırmanın özgün değerini oluşturmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Addison, T., & Tarp, F. (2015). Aid policy and the macroeconomic, management of mid. World Development, 69, 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.02.009
  • Akçay, E. (2012). Bir dış politika enstrümanı olarak Türk dış yardımları. Turgut Özal Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Aluko, F., & Arowolo, D. (2010). Foreign aid, the third World’s debt crisis and the implication for economic development: The Nigerian experience. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 4(4), 120-127. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpsir
  • Amin, S. (1973). Unequal development: An essay on the social formations of peripheral capitalism. B. Pearce (Çev.), England, The Harvester Press, 246-260.
  • Apaydin, F. (2012). Overseas development aid across the global South: Lessons from the Turkish experience in Sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia. European Journal of Development Research, 24(2), 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2012.5
  • Asiedu, E. (2014). Does foreign aid in education promote economic growth? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Development, 16(1), 37-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrideve.16.1.0037
  • Asiedu, E., & Nandwa, B. (2007). On the impact of foreign aid in education on growth: How relevant is heterogeneity of aid flows and heterogeneity of aid recipients? Review of World Economics, 143(4), February, 631-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-007-0125-9
  • Asongu, S., & Jellal, M. (2016). Foreign aid fiscal policy: Theory and evidence. Comparative Economic Studies, 58, 279-314. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2741431
  • Asongu, S., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2016). Foreign aid and governance in Africa. International Review of Applied Economics, 30(1), 69-88. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/71789/
  • BAE’den Mısır’a 3 milyar dolar destek. (18 Temmuz 2013). http://www.dunya.com/baeden-misira-3-milyar-dolar-destek-198257h.htm
  • Balcı, A. (2013). Türkiye dış politikası, ilkeler, aktörler, uygulamalar. Etkileşim Yayınları.
  • Balcı, A., & Yeşiltaş, M. (2006). Bir dış politika aracı olarak dış yardımların kullanılması: Japonya örneği. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 2(8), 167-198. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uidergisi/issue/39249/462213
  • Boone, P. (1996). Politics and the effectiveness of foreign aid. European Economic Review, 40(2), 289-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00127-1
  • Brautigam, B. A., & Knack, S. (2004). Foreign aid, institutions and governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(2), 255-285. https://doi.org/10.1086/380592
  • Brempong, K. G., & Racine, J. (2014), Aid and economic growth: A robust approach. Journal of African Development, 16(1), 465-480 https://doi.org/10.1080/09638190802464974
  • Burnside, C., & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, policies and growth. American Economic Review, 90(4), 847-868. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1777
  • Clemens, M. A., Radelet, S., & Bhavnani, R. R. (2004). Counting chickens when they hatch: The short-term effect of aid on growth. Center for Global Development Working Paper, 44. (July 12). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.567241
  • Çevik, S. B. (2016). Turkey’s state based foreign aid: Narrating ‘Turkey’s story’. Rising Powers Quarterly, 1(2), 55-67. https://risingpowersproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/vol1.2-Senem-Cevik.pdf
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2008a). Stratejik derinlik, Türkiye’nin uluslararası konumu (26. Baskı). Küre Yayınları.
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2008b). Turkey’s foreign policy vision: An assessment of 2007. Insight Turkey, 10(1), 77-96. http://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/ahmet-davutoglu-turkeys-foreign-policy-vision-an-assessment-of-2007.pdf
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2010a). Fostering a culture of harmony. Russia in Global Affairs, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_14784
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2010b). Turkey’s zero-problems foreign policy. Foreignpolicy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/20/turkeys_zero_problems_foreign_policy
  • Dobb, M. (1981). Kapitalizm sosyalizm azgelişmiş ülkeler ve iktisadi kalkınma. M. Selik (Çev.), Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, 464, 123-124.
  • Doğan, S. (2016). Türkiye’nin geniş Orta Asya coğrafyasına yönelik insani diplomasi ve dış yardım faaliyetleri: Afganistan örneği. E. Akıllı (Ed.), Türkiye’de ve Dünyada dış yardımlar (ss. 378-402), Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Easterly, W. (2003). Can foreign aid buy growth? Journal of Economic Perspctives, 17(3), 46. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/089533003769204344
  • Frank, A. G. (1967). Crisis in the third World. Holmes & Meier Publishers.
