Ekonomi Haberleri ve İspanya Genel Seçimlerinin İçerik Analizi

Öz

Gazetelerin ekonomi politikalarına ilişkin haberlerinin seçmen davranışlarını nasıl etkileyeceği konusu, seçim dönemlerinde gazete stratejilerinden biri olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, İspanya'nın son üç genel seçimi öncesindeki tüm haberlerde, ekonomi konusunu iki ana akım İspanyol gazetesi haberlerinin içerik analizi yoluyla nasıl konumlandırıldığını incelemektedir. Çalışmanın amaçları ekonomi ve siyaset temasını içeren haberlerin içerik analizi yoluyla nasıl farklılaştığı ve bu gazetelerin haberleri kamuoyuna nasıl aktardığını tespit etmektir. Bu konuyu cevaplamak için resmi seçim kampanyası dönemlerindeki ekonomi haberleri değerlendirilmekte ve içerik analizine tabi tutulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak iki gazetenin de ideolojik olarak yakın oldukları partilerin iyi yanlarını ortaya koyduklarını, bu sayede özellikle ekonomi haberlerini yorumlayarak vatandaşların oy verme davranışlarını etkileyebilecekleri ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• içerik analizi
• İspanya seçimleri
• ABC
• El Pais
• ekonomi haberleri

Economic News and A Content Analysis of Spanish General Elections

Öz

One of the newspaper strategies during the election periods is related to how newspapers coverage on economic policies may affect voters’ behavior. This study analyzes how two main Spanish newspaper articles position the economy issue in all the news before the last three general elections of Spain through the content analysis. The objectives are the following: how the news that includes the theme of economy and politics differentiates through content analysis and how these newspapers reported the news to the public. To find an answer, the economic news during the official election campaign periods are evaluated and subjected to content analysis. As a result, these two newspapers reveal the good sides of the parties that they are ideologically compatible with, by this way, they may interpret especially the economic news to influence the voting behavior of citizens.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• content analysis
• Spanish elections
• ABC
• El Pais
• Economic news

Kaynakça

1. Anderson, C. J., & Hecht, J. D. (2012). Voting when the Economy goes bad, Everyone is in Charge, and no one is to Blame: The Case of the 2009 German Election, Electoral Studies, 31(1), 5-19.
2. Astudillo, J., & García-Guereta, E. (2006). If it isn't Broken, don't Fix it: The Spanish Popular Party in Power. South European Society & Politics, 11(3-4), 399-417.
3. Batziou, A. (2014). Framing ‘Otherness’ in Press Photographs: The Case of Immigrants in Greece and Spain, Journal of Media Practice, 12(1), 41-60.
4. Berelson, B. (1952). Content Analysis in Communications Research. Glencoe: The Free Press.
5. Berganza, R., Lavín, E. & Piñeiro-Naval, V. (2017). La Percepción de los Periodistas Españoles Sobre sus Roles Profesionales, Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación, 25(51), 83-92.
6. Blasco-Duatis, M., García, N. F., & Cunha, I. (2017). Political Opinion in the Spanish Newspapers: Analysis of the Period General Elections Campaign in Spain 2015. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 72, 349-373.
7. Casero-Ripollés, A. (2012). El Periodismo Político en España: Algunas Características Definitorias. In A. Casero-Ripolles (Ed.), El Periodismo Político en España: Concepciones, Tensiones y Elecciones, (pp. 19-46). Tenerife: Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social.
8. CIA World Factbook, (2020). Spain. Retrived from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html (Accessed on 29 August 2020).

