Reddedilme duyarlılığına ilişkin otobiyografik bellek özellikleri: Nitel yöntemli bir çalışma

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 30 - 48, 08.04.2022

Gün Pakyürek Gamze Şen

https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000055

Öz

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, reddedilme yaşantılarına ilişkin anıların olumlu ya da olumsuz duygusal içeriğine paralel olarak değişen otobiyografik bellek özelliklerinin ve anıların tematik bileşenlerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaca bağlı olarak, reddedilme yaşantılarının hazır hale getirilmesi sonrası hatırlanan anıların belirleyicilerinin, ‘ben-diğeri ilişkisi’, ‘anının bileşenleri’ ve ‘reddedilme duyarlılığı’ ekseninde derinlemesine incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Araştırmada 18-35 yaş aralığında (Ort. = 21.99, SS = 3.31) 402 katılımcı yer almıştır. İlk olarak katılımcılara Reddedilme Duyarlılığı Ölçeği (RDÖ) sunularak, daha sonra geri getirilecek otobiyografik anı için reddedilme yaşantısının tetiklenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada katılımcılardan reddedilme durumuna ilişkin akıllarına ilk gelen ve iyi hatırladıkları hem olumlu hem de olumsuz anılarını yazmaları istenmiştir. Son aşamada ise katılımcılar bu anılardan birini seçmişler ve bu anıya göre Otobiyografik Bellek Özellikleri Ölçeğini (OBÖÖ) doldurmuşlardır. Yapılan nicel analizlerde katılımcıların olumlu anıları olumsuz anılara kıyasla daha fazla hatırladıkları ve kabul edilme beklentisinin, reddedilme kaygısına göre daha yoğun yaşandığı bulunmuştur. Verilerin incelenmesinde kullanılan tümevarımsal tematik analiz prosedüründe: (1) anının duygusal içeriği, (2) reddedilme durumuna ilişkin atıflar, (3) ilişkilerde reddedilen olmak, (4) benliğe ve diğerine yönelik ihtiyaçlar, (5) reddedilme duyarlılığının kaynağı ve (6) reddedilme durumunda tetiklenen savunma mekanizmaları olmak üzere 6 temanın öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Tartışma ve sonuç bölümünde, sınırlılıklar göz önünde bulundurularak, gelecek çalışmalar için kritik öneme sahip olabilecek değişkenlerle ilgili alanyazın doğrultusunda öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

rejection sensitivity, autobiographical memory, positive-negative memories, thematic analysis, reddedilme duyarlılığı, otobiyografik bellek, olumlu-olumsuz anılar, tematik analiz

Autobiographical memory characteristic regarding rejection sensitivity: A qualitative study

Öz

The main purpose of this study was to determine the autobiographical memory characteristics that differ in parallel with the positive or negative emotional content of the memory. Depending on this purpose, it was aimed to examine the determinants in remembering memories in depth on the axis of “self-other relationship”, “components of memory”, and “rejection sensitivity”. For this purpose, 402 participants between the ages of 18-35 (M = 21.99, SD = 3.31) participated in the study. Firstly, it was aimed to trigger the rejection experience for the autobiographical moment to be recalled later by presenting the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ). In the second stage, the participants were asked to write down their first and well-remembered, both positive and negative memories of the rejection situation. In the last stage, the participants were expected to choose one of these memories and fill the Autobiographical Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (AMCQ) depending to this memory. It was found that the participants remembered positive memories more than negative ones and the expectation of acceptance was experienced more intensely than rejection anxiety in the quantitative analysis. In the inductive thematic analysis procedure used in analyzing the data: (1) the emotional content of the memory, (2) references regarding the rejection situation, (3) being rejected in relationships, (4) the needs for the self and the other, (5) the source of rejection sensitivity, and (6) the defense mechanisms triggered in case of rejection which it is seen that 6 themes became prominent. Considering the limitations in the discussion and conclusion section, variables that may be critical for future studies are proposed in line with the relevant literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

rejection sensitivity, autobiographical memory, positive-negative memories, thematic analysis, reddedilme duyarlılığı, otobiyografik bellek, olumlu-olumsuz anılar, tematik analiz

