YEREL EKONOMİK KALKINMADA TEMEL İLKELER VE FAALİYETLER

Öz

Yerel ekonomik kalkınma (YEK) süreci, yerel aktörler arasında yönetişim ilkesi doğrultusunda sürdürülebilir politika ve stratejilerin belirlendiği, yerel düzeyde ekonomik gelişmenin sağlanması için beşeri, sosyal ve kurumsal sermayenin geliştirilmesi yönünde çabaların sarf edildiği, yerel aktörler arasında işbirliği ilişkileri ve ağ faaliyetlerinin kurulduğu bir kalkınma sürecidir. Sıralanan bu süreç içerisinde kullanılan bazı ilkeler, kavramlar ve faaliyetler YEK teorik çerçevesi içinde özellikle vurgulanır ve YEK’in uygulanması ve başarısı için hayati öneme sahiptir. YEK, yerel aktörler arasında yönetişim ilkesine göre kurulmuş ilişkiler öngörür ve bu ilkeye göre tüm aktörlerin katılımıyla sürdürülebilir YEK politika, strateji ve araçları tasarlanır. Sürdürülebilirlik ilkesi YEK’in yerel kaynaklar ile kendini devam ettirebilmesi açısından önemlidir. YEK politika ve stratejileri, yerel düzeyde ekonomik gelişme sağlamak için sosyal, beşeri ve kurumsal sermayenin geliştirilmesi yönünde faaliyetler içerir. Bu araştırmada, YEK literatüründe sıklıkla vurgulanan ve YEK’in başarısı için önemli olduğu belirtilen ilke ve faaliyetler derleme niteliğinde bir çalışma ile araştırılmış ve bir arada sunulmuştur. Bu çalışma, bir derleme makalesinin özelliklerini benimsemektedir. Bu ilke ve faaliyetleri YEK’in teorik çerçevesi içinde sistematik olarak inceleyerek, çalışmanın gelecekteki araştırmalar için kavramsal bir temel sağlaması ve hem araştırmacılar hem de politika yapıcılar için bir referans görevi görmesi beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yerel Ekonomik Kalkınma
• YEK Faaliyetleri
• YEK’in ilkeleri
• Yerel Kalkınma
• Bölgesel Ekonomi

ESSENTIAL PRINCIPALS AND KEY ACTIVITIES IN LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Öz

Local economic development (LED) is a development process, in which sustainable policies and strategies are developed by local actors in accordance with the principle of governance, efforts are made to enhance human, social, and institutional capital to achieve local economic growth, and cooperation relationships and networking activities are established among local actors. Certain principles, concepts, and activities utilized within this process are given particular emphasis within the theoretical framework of LED and are crucial for its implementation and success. LED envisions relationships established among local actors based on the principle of governance, and sustainable LED policies, strategies, and tools are developed with the participation of all actors. The principle of sustainability is important for the self-continuity of LED by making use of local resources. LED policies and strategies involve activities aiming to improve social, human, and institutional capital to achieve economic development. The present study investigates and brings together the principles and activities that are frequently emphasized in the LED literature and considered important for the success of LED, within the scope of a review study. This study adopts the characteristics of a review article. By systematically examining these principles and activities within the theoretical framework of LED, the study is expected to provide a conceptual foundation for future research and serve as a reference for both researchers and policymakers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Local Economic Development
• LED Activities
• Principles of LED
• Local Development
• Regional Economics

Kaynakça

1. Akgül, U. (2010). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Uygulamalı Antropolojinin Eylem Alanı. Ankara Üniversitesi Antropoloji Dergisi, 24, 133-164.
2. Appleton, S., and Teal, F. (1998). Human Capital and Economic Development. African Development Bank Group.
3. Arku, G. (2014). Competition and Cooperation in Economic Development: Examining the Perceptions of Practitioners in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(1), 99-118.
4. Becattini, G. (2004). Industrial Districts: A New Approach to Industrial Change. Edward Elgar Publishing.
5. Bellandi, M. (2002). Italian Industrial Districts: An Industrial Economics Interpretation. European Planning Studies, 10(4), 425-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310220130158
6. Benson, J. K. (1975). The Interorganizational Network as a Political Economy. Administrative science quarterly, 229-249.
7. Bingham, R. D., and Mier, R. (1993) Theories of Economic Development: Perspectives from Across The Disciplines. London: Sage.
8. Blakely, E. (1994). Planning Local Economic Development. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications.

