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Trafficking in Human Beings in Global Age: A Case Study of Turkey

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 93 - 117, 31.12.2016

Öz

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the monolithic international structure, asymmetric threats raised to the top of the agenda of the international community. Among them, trafficking in human beings has become one of the main issues threatening the security of the Western countries. Due to the fact that trafficking in human beings is now regarded as a modern form of slavery and constitutes one of the major crimes in international law, several studies have been conducted analysing the issue. These studies have been designed within a general framework and lacked to cover case studies on country-basis. Within this context, this article aims to analyse Turkey’s approach and policies in relation with the trafficking in human beings issue. Since Turkey is a transit, destination and origin country of migration, the root causes and the dimensions of the problem for Turkey and Turkey’s strategy to cope with the issue will set forth meaningful data and enable a better understanding

Kaynakça

  • Aas, K. F. (2007) Globalisation & Crime: Key Approaches to Criminology. 2nd edn. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Aronowitz, A. A. (2009) Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings. London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1-72
  • Demir, O. O., and Finckenauer J. O. (2010) ‘Sex Trafficking Around the World- Victims of Sex Trafficking in Turkey: Characteristics, Motivations, and Dynamics’ Women & Criminal Justice 20, 57-88
  • Dündar, S. E. T. (2006) ‘Human Trafficking and Turkey’ in Trafficking in Persons in South East Europe: A Threat to Human Security. ed. by Narli, N. Istanbul and Vienna: National Defence Academy, 119-126
  • Erdal, H. (2008) ‘Human Trafficking as an Organised Crime and Case of Turkey’ Turkish Journal of Police Studies 10 (2)
  • European Union-Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers, (2013) Trafficking in Human Beings,[online] Available at: <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_en.pdf> [6 December 2013]
  • Foot, K. (2010) ‘Actors & Activities in the Anti-Human Trafficking Movement’ in the Dark Side of Globalization. ed. by Heine, J. & Thakur, R. United Nations Press
  • Gallagher, A. T. (2002) ‘Trafficking, Smuggling and Human Rights: Tricks and Treaties’. Forced Migration Review 12: 25-28
  • Goodey, J. (2008) ‘Human Trafficking: Sketchy Data and Policy Responses’. Criminology & Criminal Justice 8(4) 421-442
  • Güngör, N.D., and Tansel, A. (2007) ‘Brain Drain from Turkey: An Investigation of Students Return Intentions’, ERC Working Papers in Economics 07/1
  • Harris, J. R., and Todaro M. P. (1970) ‘Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two Sector Analysis’. The American Economic Review 60(1) p.126
  • Hu, H. (2011) Scholars Grapple With Globalization’s Dark Side – Human Trafficking,[online] Available at: <http://diverseeducation.com/article/15706/#> [7 December 2013] International Labour Organisation (ILO) (n.d.) International Labour Standards on Forced Labour,[online] Available at: <http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/forced-labour/lang--en/index.html> [10 December 2013]
  • International Organisation for Migration (IOM) (2003) Migration in a Globalised World,[online] Available at: <http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/about_iom/en/council/86/MCINF_268.pdf> [14 December 2013]
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM), (2011) Case Data Global Figures & Trends: Human Trafficking,[online] Available at: <http://www.unric.org/en/images/stories/2012/pdf/IOM%20counter-trafficking%20case%20data_May%202011.pdf> [11 December 2013]
  • İçduygu, A., and Toktaş, S. (2002) ‘How Do Smuggling and Trafficking
  • Kale, B. (2006) ‘Trafficking in Human Beings within the Context of Turkey’s Accession Process to the EU’ in Trafficking in Persons in South East Europe: A Threat to Human Security. ed. by Narli, N. Istanbul and Vienna: National Defence Academy, 127-138
  • Karstedt, S. (2013) Globalisation and Crime [lecture] module LAW5386, 3 December 2013. Leeds:University of Leeds
  • Karstedt, S. (2012) ‘Crime’. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Globalization. 1st edn. vol 1. UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 342-350
  • Kirisci, K. (2003) Turkey: A Transformation from Emigration to Immigration [online] Available at: <http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=176> [16 December 2013]
  • KOM Department (2012) Turkish Report of Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime 2011. Ankara: KOM Publication. Available at: <http://www.kom.pol.tr/Documents/Raporlar/2011ing.pdf> [18 December 2013]
  • Law on Foreigners and International Protection. (2013) Turkish Law No. 6458. Published in Official Gazette on 4th April 2013
  • Lindstrom M. S. (2005) ‘Turkey’s Efforts to Fight Human Trafficking in the Black Sea Region: A Regional Approach’. The Quarterly Journal 4(4), 39-47
  • Morrison, J., and Crosland, B. (2001) ‘The trafficking and smuggling of refugees: the end game in European asylum policy?’ , New Issues in the Refugee Research No.39
