Sustainability and Industrial Design: A Study on AC EV Chargers’ Material Selection

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 173 - 190

Mustafa Canbulat , Ahmet Fevzi Savaş

https://doi.org/10.34186/klujes.1511644

Öz

This study investigates sustainable material selection in industrial design and sustainable design, focusing on electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to address emissions. Through extensive literature review and market analysis, the research underscores the critical importance of sustainable practices amid evolving environmental concerns. The study identifies polycarbonate (PC) as the primary material used in AC charging stations and explores alternatives to reduce emissions. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) emerges as a promising alternative, given its compatibility with PC and established industry usage. Utilizing the rule of mixture approach, various ABS-PC combinations undergo thorough analysis to assess their impact on emissions, density, mass, mechanical properties, and safety factors. Optimal mixtures are identified based on safety factor values, which determine the part's lifespan under environmental conditions. Implementation of these identified mixtures has the potential to significantly reduce emissions per product, thereby advancing sustainability goals within the EV charging station domain. This study offers a comprehensive framework for designers and engineers to navigate sustainable material selection, advocating for the integration of sustainability considerations into design processes to promote environmental stewardship and sustainable development in the manufacturing sector.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sustainability, Industrial Design, Sustainable Design, Safety Factor, Rule of Mixture

Teşekkür

We thank to Rudis F&E GmbH for their technical assistance in R&D and product development.

Sürdürülebilirlik ve Endüstriyel Tasarım: AC Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyonları Malzeme Seçimi Üzerine Çalışma

Öz

Bu çalışma, elektrikli araç (EV) şarj istasyonları kaynaklı emisyonlara odaklanarak endüstriyel tasarım ve sürdürülebilir tasarım üzerinden sürdürülebilir malzeme seçimini araştırmaktadır. Kapsamlı literatür taraması ve pazar analizi yoluyla, gelişen çevresel kaygılar karşısında sürdürülebilir uygulamaların kritik öneminin altı çizilmektedir. AC şarj istasyonlarında kullanılan başlıca malzeme olarak polikarbonat (PC) ele alınmış ve emisyonları azaltmak için alternatifleri araştırılmıştır. Akrilonitril bütadien stiren (ABS), polikarbonat ile uyumluluğu ve endüstriyel kullanımıyla dikkat çeken bir alternatif olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Karışım kuralı yaklaşımı kullanılarak, çeşitli ABS-PC kombinasyonları oluşturulmuş, emisyon, yoğunluk, kütle, mekanik özellikler ve güvenlik faktörleri üzerine detaylı analizlere tabi tutulmuştur. Güvenlik faktörü değerlerine dayanarak, parçanın çevresel koşullar altında ömrünü belirleyen optimal karışımlar tespit edilmiştir. Belirlenen karışımların uygulanması, ürün başına emisyonları önemli ölçüde azaltma potansiyeline sahip olduğu ve bu sayede EV şarj istasyonları alanında sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine yaklaşılabileceğini göstermiştir. Çalışma, tasarımcılar ve mühendisler için sürdürülebilir malzeme seçiminde rehberlik sağlayan kapsamlı bir çerçeve sunmuş olup, endüstrinin çevresel yönetim ve imalat tarafında sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı teşvik etmek amacıyla tasarım süreçlerine sürdürülebilirlik düşüncelerinin entegrasyonunu savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sürdürülebilirlik, Endüstriyel Tasarım, Sürdürülebilir Tasarım, Güvenlik Faktörü, Karışım Kuralı