  • Ghura, D., Muhlisen, M., Nord, R., Hadjimichael, M. T., & Ucer, E. M. (1995). Sub-Saharan Africa: growth, savings and investment. 1986-93. IMF Occasional, 118, Washington DC, https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557754585.084
  • Gomanee, K., Morrissey, O., Mosley, P., & Verschoor, J. A. J. (2003). Aid, pro-poor government spending and welfare. CREDIT Working paper 03/01, February, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.412244
  • Gök, G. O., & Dal, E. P. (2016). Understanding Turkey’s emerging ‘civillian’ foreign policy role in the 2000s through development cooperation in the Africa. Perception, Autumn-Winter, 21(3-4), 67-100. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/perception/issue/48957/624575
  • Gukurume, S. (2012). Interrogating foreign aid and sustainable development conundrum in African countries: A Zimbabwe experience of debt trap and service delivery. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, Quarter IV, 3(3.4), 1-20. http://onlineresearchjournals.com/ijopagg/art/111.pdf
  • Gül, A. (1997). Türkiye’nin Türk dünyasıyla ilişkilerine genel bir bakış. Yeni Türkiye, Türk Dünyası Özel Sayısı, 1(15), 698-700.
  • Hansen, H., & Tarp, F. (2001). Aid and growth regressions. Journal of Development Economics, 64(2), 547-570. https://web.econ.ku.dk/ftarp/workingpapers/docs/aid%20and%20growth%20regressions.pdf
  • Haşimi, C. (2014). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy and development cooperation. Insight Turkey, 16(1), 127-145. https://www.insightturkey.com/file/381/turkeys-humanitarian-diplomacy-and-development-cooperation-winter-2014-vol16-no1
  • Haussman, J. (2014). Turkey as a donor country and potential partner in triangular cooperation. German Development Institute.
  • Kabonga, I. (2015). Impact of donor aid on socio-economic development: A case of Chegutu district [Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Midlands State University], Gweru.
  • Kabonga, I. (2017). Dependency theory and donor aid: A critical analysis. Journal of Development Studies, August, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.25159/0304-615X/1096
  • Karagöz, F. (2010). Yoksulluk tuzağı ve dış yardım: Eleştirel bir yaklaşım. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4, 1-13. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iusosbil/issue/9497/118634
  • Kardaş, Ş. (2013). From zero problems to leading the change: Making sense of transformation in Turkey’s regional policy. International Policy and Leadership Institute, Turkey Policy Brief Series 5.
  • Kardaş, T., & Erdağ, R. (2012). Bir dış politika aracı olarak TIKA. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 7(1), 167-194. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akademikincelemeler/issue/1547/19005
  • Kargbo, P. M. & Kunal, S. (2014). Aid categories that foster pro-poor growth: The case of Sierra Leone. African Development Review, 26(2), 416-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12101
  • Kirişçi, K. (2009). The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The rise of the trading state. New Perspectives on Turkey, 40, 29-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0896634600005203
  • Kuada, J. (2015). Private enterprise-led economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa the human side of growth (1st Edition). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Levy, V. (1988). Aid and growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: The recent experience. European Economic Review, 32, 1777-1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(88)90085-2
  • Matunhu, J. (2011). A critique of mordenization and dependency theories in Africa: Critical Assessment. African Journal of History and Culture, 3(5), 65-72. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJHC
  • Minou, C., & Reddy, S. G. (2010). Development aid and economic growth: A positive long-run relation. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 50(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2009.10.004
  • Mitra, R., Hossain, S., & Hossian, I. (2015). Aid and per-capita economic growth in Asia: A panel cointegration tests. Economics Bulletin, 35(3), 1693-1699. http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2015/Volume35/EB-15-V35-I3-P172.pdf
  • Mosley, P., Hudson, M., &. Horrel, S. (1992). Aid, the public sector and the market in less developed countries: a return to the scene of crime. Journal of International Development, 4(2), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380040204
  • Moyo, L., & Mafuso, L. T. (2017). The effectiveness of foreign aid on economic development in developing countries: A case of Zimbabwe (1980-2000). Journal of Social Sciences, 52(1-3), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2017.1305554
  • Murphy, T. & Sazak, O. (2012). Turkey’s civillian capacity in post-conflict reconstruction. İstanbul Policy Center, Sabancı University.
  • Özkan, M. (2017). The Turkish way of doing development aid?: An analysis from the Somali laboratory. In I. Bergamaschi, P. Moore, & A. B. Tickner (Eds.), South- South cooperation beyond the myths, rising donors, new aid practises? ((pp. 59-78). Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Özlem, K. (2014). Soğuk savaş sonrası dönemde ABD’nin ve Türkiye’nin Balkanlar politikalarının Bosna Hersek, Kosova ve Makedonya krizleri örneğinde incelenmesi. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 23-40. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/baed/issue/34531/381500
  • Pedersen, K. R. (1996). Aid, investment and incentives. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 98(3), 423-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440735
  • Pulat A., Akdoğan İ., & Küpeli M. Ş. (2021). Suudi Arabistan-İran bölgesel rekabetinde Suudi dış yardımlarının siyasi etkinliği (2010-2020). Uluslararası İlişkiler, Çevrimiçi Erken Yayım, 5 Nisan, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.912054
  • Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Tanzanian Publishing House.