Kaynakça

• Anderson, B., Goldin, P. R., Kurita, K. ve Gross, J. J. (2008). Self-representation in social anxiety disorder: Linguistic analysis of autobiographical narratives. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(10), 1119-1125.
• Ayduk, O., Downey, G. ve Kim, M. (2001). Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 868-877.
• Ayduk, Ö., Gyurak, A. ve Luerssen, A. (2008). Individual differences in the rejection-aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 775-782.
• Bluck, S., Alea, N., Habermas, T. ve Rubin, D. C. (2005). A tale of three functions: The self–reported uses of autobiographical memory. Social Cognition, 23(1), 91-117.
• Bohanek, J. G., Fivush, R. ve Walker, E. (2005). Memories of positive and negative emotional events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 51-66.
• Boucher, J. ve Osgood, C. E. (1969). The pollyanna hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, 8(1), 1-8.
• Boyacıoğlu, İ. (2018). Otobiyografik bellek ve psikopatoloji. S. Gülgöz, B. Ece ve S. Öner (Ed.), Hayatı hatırlamak: Otobiyografik belleğe bilimsel yaklaşımlar içinde (s. 165-184). Koç University Press.
• Boyacıoğlu, İ. ve Akfırat, S. (2015). Development and psychometric properties of a new measure for memory phenomenology: The autobiographical memory characteristics questionnaire. Memory, 23(7), 1070-1092.
• Braun, V. ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
• Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory içinde (s. 25-49). Cambridge University Press.
• Brown, A. D., Root, J. C., Romano, T. A., Chang, L. J., Bryant, R. A. ve Hirst, W. (2013). Overgeneralized autobiographical memory and future thinking in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(1), 129-134.
• Burks, V. S., Dodge, K. A. ve Price, J. M. (1995). Models of internalizing outcomes of early rejection. Development and Psychopathology, 7(4), 683-695.
• Cason, H. (1932). The learning and retention of pleasant and unpleasant activities. Archives of Psychology, 134, 1-96.
• Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(4), 594- 628.
• Conway, M. A. ve Jobson, L. (2012). On the nature of autobiographical memory. D. Berntsen ve D. Rubin (Ed.), Understanding autobiographical memory: Theories and approaches içinde (s. 54-69). Cambridge University Press.
• Conway, M. A. ve Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261-288.
• Conway, M. A. ve Rubin, D. C. (1993). The structure of autobiographical memory. Theories of Memory, 103-137.
• Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A. ve Tagini, A. (2004). The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22(5), 491-529.
• D'Argembeau, A., Comblain, C. ve Van der Linden, M. (2003). Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 17(3), 281-294.
• Downey, G. ve Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.
• Dunlop, W. L., Guo, J. ve McAdams, D. P. (2016). The autobiographical author through time: Examining the degree of stability and change in redemptive and contaminated personal narratives. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(5), 428-436.
• Ece, B. (2018). Otobiyografik bellek ve psikopatoloji. S. Gülgöz, B. Ece ve S. Öner (Ed.), Hayatı hatırlamak: Otobiyografik belleğe bilimsel yaklaşımlar içinde (s. 165-184). Koç University Press.
• Feldman, S. ve Downey, G. (1994). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 6(1), 231-247.
• Ford, J. H., Addis, D. R. ve Giovanello, K. S. (2012). Differential effects of arousal in positive and negative autobiographical memories. Memory, 20(7), 771-778.
• Forgas, J. P. (Ed.). (2000). Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition. Cambridge University Press.
• Göncü Köse, A., Özen-Çıplak, A., Ulaşan Özgüle, E. T. ve Sümer, N. (2017) Reddedilme duyarlılığı ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(11), 383-403.
• Gülgöz, S. ve Rubin, D. C. (2001). Kişisel anıların hatırlanması: Bir betimleme çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 16(48), 37-51.
• Hartnett, J. L. ve Skowronski, J. J. (2008). Tragic to hilarious: Why do some negative autobiographical memories become funny? Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL, May 2008.
• Holmes, D. S. (1970). Differential change in affective intensity and the forgetting of unpleasant personal experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15(3), 234-239.
• Horowitz, L. M. ve Vitkus, J. (1986). The interpersonal basis of psychiatric symptoms. Clinical Psychology Review, 6(5), 443-469.
• Jaremka, L. M., Fagundes, C. P., Peng, J., Bennett, J. M., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B. ve Kiecolt Glaser, J. K. (2013). Loneliness promotes inflammation during acute stress. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1089-1097.
• Kensinger, E. A. (2007). Negative emotion enhances memory accuracy: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 213-218.
• Kensinger, E. A., Garoff-Eaton, R. J. ve Schacter, D. L. (2007). Effects of emotion on memory specificity in young and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(4), 208-215.