9. D'Alessio, D., & Allen, M. (2000). Media Bias in Presidential Elections: A Meta‐Analysis, Journal of Communication, 50(4), 133-156.
10. Druckman, J. N. (2005). Media Matter: How Newspapers and Television News Cover Campaigns and Influence Voters, Political Communication, 22(4), 463-481.
11. Field, B. N. (2013). Resolute Leaders and “Cardboard Deputies”: Parliamentary Party Unity in the New Spanish Democracy. South European Society and Politics, 18(3), 355-374.
12. García-Viñuela, E., Jurado, I., & Riera, P. (2016). Allocating Campaign Effort in Spain: Evidence from Four General Elections. South European Society and Politics, 21(2), 243-262.
13. Gavin, N. T. (1997). Voting Behaviour, the Economy and the Mass Media: Dependency, Consonance and Priming as a Route to Theoretical and Empirical Integration, British Elections & Parties Review, 7(1), 127-144.
14. Gavin, N. T., & Sanders, D. (1997). The Economy and Voting, Parliamentary Affairs, 50(4), 631-640.
15. Gavin, N. T., & Sanders, D. (2003). The Press and its Influence on British Political Attitudes under New Labour, Political Studies, 51, 573-591.
16. González, J. J., & Novo, A. (2012). The Role of the Media Agenda in a Context of Political Polarization, Comunicación y Sociedad, 24(2), 131-147.
17. Gunther, R., Montero, J. R., & Wert, J. I. (1999). The Media and Politics in Spain: from Dictatorship to Democracy, WP no 176, Barcelona: Institut de Ciencies Polítiques i Socials.
18. Herlocker, J., Konstan, J. A., & Riedl, J. (2002). An Empirical Analysis of Design Choices in Neighborhood-Based Collaborative Filtering Algorithms, Information Retrieval, 5, 287-310.
19. Hopmann, D. N., Vliegenthart, R., De Vreese, C., & Albæk, E. (2010). Effects of Election news Coverage: How Visibility and Tone Influence Party Choice. Political Communication, 27(4), 389-405.
20. Humanes, M. L. (2016). Desencadenantes y Estilos Periodísticos de la Información Política en España (1980-2010), Disertaciones: Anuario Electrónico de Estudios en Comunicación Social, 9(1), 44-60.
21. Jiménez, A. M. R., & De Haro, A. E. (2011). Spain: Euroscepticism in a Pro-European Country?. South European Society and Politics, 16(1), 105-131.
22. Johann, D., Königslöw, K. K., Kritzinger, S., & Thomas, K. (2018). Intra-Campaign Changes in Voting Preferences: The Impact of Media and Party Communication, Political Communication, 35(2), 261-286.
23. Krippendorff, C. (2018). Content Analysis an Introduction to its Methodology, London: Sage Publications.
24. Linz, J. J., & Montero, J. R. (1997, April). The Party Systems of Spain: Old Cleavages and New Challenges. Paper presented at the Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Thirty Years Later, Bergen.
25. Linz, J. J., Jerez, M., & Corzo, S. (2003). Ministers and Regimes in Spain: From First to Second Restoration, 1874-2001. Center for European Studies, Working Paper No. 101.
26. Lopez-Escobar, E., Llamas, J. P., McCombs, M., & Lennon, F. R. (1998). Two Levels of Agenda Setting among Advertising and News in the 1995 Spanish Elections, Political Communication, 15(2), 225-238.
27. López-Rabadán, P., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2012). Evolution of the Spanish Media Agenda (1980-2010). Longitudinal Analysis of the Front Pages of Two of the most Important Spanish Newspapers. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 67, 459-480.
28. MacKuen, M., Erikson, R., & Stimson, J. (1992). Peasants or Bankers? The American Electorate and the U.S. Economy, American Political Science Review, 86(3), 597-611.
29. Martínez-Nicolás, M., & Humanes, M. L. (2012). Culturas Profesionales del Periodismo Político en España. El Discurso de los Periodistas Sobre la Política y las Funciones Políticas de los Medios. In A. Casero- Ripollés (Ed.), Periodismo Político en España: Concepciones, Tensiones y Elecciones (pp. 47-66). Tenerife: Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social.
30. McCombs, M., Llamas, J. P., Lopez-Escobar, E., & Rey, F. (1997). Candidate Images in Spanish Elections: Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effects, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(4), 703-717.
31. Moodie, D. W. (1971). Content Analysis: A Method for Historical Geography. Area, 3(3), 146-149.
32. Nadeau, R., Niemi, R. G., & Amato, T. (2000). Elite Economic Forecasts, Economic News, Mass Economic Expectations, and Voting Intentions in Great Britain, European Journal of Political Research, 38, 135-170.
33. OECD, (2018). Gross Domestic Product. (GDP). Retrived from https://doi.org/ 10.1787/dc2f7aec-en (Accessed on 05 December 2020).
34. OECD, (2018). Unemployment Rate. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.1787/997c8750-en (Accessed on 05 December 2020).
35. Orriols, L., & Cordero, G. (2016). The Breakdown of the Spanish two Party System: The Upsurge of Podemos and Ciudadanos in the 2015 General Election. South European Society and Politics, 21(4), 469-492.
36. Ramiro-Fernández, L. (2005). Programmatic Adaptation and Organizational Centralization in the AP-PP. South European Society & Politics, 10(2), 207-223.
37. Rodon, T., & Hierro, M. J. (2016). Podemos and Ciudadanos Shake up the Spanish Party System: The 2015 Local and Regional Elections. South European Society and Politics, 21(3), 339-357.
38. Rovira, S. C., & Sorribes, C. P. (2012). The Daily Press and Political Communication: The Perception of the Statute of Catalonia in Twelve Daily Spanish Newspapers. Catalan Social Sciences Review, 1, 31-45.
39. Royo, S. (2020). From Boom to Bust: The Economic Crisis in Spain 2008–2013, in Why banks fail?, 119–140. Salaverría, R., & Baceiredo, B. G. (2018). Spain-Media Landscape, European Journalism Centre.
40. Sanders, D. & Gavin, N. T. (2004). Television News, Economic Perceptions and Political Preferences in Britain, 1997–2001, The Journal of Politics, 66(4), 1245-1266.
41. Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News, Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93-109.
42. Simón, P. (2016). The Challenges of the New Spanish Multipartism: Government Formation Failure and the 2016 General Election. South European Society and Politics, 21(4), 493-517.
43. Strömbäck, J., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2006). Political and Media Systems Matter A Comparison of Election News Coverage in Sweden and the United States. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11(4), 131-147.
44. Strömbäck, J., & Luengo, Ó. G. (2008). Polarized Pluralist and Democratic Corporatist Models: A Comparison of Election News Coverage in Spain and Sweden, International Communication Gazette, 70(6), 547-562.
45. Van Dalen, A., de Vreese, C. H.; & Albæk, E. (2012). Different Roles, Different Content? A Four-Country Comparison of the Role Conceptions and Reporting Style of Political Journalists, Journalism, 13(7), 903-922.
46. Webber, R. (1993). The 1992 General Election: Constituency Results and Local Patterns of National Newspaper Readership. In D. Denver, P. Norris, D. Broughton & C. Rallings (Eds), British Elections and Parties Yearbook, (pp. 205-215). London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.