Kaynakça

• ABB. (2022). Terra AC Wallbox [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://library.abb.com/d/9AKK107680A2257
• Agamloh, E., Jouanne, V. A., Yokochi, A. (2020). An Overview of Electric Machine Trends in Modern Electric Vehicles. Machines, 8(2): 20. doi: 10.3390/machines8020020
• Andersen, M. S. & Ekins, P. (2009). Carbon-Energy Taxation: Lessons from Europe. Oxford University Press, 241-260.
• Baer P. (2002). Equity, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Global Common Resources. Part V. Development And Equity, Stanford University, 393-408. Retrieved from https://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/15-Ch15(393-408).pdf
• Barbosa, G. S., Drach, P. R., Corbella, O. D. (2014). A Conceptual Review of the Terms Sustainable Development and Sustainability. International Journal of Social Sciences, III(2), 01–15.
• Canbulat, M. and Savaş, A. F. (2023). Sürdürülebilir Tasarım ve Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyonları, A. Bilgiç, Ş. Balbay (eds.), Endüstriyel Sürdürülebilirlik ve Döngüsel Ekonomi Uygulamaları: Dünyadan ve Türkiye’den Yeşil Dönüşüm Örnekleri, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 1-16.
• European Commission. (2024). Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation. Retrieved from https://commission.europa.eu/energy-climate-change-environment/standards-tools-and-labels/products-labelling-rules-and-requirements/sustainable-products/ecodesign-sustainable-products-regulation_en
• European Commission. (2023). Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. Retrieved from https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2023/Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism.pdf
• European Commission. (2020). 2030 Climate Targets. Retrieved from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2030-climate-targets_en
• European Commission. (2019). Guidelines on reporting climate-related information. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/finance/docs/policy/190618-climate-related-information-reporting-guidelines_en.pdf
• EVBox. (2023). BusinessLine CE G4 Product Datasheet [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://branding.evbox.com/web/6605d986cfba05ef/website---evbox-businessline-product-brochures-all-languages/?mediaId=49F209D6-864A-496F-871B7D7B685AE581&viewType=grid
• Greco, R. (1996). Polycarbonate Toughening By ABS, E. Martuscelli, P. Musto, G. Ragosta (eds.), Advanced Routes For Polymer Toughening, Netherlands: Polymer Science Library, 10, 469-526.
• Hawkes, S. J. (2004). The Concept of Density. Journal of Chemical Education, 81 (1), 14. doi: 10.1021/ed081p14
• Industrial Designers Society of America. (2024). What Is Industrial Design? Retrieved from https://www.idsa.org/about-idsa/advocacy/what-industrial-design
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2024). IP Ratings. Retrieved from https://www.iec.ch/ip-ratings
• International Energy Agency. (2023). Trends in charging infrastructure. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/trends-in-charging-infrastructure
• Ionnides, D. and Wall-Reinius, S. (2015). Sustainable mobility in the periphery: Are electric vehicles the answer? ETOUR, Mid Sweden University, 2015; 3.
• Jones, B., Elliott, R. J.R., Nguyen-Tien, V. (2020). The EV Revolution: The Road Ahead For Critical Raw Materials Demand. Applied Energy, 280, 115072. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115072
• Kempower. (2024). AC Satellite, Technical Datasheet [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://mediabank.kempower.com/l/65mpVmfjQGmZ
• Kieldsen, A., Thingvad, A., Martinenas, S., Sørensen, T. M. (2016). Efficiency Test Method for Electric Vehicle Chargers, In Proceedings of EVS29 - International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium, 19-21 June, Montréal, Québec.
• Letcher, T. M. (2021). 1 - Global warming-a complex situation. Climate Change (3rd Edition) Observed Impacts on Planet Earth, 3-17. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-821575-3.00001-3
• Lucas Jr., R. E. (2004). The Industrial Revolution: Past and Future. Economic Education Bulletin, American Institute for Economic Research, XLIV (8), 1-8.
• Morseletto, P. (2020). Targets For A Circular Economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 153, 104553. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104553
• Mouëllic, M. L., Ventura, A., Heller, K., Loh, A., Roch, R., Spitzbart, J., Zanotelli, P. (2023, March 27). Six Strategies for Designing Sustainable Products. Boston Consulting Group. Retrieved from https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/six-strategies-to-lead-product-sustainability-design
• Niklas, K. J. (2000). Computing factors of safety against wind-induced tree stem damage. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51 (345), 797-806. doi: 10.1093/jexbot/51.345.797
• Schneider Electric. (2023a). Charging station, EVlink Pro AC/AC Metal [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://www.se.com/uk/en/product/EVB3S22N4/charging-station-evlink-pro-ac-ac-metal-22kw-32a-3p+n-t2s-socketoutlet-rdcdd-6ma-mnx-aux-
• Schneider Electric. (2023b). Product Environmental Profile, EVlink ProAC 7.4 kW [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_enDocType=Environmental+Disclosure%20&p_File_Name=PEP+ecopassport+SCHN-00768-V01.01-EN_1.pdf
• Schneider Electric. (2023c). Product End of Life Instructions, EVlink ProAC 7.4 kW [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_Doc_Ref=ENVEOLI2202024&p_enDocType=Circularity+Profile&p_File_Name=EoLI_ENVEOLI2202024_5.pdf
• Schwarzer, V. and Ghorbani, R. (2015). Current State-of-the-Art of EV Chargers. Electric Vehicle Transportation Center, University of Central Florida. Retrieved from https://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/Current-State-of-the-Art-EV-Chargers.pdf
• Sevdari, K. (2020). Electric Vehicle Chargers Market Outlook. DTU, Department of Electrical Engineering, Denmark, 2020. Retrieved from https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/246855622/Electric_vehicle_chargers_ market_outlook_2020.pdf
• Shackelford, J. F. (2014). Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 8th Edition. Pearson.
• Siemens. (2023). VersiCharge AC series [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:03a863c4-306e-46b0-8b43-2831fac37a93/versicharge-gen-3-datasheet-si-ep-1683.pdf
• Sterev, N. (2019). New Industrial Business Models: From Linear To Circular Economy Approach. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 17 (1), 511-523. doi:10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.082
• Thompson, M. (2023, September 25). EV Growth Is Surging Faster Than Expected & Could Hit Two-Thirds Of Sales By 2030, Studies Say. RepairerDrivenNews. Retrieved from https://www.repairerdrivennews.com/2023/09/25/ev-growth-is-surging-faster-than-expected-could-hit-two-thirds-of-sales-by-2030-studies-say
• United Nations. (2023). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material
• Watkins, M., Casamayor, J. L., Ramirez, M., Moreno, M., Faludi, J., Pigosso, D. C. A. (2021). Sustainable Product Design Education: Current Practice. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 7 (4), 611-637. doi: 10.1016/j.sheji.2021.11.003
• Wongpajan, R., Mathurosemontri, S., Takematsu, R., Xu, H. Y., Uawongsuwan, P., Thumsorn, S., Hamada, H. (2016). Interfacial Shear Strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites by the Modified Rule of Mixture and Kelly-Tyson Model. Energy Procedia, 89(2016), 328-334. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.05.043
• Xue, K., Sun, G., Wang, Y., Niu, S. (2021). Optimal Pricing and Green Product Design Strategies in a Sustainable Supply Chain Considering Government Subsidy and Different Channel Power Structures. Sustainability, 13(22), 12446. doi: 10.3390/su132212446