9. Boisier, S. (2001). Territorial Development and the Construction of Synergetic Capital: A Contribution to the Discussion on the Intangibility of Development. Contributions in Economics and Economic History, 1, 17-32.
10. Bolayır, S., and Eroğlu, İ. (2024). Türkiye’de Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma. Sakarya Journal of Economics, 13(1), 1–22.
11. Broadberry, S., and Marrison, A. (2002). External Economies of Scale in the Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1900– 1950. The Economic History Review, 55(1), 51-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00214
12. Choi, J.-K., Moon, K.-K., Kim, J., and Jung, G. (2025). Examining the Impact of Local Government Competencies on Regional Economic Revitalization: Does Social Trust Matter? Systems, 13(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13010005
13. Çelik, F. (2019). Styria Kalkınma Ajansının (SFG) Yenilikçilik Faaliyetleri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74(3), 875-893. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.569743
14. Di Bartolo, A. (2000). Human Capital Estimation through Structural Equation Models with Some Categorical Observed Variables. Intenational Workshop on Correlated Data: Estimating Function Approach, Italy.
15. Dinçsoy, E. E. (2021). Yerel Ekonomik Kalkınma ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar. İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınevi.
16. Dinler, Z. (1994). Bölgesel Iktisat. Bursa: Ekin Kitapevi Yayınları.
17. Faggian, A., Modergo, F., and McCann P. (2019). Human Capital and Regional Development. In Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, 149-171.
18. Fomina, A. Berduygina, O N., and Shatsky, A. A. (2018). Industrial Cooperation and its Influence on Sustainable Economic Growth. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(3), 467-479. https://hal.archives- ouvertes.fr/hal-01773578/document
19. Garrabé, M. (2008). Note Sur L’existence Du Capital Institutionnel. In Workshop université de Montpellier. June, 23-24.
20. Gömleksiz, M. (2018). Uluslararası Bilgi Taşmaları, Verimlilik Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Ilişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Inceleme. (Unpublished Doctorate Thesis). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
21. Gürlek, S. (2013). Petrol ve Doğalgaz Ithalat Zorunluluğu. TASAV Dergisi, 12, 3-7.
22. Ha, H., Lee, I. V., and Feiock, R. C. (2016). Organizational Network Activities for Local Economic Development. Economic Development Quarterly, 30(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242415614100
23. Helmsing, B. (2001). Local Economic Development in Low and Middle-Income Countries: New Generations of Actors, Policies and Instruments. Unpublished paper: Institute for Social Studies, The Hague.
24. Husz, M. (1998). Human Capital, Endogenous Growth, and Government Policy, Peter Lang Pub. Inc., Frankfurt am Main, New York.
25. Hopoğlu, S., and Çakmak, E. (2015). Bölgesel Kalkınmada Kurumsal Sermaye. Iğdır University Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 47-69. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2154084
26. Isaksen, A. (1996). Location, Agglomeration and Innovation: Towards Regional Innovation Systems in Norway (STEP Report R‑13). STEP Centre for Innovation Research, Agder University College.
27. Kadiroğlu, A., and Türko, E.S. (2024). Actors of Local Economic Development in Türkiye. Turkish Studies - Economy, 19(1), 207-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.71771
28. Kadiroğlu, A., and Türko, E.S. (2023a). Regional Disparities and Local Economic Development in Türkiye. In A.N. Özker (Ed.), Economics and Administration Sciences Modern Analysis and Researches (pp. 1-26), Lyon, France: Livre de Lyon.
29. Kadiroğlu, A., and Türko, E.S. (2023b). Regional Classification and Economic Development in Türkiye. In M. Mete, A. Toptaş, and F. Mermertaş (Eds.), International Studies in Economics and Administration Sciences (pp. 1-16), Ankara: Serüven Yayınevi.
30. Karataş, M., and Çankaya, E. (2010). İktisadi Kalkınma Sürecinde Beşeri Sermayeye Ilişkin Bir Inceleme. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3, 29-55. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article- file/181729
31. Kemp, M. C. (1955). The Efficiency of Competition as an Allocator of Resources: I. External Economies of Production. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Economiques et Science Politique, 21(1), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/138230
32. Keskin, A. (2011). Ekonomik Kalkınmada Beşeri Sermayenin Rolü ve Türkiye. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 125-153. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/30382
33. Tutar, F. K., and Yılmaz, F. K. T. A. (2024). Niğde Ili Organize Sanayi Bölgesinde Faaliyet Gösteren Işletme Yöneticilerinin Sosyal Sermaye Profilinin Analizi. Socıal Mentalıty And Researcher Thınkers Journal (SMART JOURNAL), 8(56), 540-560.
34. Lyons, T. S., and Hamlin, R. E. (2001). Creating an Economic Development Action Plan: A Guide for Development Professionals. Greenwood Publishing Group.
35. Matovu, G. (2002). Policy Options for Good Governance and Local Economic Development in Eastern and Southern Africa. In Urban Forum, 13(4), 121-133. Springer Netherlands.
36. Midgley, J., and Livermore, M. (1998). Social Capital and Local Economic Development: Implications for Community Social Work Practice. Journal of Community Practice, 5(1-2), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1300/J125v05n01_03
37. Ministry of Development (2016). Report on Turkey’s Initial Steps Towards the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Ankara.
38. Morgan, J. Q. (2010). Governance, Policy Innovation, and Local Economic Development in North Carolina. Policy Studies Journal, 38(4), 679-702. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-bf526a0b4
