Narsistik hayranlık ve narsistik rekabet ile takıntılı özçekim davranışları arasındaki ilişki: Eksik kalma korkusunun ve genel aidiyetin aracı rolü

Yıl 2023, , 291 - 312, 25.12.2023

Erim Utku Küçüktopuzlu , Tolga Köskün

https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438.1274750

Öz

Özçekim davranışı kişinin cep telefonu aracılığıyla kendi fotoğrafını çekmesi ve sosyal medyada paylaşması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Özçekim davranışının hangi kişilik özellikleri ya da psikolojik süreçlerle ilişkili olduğu son zamanlarda sıklıkla incelenen bir meseledir. Bu çalışmada; narsistik hayranlık ve narsistik rekabet ile takıntılı özçekim davranışları arasındaki ilişkide eksik kalma korkusunun ve genel aidiyetin aracı rolü incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya yaşları 18 ile 65 yaş arasında değişen (%74 kadın) 440 Instagram kullanıcısı çevrimiçi olarak katılmıştır. Veri toplama amacı ile Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Narsistik Hayranlık ve Rekabet Ölçeği, Takıntılı Özçekim Davranışları Ölçeği, Eksik Kalma Korkusu Ölçeği ve Genel Aidiyet Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, narsistik hayranlık ve narsistik rekabet kişilik özellikleri takıntılı özçekim davranışları ile pozitif yönde ve anlamlı olarak ilişkilidir. Bununla birlikte narsistik hayranlığın takıntılı özçekim davranışları üzerindeki dolaylı etkisinin eksik kalma korkusu ve genel aidiyet duygusu aracılığı ile anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur. Diğer yandan narsistik rekabet ve takıntılı özçekim davranışları arasındaki ilişkiye eksik kalma korkusu aracılık ederken genel aidiyet duygusunun aracı rolünün anlamlı olmadığı görülmüştür. Mevcut çalışma narsisizmin farklı boyutlarının takıntılı özçekim davranışlarını farklı türden psikolojik süreçlerle ilişkili olarak etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte bulgular, özçekim davranışlarının sosyal medyada kişilerarası ilişki kurmanın bir yolu olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Mevcut çalışma tek bir sosyal medya uygulamasına ve yalnızca özçekim davranışlarına odaklanmaktadır. Bu nedenle farklı sosyal medya uygulamaları bağlamında sosyal medya kullanım davranışlarının incelemesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

takıntılı özçekim davranışları, sosyal medya, narsistik hayranlık, narsistik rekabet, genel aidiyet, eksik kalma korkusu.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Araştırmaları Etik Kurulu (No: 31906847/050.04.04-08/54) tarafından 31.12.2020 tarihli toplantıda 46 no’lu kararla etik ilkelere ve kural-lara uygun olduğu yönünde onaylanmıştır.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma, birinci yazarın bitirme tezi çalışmasının bir kısmını içermektedir.

The relationship between narcissistic admiration, narcissistic rivalry, and selfitis behaviors: The mediating roles of fear of missing out and general belongingness

Öz

Selfie behavior is defined as taking a photo of oneself via a mobile phone and sharing it on social media. The personality traits or psychological processes related to selfie behavior have become a recent interest in psychology. In this study, the mediating role of fear of missing out and general belongingness in the relationship between narcissistic admiration/narcissistic rivalry and selfitis behaviors was examined. 440 Instagram users aged between 18 and 65 (74% female) participated in the study online. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Scale, Selfitis Behavior Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale, and General Belongingness Scale. Results indicated that narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry are positively correlated with selfitis behaviors. The indirect effect of narcissistic admiration on selfitis behaviors was significant through fear of missing out and general belongingness. On the other hand, while fear of missing out mediated the relationship between narcissistic rivalry and obsessive selfitis behaviors; the mediating role of general belongingness was not significant. Findings indicated that different dimensions of narcissism may affect selfitis behaviors depending on an individual’s different psychological processes. It can be argued that selfie behaviors may be a way of establishing interpersonal relationships on social media. The current study focused on a single social media application and selfie behaviors only. For this reason, it is suggested to examine social media behaviors in the context of different social media applications.