  • Nelken, D. (2004) ‘Globalisation and Crime’. In A Handbook of Comparative Social Policy. ed. by Kennett P. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Operate via Irregular Border Crossings in the Middle East? : Evidence from Fieldwork in Turkey’. International Migration 40(6), 25-49
  • Oppong, S. H. (2012) ‘Human trafficking through Organized Crime’. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2(20)
  • Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), (2013) Trafficking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment. Available at: <https://www.osce.org/cthb/103085> [21 December 2013]
  • Osborne, D. and Gaelber, T. (1992) Reinventing Government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector USA: Penguin Group
  • Ramo, S. (2011) The Dark side of Globalisation [online] Available at: <http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/The_Beaver_Online_The_dark_side_of_globalisation.pdf> [7 December 2013]
  • Shelley, L. (2010) Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. Newyork: Cambridge University Press
  • T.C. İç işleri Bakanlığı-Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, (2013) 2012 Yılı Faaliyet raporu. [online] Available at: <http://www.egm.gov.tr/SiteAssets/Sayfalar/StratejiGelistirmeFaaliyetleri/2012_yili_faaliyet_raporu.pdf> [10 December 2013]
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (n.d.) Turkey on Trafficking in Human Beings [online] Available at: <http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-on-trafficking-in-human-beings.en.mfa> [3 December 2013]
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)(2004)Trafficking in Human Beings: A Guidence Note,[online] Available at: <http://rbec.undp.org/files/uploads/Gender%20CoP%20Istanbul%20January2005/Human%20Trafficking_Nadja_text_30March.pdf> [13 December 2013]
  • United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) (2000)Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, [online] Available at: <http://www.refworld.org/docid/4720706c0.html> [3 December 2013]
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2006) Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns. [online] Available at: <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/traffickinginpersons_report_2006ver2.pdf> [8 December 2013]
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), (2010) Globalisation of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment. [online] Available at: <http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and analysis/tocta/TOCTA_Report_2010_low_res.pdf> [12 December 2013] United States Department of State (2013) Trafficking in Persons Report-Turkey. [online] Available at: <http://www.refworld.org/docid/51c2f37d3c5.html [17 December 2013]
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), (n.d.)The IOM Global Human Trafficking Database [online] Available at: <http://www1.unece.org/stat/platform/display/DISA2013/IOM+-+International+Organization+for+Migration>[16 December 2013]
Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 93 - 117, 31.12.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aas, K. F. (2007) Globalisation & Crime: Key Approaches to Criminology. 2nd edn. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Aronowitz, A. A. (2009) Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings. London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1-72
  • Demir, O. O., and Finckenauer J. O. (2010) ‘Sex Trafficking Around the World- Victims of Sex Trafficking in Turkey: Characteristics, Motivations, and Dynamics’ Women & Criminal Justice 20, 57-88
  • Dündar, S. E. T. (2006) ‘Human Trafficking and Turkey’ in Trafficking in Persons in South East Europe: A Threat to Human Security. ed. by Narli, N. Istanbul and Vienna: National Defence Academy, 119-126
  • Erdal, H. (2008) ‘Human Trafficking as an Organised Crime and Case of Turkey’ Turkish Journal of Police Studies 10 (2)
  • European Union-Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers, (2013) Trafficking in Human Beings,[online] Available at: <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_en.pdf> [6 December 2013]
  • Foot, K. (2010) ‘Actors & Activities in the Anti-Human Trafficking Movement’ in the Dark Side of Globalization. ed. by Heine, J. & Thakur, R. United Nations Press
  • Gallagher, A. T. (2002) ‘Trafficking, Smuggling and Human Rights: Tricks and Treaties’. Forced Migration Review 12: 25-28
  • Goodey, J. (2008) ‘Human Trafficking: Sketchy Data and Policy Responses’. Criminology & Criminal Justice 8(4) 421-442
  • Güngör, N.D., and Tansel, A. (2007) ‘Brain Drain from Turkey: An Investigation of Students Return Intentions’, ERC Working Papers in Economics 07/1
  • Harris, J. R., and Todaro M. P. (1970) ‘Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two Sector Analysis’. The American Economic Review 60(1) p.126
  • Hu, H. (2011) Scholars Grapple With Globalization’s Dark Side – Human Trafficking,[online] Available at: <http://diverseeducation.com/article/15706/#> [7 December 2013] International Labour Organisation (ILO) (n.d.) International Labour Standards on Forced Labour,[online] Available at: <http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/forced-labour/lang--en/index.html> [10 December 2013]