39. Najam, A., and Cleveland, C. J. (2003). Energy and Sustainable Development at Global. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 5, 117-138. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-3653-1_5
40. Nel, E., and Binns, T. (2002). Place Marketing, Tourism Promotion, and Community Based Local Economic Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The case of Still Bay. The “Bay of Sleeping Beauty”. Urban Affairs Review, 38(2), 184-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808702762484088
41. Newby, L. (1999). Sustainable Local Economic Development: A New Agenda for Action?. Local Environment, 4(1), 67–72. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13549839908725582
42. Ortaboy, M. C., and Çayın, M. (2025). Yerel Ekonomik Kalkınmada Sosyal Sermayenin Önemi: Batman İli Örneği. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1453267
43. O'Sullivan, D., and Jackson, M. J. (2002). Festival Tourism: A Contributor to Sustainable Local Economic Development?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(4), 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667171
44. Öner, Ş. (2020). Yerel Yönetim Yaklaşımları Açısından On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019–2023). Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(43), 383–410. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.671928
45. Özgökçeler, S. (2014). Yerel Kalkınmada Etkin Bir Kavram: Yerel Yönetişim [Bursa kent konseyi örneği]. İş, Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 16(1), 67-82. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article- file/235155
46. Özkan, K. E. (2017). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Bağlamında Çevre Sorunlarının Önemi: Türkiye ve AB karşılaştırması, (Unpublished MA Thesis), Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bilecik.
47. Paul, B. (2009). Institutional capital: A New Analytical Framework on Theory and Actions for Economic Development. 7th Development Dialogue, at the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS). 25 May 2012, Paper No: 39018. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39018/
48. Pieterse, E. A. (2000). Participatory Urban Governance: Practical Approaches, Regional Trends, and UMP experiences. Un-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya.
49. Platje, J. (2008). “Institutional Capital” as a Factor of Sustainable Development‐The Importance of an Institutional Equilibrium. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 14(2), 144-150.
50. Rabellotti, R. (2016). External Economies and Cooperation in Industrial Districts: A Comparison of Italy and Mexico. Springer.
51. Richards, G., and Hall, D. (2000). Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. London: Routledge.
52. Scitovsky, T. (1954). Two Concepts of External Economies. Journal of Political Economy, 62(2), 143-151. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/257498
53. Skidmore, D. (2001). Civil Society, Social Capital and Economic Development. Global Society, 15(1), 53-72.
54. Şolt, H. B. H. (2020). Yerel Kalkınmada Kentsel Beşeri Sermayenin Yeri Ve Önemi. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 6(1), 60-66. http://www.ibaness.org/bnejss/2020_06_01/06_Hendensolt.pdf
55. Timurçin, D. (2010). Türkiye’de KOBİ’lerin Rekabet Gücü ve Rekabet Üstünlüğü Sağlamada Kümelenmenin Etkisi. (Unpublished Doctorate Thesis). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
56. Türko, E. S., and Kadiroğlu, A. (2017). Yerel Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İhracat: Erzurum İlinde Bir Uygulama. The Journal of Academic Social Sciences, 5(57), 76-99. https://ulk.ist/media/kitap/II-UKODTLK/yerel-ekonomik- kalkinma-ve-ihracat-erzurum-ilinde-bir-uygulama.pdf
57. Türko, E. S. (2017). Endüstriyel Bölgelerde Dışsal Ekonomiler ve İşbirliği: Türkiye Ayakkabı Endüstrisinde Bir Uygulama (1. Baskı). Kriter Yayınevi.
58. Türko, E. S. (2020). Girişimcilik Ekosisteminin Teorik Temelleri Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım (1. Baskı). Kriter Yayınevi.
59. United Nations (2008). Measuring Sustainable Development, UN: New York and Geneva.
60. Van Staveren, I., and Knorringa, P. (2007). Unpacking Social Capital in Economic Development: How Social Relations Matter. Review of Social Economy, 65(1), 107-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346760601132147
61. Wear, A. (2023). Emergent Concepts in Local Economic Development. Local Economy, 38(8), 804–826. https://doi.org/10.1177/02690942241272573
62. Wilson, D., and Polter, R. (2020). Sustainable Local Economic Development Indicator Framework: A Tool for Property Building Redevelopment Projects. Community Development, 51(5), 609-627. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2020.1825503
63. Wong, C. (2002). Developing Indicators to Inform Local Economic Development in England. Urban Studies, 39(10), 1833-1863. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098022000002984
64. Woodhouse, A. (2006). Social Capital and Economic Development in Regional Australia: A Case Study. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(1), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.07.003
65. Yellice, B., and Türko, E.S. (2023). Theoretical Framework of Clustering Concept in Regional Economics. In Y. A. Ünvan (Ed.), Recent Advances in Economics and Administration Sciences Concepts, Researches and Applications, (pp. 103-134), Lyon, France: Livre de Lyon.
66. Zaaijer, M., and Sara, L. M. (1993). Local Economic Development as an Instrument for Urban Poverty Alleviation: A Case from Lima, Peru. Third World Planning Review, 15(2), 127. doi: 10.3828/twpr.15.2.h86u086180q31730
67. Xegwana, M. S., Herron, A. G., and Nyika, F. (2024). Assessing Factors Influencing Stakeholder Engagement on Construction Projects. European Project Management Journal, 14(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.56889/bahg8598