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval was obtained from Adnan Menderes University (No: 31906847/ 050.04.04-08/54; Date: 31.12.2020; #46).

Teşekkür

This study is a part of the first author's undergraduate thesis.

Kaynakça

• Alemdar, M. Y., İşbilen, D., Demirel, K. ve Telli, N.G. (2017). Özçekim davranışı narsisizm göstergesi olabilir mi? Özçekim ve narsisizm arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlamaya yönelik nitel bir araştırma. Global Media Journal, 8(15), 71-97.
• Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2, 175-184.
• Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287-293.
• Arpacı, I. (2018). The moderating effect of gender in the relationship between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 71-74.
• Arpacı, I., Tak, P. ve Shekhawat, H. (2021). The moderating role of exhibitionism in the relationship between psychological needs and selfie-posting behavior. Current Psychology, 1(1979).
• Back, M. D. (2018). The narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept. A. Hermann, A. Brunell ve J. Foster (Ed.), Handbook of trait narcissism (s. 57-67) içinde. Springer, Cham.
• Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F. ve Denissen, J. J. A. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1013-1037.
• Baker, Z. G., Krieger, H. ve LeRoy, A. (2016). Fear of missing out: Relationships with depression, mindfulness and physical symptoms. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 2(3), 275-282.
• Balakrishnan, J. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2018). An exploratory study of “Selfitis” and the development of the Selfitis Behavior Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(3), 722-736.
• Barry, C. T., Reiter, S. R., Anderson, A. C., Schoessler, M. L. ve Sidoti, C. L. (2017). "Let me take another selfie": Further examination of the relation between narcissism, self-perception and Instagram posts. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(1), 22-33.
• Baumeister, R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
• Benson, A. J., Jeschke, J., Jordan, C., Bruner, M. ve Arnocky, S. (2018). Will they stay or will they go? Narcissistic admiration and rivalry predict ingroup affiliation and devaluation. Journal of Personality, 87(4), 871-888.
• Benson, A. J. ve Giacomin, M. (2020). How self-esteem and narcissism differentially relate to high and (un)stable feelings of status and inclusion. Journal of Personality, 88(6), 1177-1195.
• Bij de Vaate, A. J. D. Nadia., Veldhuis, J., Alleva, J. M., Konijn, E. A. ve van Hugten, C. H. M. (2018). Show your best self(ie): An exploratory study on selfie-related motivations and behavior in emerging adulthood. Telematics and Informatics, 35(5), 1392-1407.
• Błachnio, A. ve Przepiórka, A. (2017). Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, narcissism, and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 259, 514-519.
• Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C. ve Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72.
• Burnell, K., Ackerman, R. A., Meter, D. J., Ehrenreich, S. E. ve Underwood, M. K. (2019). Self-absorbed and socially (network) engaged: Narcissistic traits and social networking site use. Journal of Research in Personality, 84, 103898.
• Campbell, K. W. ve Foster, J. D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. C. Sedikides ve S.J. Spencer (Ed.), The self (s. 115-138) içinde. Psychology Press.
• Can, G. ve Satıcı, S. A. (2019). Adaption of Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs): Turkish version validity and reliability study. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 32(3).
• Casale, S., Rugai, L. ve Fioravanti, G. (2018). Exploring the role of positive metacognitions in explaining the association between the fear of missing out and social media addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 85, 83-87.
• Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Exploring personal characteristics associated with selfie-liking. Cyberpsychology, 10(2), Article 7.
• Checa, I. ve Oberst, U. (2021). Measuring belongingness: Validation and invariance of the general belongingness scale in Spanish adults. Current Psychology, 41, 8490-8498.
• Crowe, M., Lynam, D. R., Campbell, W. K. ve Miller, J. D. (2019). Exploring the structure of narcissism: Toward an integrated solution. Journal of Personality, 87(6), 1151-1169.
• Çaycı, B., Çaycı, A. E. ve Eken, İ. (2019). Narsisizm ve selfie paylaşımı ilişkisi üzerine nicel bir araştırma. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 31, 60-88.