  • Solmaz, E. (2008). İktisadi Kalkınma kuramlarının yoksulluk konusuna yaklaşımlarına eleştirel bir bakış. Mevzuat Dergisi, 11(132). https://www.mevzuatdergisi.com/2008/12a/01.htm
  • Tarnoff, C., & Lason M. L. (2012). Foreign aid: An introduction to U.S. programs and policy. Congressional Research Service, 20 April, 1-38. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40213.pdf
  • The United Nations, Millennium Summit (6-8 September 2000). https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/millennium_summit.shtml
  • TİKA faaliyet raporları 2004-2018. https://www.tika.gov.tr/tr/yayin/liste/tika_faaliyet_raporlari-2
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2004. (2005). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/YAYINLAR/Faaliyet%20Raporlar%C4%B1/2004/2004%20TIKA_Faaliyet.pdf
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2005. (2006). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/YAYINLAR/Faaliyet%20Raporlar%C4%B1/2005/TIKA_Faaliyet2005.pdf
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2007. (2008). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/YAYINLAR/Faaliyet%20Raporlar%C4%B1/2007/rapor2007.pdf
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2008. (2009). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/YAYINLAR/Faaliyet%20Raporlar%C4%B1/2008/2008FAALIYETRAPORU.pdf
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2014. (2015). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/Prestij%20Eserler/Faaliyet%20Raporu%202014.pdf
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2015. (2016). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/05/Faaliyet%20Raporu%202015/2015%20Faaliyet%20Raporu.pdf
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2016. (2017). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/03/2016%20IdareFaaliyetRaporu/%C4%B0dare%20Rapor_2016_WebFormati.pdf
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2017. (2018). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2018/2017%20Faaliyet%20Raporu/T%C4%B0KA%20Faaliyet%20Raporu%202017.pdf
  • TİKA faaliyet raporu 2018. (2019). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2019/Faaliyet%20Raporu%202018/TikaFaaliyetWeb.pdf
  • TİKA Türkiye kalkınma yardımları raporu 2015. (2016). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/YAYINLAR/TKYR%202015/TKYR_2015%20(1).pdf
  • TİKA Türkiye kalkınma yardımları raporu 2016. (2017). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2017/YAYINLAR/Faaliyet%20Raporlar%C4%B1/2016/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Kalk%C4%B1nma%20Yard%C4%B1mlar%C4%B1%20Raporu%202016.pdf
  • TİKA Türkiye kalkınma yardımları raporu 2017. (2018). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2018/2017%20Kalk%C4%B1nma%20Yard%C4%B1mlar%C4%B1%20Raporu/Kalkinma2017Web.pdf
  • TİKA Türkiye kalkınma yardımları raporu 2018. (2019). https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2020/02/kyk%202018/TurkiyeKalkinma2018Web.pdf
  • Turhan, Y. (2021). Turkey’s foreign aid to Africa: An analysis of the post July 15 Era, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies,1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.1935080
  • Turkey-financial assistance under ipa II, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/instruments/funding-by-country/turkey_en Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Türkiye-Afrika ilişkileri. www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-afrika-iliskileri.tr.mfa
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Türkiye-Afrika ilişkileri. www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-afrika-iliskileri.tr.mfa
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Dis-Ticaret-104
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Ülkelere göre yıllık ihracat 1995-2019. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist
  • Uğur, M. (2013). Türk dış politikasının değerlendirilmesi. Bilim Sanat Vakfı Bülteni, 25(83), (Eylül-Aralık). https://www.bisav.org.tr/Bulten/202/1231/2013_turk_dis_politikasi_degerlendirmesi
  • Yiew, T. H., & Lau E. (2018). Does foreign aid contributes to or impeded economic growth. Journal of International Studies, 11(3), 21-30. https://www.jois.eu/files/2_493_Yiew_Lau.pdf
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Rıdvan Kalaycı 0000-0002-7569-4583

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25

Kaynak Göster

APA Kalaycı, R. (2021). Is all for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 13(25), 441-456. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.873072
AMA Kalaycı R. Is all for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). Kasım 2021;13(25):441-456. doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.873072
Chicago Kalaycı, Rıdvan. “Is All for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 13, sy. 25 (Kasım 2021): 441-56. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.873072.
EndNote Kalaycı R (01 Kasım 2021) Is all for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 13 25 441–456.
IEEE R. Kalaycı, “Is all for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 13, sy. 25, ss. 441–456, 2021, doi: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.873072.
ISNAD Kalaycı, Rıdvan. “Is All for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 13/25 (Kasım 2021), 441-456. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.873072.
JAMA Kalaycı R. Is all for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2021;13:441–456.
MLA Kalaycı, Rıdvan. “Is All for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 13, sy. 25, 2021, ss. 441-56, doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.873072.
Vancouver Kalaycı R. Is all for a Smile or Creating a Dependency? Analysis of Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2021;13(25):441-56.