• Kiesler, D. J. (1983). The 1982 interpersonal circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions. Psychological Review, 90(3), 185-214.
• Matlin, M. (2016). Pollyanna principle. Pohl, R. (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory içinde (s.315-335). Psychology Press.
• McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Patten, A. H. ve Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 27(4), 474-485.
• Mischel, W. ve Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246-268.
• Moore, S. A. ve Zoellner, L. A. (2007). Overgeneral autobiographical memory and traumatic events: An evaluative review. Psychological Bulletin, 133(3), 419-437.
• Öner, S. ve Gülgöz, S. (2018). Autobiographical remembering regulates emotions: A functional perspective. Memory, 26(1), 15-28.
• Özen, D. Ş. ve Güneri, F. K. (2018). İlişki başarısının temel belirleyicisi: Reddedilme duyarlılığı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 10(4), 454-469.
• Paulhus, D. L. ve Martin, C. L. (1988). Functional flexibility: A new conception of interpersonal flexibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 88-101.
• Philippot, P., Schaefer, A. ve Herbette, G. (2003). Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation. Emotion, 3(3), 270-283.
• Pietrzak, J., Downey, G. ve Ayduk, O. (2005). Rejection sensitivity as an interpersonal vulnerability. Interpersonal Cognition, 62-84.
• Pillemer, D. B., Ivcevic, Z., Gooze, R. A. ve Collins, K. A. (2007). Self-esteem memories: Feeling good about achievement success, feeling bad about relationship distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(9), 1292-1305.
• Reisberg, D., Heuer, F., Mclean, J. ve O’shaughnessy, M. (1988). The quantity, not the quality, of affect predicts memory vividness. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26(2), 100-103.
• Ricarte, J. J., Ros, L., Latorre, J. M., Muñoz, M. D., Aguilar, M. J. ve Hernandez, J. V. (2016). Role of anxiety and brooding in specificity of autobiographical recall. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(6), 495-500.
• Ritchie, T. D., Batteson, T. J., Bohn, A., Crawford, M. T., Ferguson, G. V., Schrauf, R. W., Vogl, R. J. ve Walker, W. R. (2015). A pancultural perspective on the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Memory, 23(2), 278-290.
• Robinson, J. A. (1992). First experience memories: Contexts and function in personal histories. M. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler ve W. A. Wagenaar, (Ed.), Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory içinde (s. 223- 239). Kluwer Academic.
• Robinson-Riegler, G. L. ve Winton, W. M. (1996). The role of conscious recollection in recognition of affective material: Evidence for positive-negative asymmetry. The Journal of General Psychology, 123(2), 93-104.
• Romero‐Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O. ve Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection-hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 119-148.
• Rosenbach, C. ve Renneberg, B. (2015). Remembering rejection: Specificity and linguistic styles of autobiographical memories in borderline personality disorder and depression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46, 85-92.
• Rubin, D.C., Schrauf, R.W., Gulgoz, S. ve Naka, M. (2007) On the cross-cultural variability of component processes in autobiographical remembering: Japan, Turkey, and the U.S.A. Memory, 15, 536-547.
• Sedikides, C. ve Skowronski, J. J. (2020). In human memory, good can be stronger than bad. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 86-91.
• Sedikides, C., Skowronski, J. J. ve Gaertner, L. (2004). Self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: From the laboratory to an evolutionary context. Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology, 2, 61-79.
• Talarico, J. M., LaBar, K. S. ve Rubin, D. C. (2004). Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory experience. Memory & Cognition, 32(7), 1118-1132.
• Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67-85.
• Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145-161.
• Uzer, T. ve Gulgoz, S. (2015). Socioemotional selectivity in older adults: Evidence from the subjective experience of angry memories. Memory, 23(6), 888-900.
• Walker, W. R. ve Skowronski, J. J. (2009). The fading affect bias: But what the hell is it for? Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 23(8), 1122-1136.
• Walker, W. R., Vogl, R. J. ve Thompson, C. P. (1997). Autobiographical memory: Unpleasantness fades faster than pleasantness over time. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(5), 399-413.
• Watson, J. ve Nesdale, D. (2012). Rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and loneliness in young adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(8), 1984-2005.
• Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. ve Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: Conceptual model. Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide, 1-62.