• Çıkrıkçı, Ö. ve Gençdoğan, B. (2022). Clarifying the associations among belongingness, setting life goals, need satisfaction and positive orientations: The model testing in accordance with the attachment styles. Current Psychology, 41, 643-658.
• Demirci, İ. ve Ekşi, F. (2017). Büyüklenmeci narsizmin iki farklı yüzü: Narsistik hayranlık ve rekabetin mutlulukla ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Bilimleri Dergisi, 46(46), 37-58.
• Deng, Y., Chang, L., Yang, M., Huo, M. ve Zhou, R. (2016). Gender differences in emotional response: Inconsistency between experience and expressivity. New Media and Society, 11(6), 1-12.
• Dhir, A., Pallasen, S., Torsheim, T. ve Andreassen, C. S. (2016). Do age and gender differences exist in selfie-related behaviours?. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 549-555.
• Dickinson, K. ve Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders. 17(3), 188-207.
• Duru, E. (2015). Genel Aidiyet Ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(44), 37-47.
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Alghraibeh, A. M., Alafnan, A. A., Aldraiweesh, A. ve Hall, B. J. (2018). Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behaviour, 89, 289-298.
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D. ve Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behaviour, 63, 509-516.
• Elhai, J. D., Yang, H. ve Montag, C. (2021). Fear of missing out (FOMO): Overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 203-209.
• Etgar, S. ve Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2017). Not all selfies took alike: Distinct selfie motivations are related to different personality characteristics. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(842), 1-10.
• Fang, J., Wang, X., Wen, Z. ve Zhou, J. (2020). Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators between emotional support from social media and phubbing behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 107, 106430.
• Fatfouta, R. (2017). To be alone or not to be alone? Facets of narcissism and preference for solitude. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 1-4.
• Fox, J. ve Rooney, M. C. (2015). The dark triad and trait self-objection as predictors of men's use and self-presentation behaviors on social networking sites. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 161-165.
• Franchina, V., Abeele, M. V., van Rooij, A. J., Coco, G. Lo. ve Marez, L. De. (2018). Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among Flemish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2319.
• Giordano, C., Salerno, L., Pavia, L., Cavani, P., Coco, G. Lo. , Tosto C. ve Di Basi, M. (2019). Magic mirror on the wall: Selfie-related behavior as mediator of the relationship between narcissism and problematic smart-phone use. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 16(5-6), 197-205.
• Gökler, M. E. ve Turan, Ş. (2020). Takıntılı Özçekim Davranışı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe sürümünün geçerlik ve güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psiko-terapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(3), 227-236.
• Griffiths, M. D. (2018). 'Behavioural addiction' and 'selfitis' as constructs - The truth is out there! A reply to Starcevic et al. (2018). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(8), 730-731.
• Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J. ve Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Social networking addiction: An overview of preliminary findings. Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment (s. 119-141) içinde. Elsevier Academic Press.
• Guo, M., Liu, R. De, Ding, Y., Hu, B., Zhen, R., Liu, Y. ve Jiang, R. (2018). How are extraversion, exhibitionism, and gender associated with posting selfies on WeChat friends’ circle in Chinese teenagers? Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 114-116.
• Hagerty, B. M. K., Lynch-Sauer, J., Patusky, K. L., Bouwsema, M. ve Collier, P. (1992). Sense of belonging: A vital mental health concept. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(3), 172-177.
• Halpern, D., Valenzuela, S. ve Katz, J. E. (2016). “Selfie-ists” or “Narci-selfiers”?: A cross-lagged panel analysis of selfie taking and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 98-101.
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
• Instagram. (2022). #selfie [Fotoğraf] https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/selfie/
• Jin, S. V. ve Ryu, E. (2018). “The paradox of Narcissus and Echo in the Instagram pond” in light of the selfie culture from Freudian evolutionary psychology: Self-loving and confident but lonely. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 62(4), 554-577.