  • International Organisation for Migration (IOM) (2003) Migration in a Globalised World,[online] Available at: <http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/about_iom/en/council/86/MCINF_268.pdf> [14 December 2013]
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM), (2011) Case Data Global Figures & Trends: Human Trafficking,[online] Available at: <http://www.unric.org/en/images/stories/2012/pdf/IOM%20counter-trafficking%20case%20data_May%202011.pdf> [11 December 2013]
  • İçduygu, A., and Toktaş, S. (2002) ‘How Do Smuggling and Trafficking
  • Kale, B. (2006) ‘Trafficking in Human Beings within the Context of Turkey’s Accession Process to the EU’ in Trafficking in Persons in South East Europe: A Threat to Human Security. ed. by Narli, N. Istanbul and Vienna: National Defence Academy, 127-138
  • Karstedt, S. (2013) Globalisation and Crime [lecture] module LAW5386, 3 December 2013. Leeds:University of Leeds
  • Karstedt, S. (2012) ‘Crime’. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Globalization. 1st edn. vol 1. UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 342-350
  • Kirisci, K. (2003) Turkey: A Transformation from Emigration to Immigration [online] Available at: <http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=176> [16 December 2013]
  • KOM Department (2012) Turkish Report of Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime 2011. Ankara: KOM Publication. Available at: <http://www.kom.pol.tr/Documents/Raporlar/2011ing.pdf> [18 December 2013]
  • Law on Foreigners and International Protection. (2013) Turkish Law No. 6458. Published in Official Gazette on 4th April 2013
  • Lindstrom M. S. (2005) ‘Turkey’s Efforts to Fight Human Trafficking in the Black Sea Region: A Regional Approach’. The Quarterly Journal 4(4), 39-47
  • Morrison, J., and Crosland, B. (2001) ‘The trafficking and smuggling of refugees: the end game in European asylum policy?’ , New Issues in the Refugee Research No.39
  • Nelken, D. (2004) ‘Globalisation and Crime’. In A Handbook of Comparative Social Policy. ed. by Kennett P. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Operate via Irregular Border Crossings in the Middle East? : Evidence from Fieldwork in Turkey’. International Migration 40(6), 25-49
  • Oppong, S. H. (2012) ‘Human trafficking through Organized Crime’. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2(20)
  • Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), (2013) Trafficking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment. Available at: <https://www.osce.org/cthb/103085> [21 December 2013]
  • Osborne, D. and Gaelber, T. (1992) Reinventing Government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector USA: Penguin Group
  • Ramo, S. (2011) The Dark side of Globalisation [online] Available at: <http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/The_Beaver_Online_The_dark_side_of_globalisation.pdf> [7 December 2013]
  • Shelley, L. (2010) Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. Newyork: Cambridge University Press
  • T.C. İç işleri Bakanlığı-Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, (2013) 2012 Yılı Faaliyet raporu. [online] Available at: <http://www.egm.gov.tr/SiteAssets/Sayfalar/StratejiGelistirmeFaaliyetleri/2012_yili_faaliyet_raporu.pdf> [10 December 2013]
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (n.d.) Turkey on Trafficking in Human Beings [online] Available at: <http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-on-trafficking-in-human-beings.en.mfa> [3 December 2013]
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)(2004)Trafficking in Human Beings: A Guidence Note,[online] Available at: <http://rbec.undp.org/files/uploads/Gender%20CoP%20Istanbul%20January2005/Human%20Trafficking_Nadja_text_30March.pdf> [13 December 2013]
  • United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) (2000)Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, [online] Available at: <http://www.refworld.org/docid/4720706c0.html> [3 December 2013]
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2006) Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns. [online] Available at: <http://www.unodc.org/pdf/traffickinginpersons_report_2006ver2.pdf> [8 December 2013]
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), (2010) Globalisation of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment. [online] Available at: <http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and analysis/tocta/TOCTA_Report_2010_low_res.pdf> [12 December 2013] United States Department of State (2013) Trafficking in Persons Report-Turkey. [online] Available at: <http://www.refworld.org/docid/51c2f37d3c5.html [17 December 2013]
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), (n.d.)The IOM Global Human Trafficking Database [online] Available at: <http://www1.unece.org/stat/platform/display/DISA2013/IOM+-+International+Organization+for+Migration>[16 December 2013]
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Gül

Tuğba Sarıkaya Güler Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Kasım 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gül, M., & Sarıkaya Güler, T. (2016). Trafficking in Human Beings in Global Age: A Case Study of Turkey. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset Ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 2(2), 93-117.

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