• Katz, J. E. ve Crocker, E. T. (2015). Selfies and photo messaging as visual conversation: Reports from the United States, United Kingdom and China. International Journal of Communication, 9(1), 1861-1872.
• Kavaklı, M. ve Ünal, G. (2021). The effects of social comparison on the relationships among social media addiction, self-esteem and general belongingness levels. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 9(2), 114-124.
• Kırcaburun, K., Kokkinos, C. M., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., Griffiths, M. D. ve Çolak, T. S. (2019). Problematic online behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults: Associations between cyberbullying perpetration, problematic social media use, and psychosocial factors. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(4), 891-908.
• Kim, E., Lee, J. A., Sung, Y. ve Choi, S. M. (2016). Predicting selfie-posting behavior on social networking sites: An extension of theory of planned behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 116-123.
• Koç, A., Gökler, M. E. ve Bilgehan, T. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve takıntılı özçekim davranışının sosyal medya kullanım sıklığı bakımından karşılaştırılması. Yeni Symposium, 57(4), 15-20.
• Kring, A. M. ve Gordon, A. H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 686-703.
• Krizan, Z. ve Herlache, A. D. (2017). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(1), 3-31.
• LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A. ve Paluck, E. L. (2003). The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 305-334.
• Lee, E., Lee, J. A., Moon, J. H. ve Sung, Y. (2015). Pictures speak louder than words: Motivations for using Instagram. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18(9), 552-556.
• Lee, J. A. ve Sung, Y. (2016). Hide-and-seek: Narcissism and “Selfie”-related behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(5), 347-351.
• Lee, R. M. ve Robbins, S. B. (1995). The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance Scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232-241.
• Liu, D. ve Baumeister, R. F. (2016). Social networking online and personality of self-worth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 79-89.
• Long, J., Wang, P., Liu, S. ve Lei, L. (2021). Materialism and adolescent problematic smartphone use: The mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of narcissism. Current Psychology, 40, 5842-5850.
• Malone, G. P., Pillow, D. ve Osman, A. (2012). The General Belongingness Scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 311-316.
• McCain, J. L., Borg, Z. G., Rothenberg, A. H., Churillo, K. M., Weiler, P. ve Campbell, W. K. (2016). Personality and selfies: Narcissism and the dark triad. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 126-133.
• McCain, J. ve Campbell, W. K. (2016). Narcissism and social media use: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(3), 308-327.
• Monacis, L., Griffiths, M. D., Limone, P., Sinatra, M. ve Servidio, R. (2020). Selfitis behavior: Assessing the Italian version of the Selfitis Behavior Scale and its mediating role in the relationship of dark traits with social media addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 1-17.
• Moon, J. H., Lee, E., Lee, J. A., Choi, T. R. ve Sung, Y. (2016). The role of narcissism in self-promotion on Instagram. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 22-25.
• Müller, S. M., Stolze, D. ve Brand, M. (2021). Predictors of social-zapping behavior: Dark triad, impulsivity, and procrastination facets contribute to the tendency toward last-minute cancellations. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110334.
• Özdemir, Z. (2015). Sosyal medyada kimlik inşasında yeni akım: Özçekim kullanımı. Maltepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 112-131.
• Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C. ve Levy, K. G. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychology Assessment, 21(3), 365-379.
• Pincus, A. L. ve Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421-446.
• Preacher, K. J. ve Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
• Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R. ve Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848.
• Qiu, L., Lu, J., Yang, S., Qu, W. ve Zhu, T. (2015). What does your selfie say about you? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 443-449.
• Reed, P. ve Saunders, J. (2020). Sex differences in online assertive self-presentation strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 166, 110214.
• Roberts, J. A. ve David, M. E. (2020). The social media party: Fear of missing out (FoMO), social media intensity, connection, and well-being. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 36(4), 386-392.
• Rose, P. (2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(3), 379-391.
• Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D. ve Montag, C. (2020). Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and social media's impact on daily-life and productivity at work: Do Whatsapp, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat use disorders mediate that association?. Addictive Behaviors, 110, 106487.
• Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
• Salim, F., Rahardjo, W., Tanaya, T. ve Qurani, R. (2017). Are self-presentation influenced by friendship-contingent self-esteem and fear of missing out? Makara Hu-man Behavior Studies in Asia, 21(2), 70-82.
• Satıcı, B. (2020). Exploring the relationship between coping humor and subjective happiness: Belongingness and forgiveness as serial mediators. Health Psychology Report, 8(3), 228-237.
• Satıcı, S. A. ve Tekin, E.G. (2016). Psychometric properties of the General Belongingness Scale in Turkish youth. Current Psychology, 35(4), 625-631.
• Savcı, M., Tekin, A. ve Elhai, J. D. (2022). Prediction of problematic social media use (PSU) using machine learning approaches. Current Psychology, 41, 2755-2764.
• Servidio, R., Griffiths, M. D. ve Demetrovics, Z. (2021). Dark triad of personality and problematic smartphone use: A preliminary study on the mediating role of fear of missing out. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 8463.
• Shane-Simpson, C., Schwartz, A. M., Abi-Habib, R., Tohme, P. ve Obeid, R. (2020). I love my selfie! An investigation of overt and covert narcissism to understand selfie-posting behaviors within three geographic communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106158.
• Sorokowska, A., Oleszkiewicz, A., Frackowiak, T., Pisanski, K., Chmiel, A. ve Sorokowski, P. (2016). Selfies and personality: Who posts self-portrait photographs? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 119-123.
• Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Oleszkiewicz, A., Frackowiak, T., Huk, A. ve Pisanski, K. (2015). Selfie posting behaviors are associated with narcissism among men. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 123-127.
• Statista (2022a). Number of monthly active Instagram users from January 2013 to December 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/253577/number-of-monthly-active-instagram-users/#professional
• Statista (2022b). Average daily time spent on selected social networks by adults in the United States from 2017 to 2022, by platform. https://www.statista.com/statistics/3 24267/us-adults-daily-facebook-minutes/
• Stead, H. ve Bibby, P. A. (2017). Personality, fear of missing out and problematic internet use and their relationship to subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 534-540.
• Sung, Y., Lee, J. A., Kim, E. ve Choi, S. M. (2016). Why we post selfies: Understanding motivations for posting pictures of oneself. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 260-265.
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. baskı). Pearson.
• Tifferet, S. ve Vilnai-Yavetz, I. (2014). Gender differences in Facebook self-presentation: An international randomized study. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 388-399.
• Traş, Z. ve Öztemel, K. (2019). Examining the relationships between Facebook intensity, fear of missing out, and smartphone addiction. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(1), 91-113.
• Uram, P. ve Skalski, S. (2020). Still logged in? The link between Facebook addiction, fomo, self-esteem, life satisfaction and loneliness in social media users. Psychological Reports, 125(1), 218-231.
• Waterloo, S. F., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J. ve Valkenburg, P. M. (2018). Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. New Media and Society, 20(5), 1813-1831.
• Weiser, E. B. (2015). #Me: Narcissism and its facets as pre-dictors of selfie-posting frequency. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 477-481.
• Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 590-597.Xie, X., Wang, Y., Wang, P., Zhao, F. ve Lei, L. (2018). Basic psychological needs satisfaction and fear of missing out: Friend support moderated the mediating effect of individual relative deprivation. Psychiatry Research, 268, 223-228.
• Zeigler-Hill, V., Vrabel, J. K., McCabe, G. A., Cosby, C. A., Traeder, C. K., Hobbs, K. A. ve Southard, A. C. (2019). Narcissism and the pursuit of status. Journal of Personality, 87(2), 310-327.