Hitler’in Yükselişinin Ardından İngiltere’nin Avrupa Uyumu Arayışları: Londra Deklarasyonu (03.02.1935) ve Berlin Müzakereleri (25/26.03.1935)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 45, 840 - 862, 29.12.2023

İrşat Sarıalioğlu

Öz

In this article, the London Declaration of 3 February 1935 and the Berlin negotiations which took place between 25-26 March 1935 are discussed within the framework of British foreign policy in the interwar period. The London Declaration, which emerged as a result of the negotiations between the representatives of England and France in London, and the negotiations between the British Foreign Minister John Simon and Hitler in Berlin; are the two interconnected steps of Britain's policy of returning Germany to Concert of Europe following its withdrawal from the League of Nations. Focusing on the reasons behind this policy, it was concluded that, in addition to the economic and political reasons, the change in the perception of security due to the progress in air weapon technology and the anxiety felt against the German air power were an important factor. Another result of the study is, after the failure of the London Declaration and the Berlin negotiations, the first sign of the appeasement policy came in sight. The study is mainly based on primary sources and benefited from Turkish Diplomatic Archive, British National Archive and German archive documents published in English.

Anahtar Kelimeler

London Communiqué, Berlin Conversations, Hitler, John Simon, Interwar Period, Foreign Policy of England

Hitler’in Yükselişinin Ardından İngiltere’nin Avrupa Uyumu Arayışları: Londra Deklarasyonu (03.02.1935) ve Berlin Müzakereleri (25/26.03.1935)

Öz

Bu makalede 3 Şubat 1935 tarihli Londra Deklarasyonu ve 25-26 Mart 1935 tarihleri arasında gerçekleşen Berlin müzakereleri İngiltere’nin iki savaş arası dönemdeki dış politikası çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Londra’da İngiltere ve Fransa temsilcileri arasında gerçekleşen görüşmeler neticesinde ortaya çıkan Londra Deklarasyonu ile Berlin’de İngiltere Dışişleri Bakanı John Simon ile Hitler arasında gerçekleşen müzakereler; İngiltere’nin, Milletler Cemiyeti’nden çekilmesinin ardından Almanya’yı Avrupa Uyumuna döndürme siyasetinin birbiriyle bağlantılı iki adımını oluşturmaktadır. İngiltere’nin bu siyasetinin ardında yatan sebeplere odaklanan çalışmada, ekonomik ve siyasal sebeplerin yanı sıra hava silah teknolojisindeki ilerleme ile güvenlik algısındaki değişimin ve Alman hava gücü karşısında hissedilen endişenin süreçte etkin olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmanın vardığı bir diğer sonuç ise Londra Deklarasyonu ve Berlin müzakerelerinin başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmasının ardından yatıştırma politikasının ilk belirtisinin ortaya çıktığıdır. Temelde birincil kaynaklara dayanan çalışmada Türk Diplomatik Arşivi, İngiltere Ulusal Arşivi ve İngilizce olarak yayınlanmış Alman arşiv belgelerinden yararlanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Londra Deklarasyonu, Berlin Müzakereleri, Hitler, John Simon, İki Savaş Arası Dönem, İngiltere Dış Politikası

Kaynakça

• BCA/TDA/506/42803-193030-29, 30.03.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/31438-124391-3, 09.03.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37170-148357-3, 07.02.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37170-148357-5, 21.02.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37170-148357-9, 03.02.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37170-148358-16, 09.04.935
• BCA/TDA/534/37170-148359-7, 11.04.1935
• BCA/TDA/534/37176-149204-47, 27.05.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37176-149204-61, 22.05.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37176-149204-62, 22.06.1935
• BCA/TDA/534/37176-149207-5, 29.03.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37176-149208-2, 06.03.1935.
• BCA/TDA/543/37176-149208-6, 27.03.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37176-149208-7, 28.03.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37176-149209-13,17.06.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37176-149209-23, 21.06.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37196-148508-21, 07.02.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37196-148508-57, 11.03.1935.
• BCA/TDA/534/37196/148508-58, 03.02.1935.
• BCA/TDA/571-35040-138308-22, 03.02.1935
• TNA/CAB, 24/254/25, 26.03.1935.
• Documents On British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Second Series, Volume XII (DBFP S.II,V.XII.), No:340, “Notes of an Informal Conference on German Rearmament Held in Sir R. Vansittart's Room on January 15 at 11.15 a.m., Foreign Office, January 15 1935”, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Offıce, 1972, 381-382.
• Documents On British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Second Series, Volume XII (DBFP S.II,V.XII.), No: 365, “Memorandum on Preparation for Meeting with French Ministers on February, Foreign Office, January 23, 1935”, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Offıce, 1972, 407-410.
• Documents On British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Second Series, Volume XII (DBFP S.II,V.XII.), No:397, “Notes of Anglo-French Conversations Held at No. 10 Downing Street, S.W.1, on February 1 3 1935”, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Offıce, 1972, 458-467.
• Documents On British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Second Series, Volume XII (DBFP S.II,V.XII.), No: 400, “Notes of Anglo-French Conversations Held at No.10 Downing Street, S.W.1, on February 1-3 1935”, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Offıce, 1972, 477-484.
• Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, Series C (1933- 1937) The Third Reich: First Phase Vol III (DGFP, S.C, V.III), No: 519, “The Ambassador in Great Britain to the Foreign Ministry, 6 March 1935, London”, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1959, 983-985.
• Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, Series C (1933- 1937) The Third Reich: First Phase Vol III (DGFP, S.C, V.III), No:560, “Note by an Officer of the Naval Command, Discussion with the Führer and Chancellor on the Afternoon of 27 March 1935”, 1086-1087.
• Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, Series C (1933- 1937) The Third Reich: First Phase Vol III (DGFP, S.C, V.III), No: 564, “Circular of the Foreign Minister, Berlin March 29, 1935”, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1959, No.564,1091-1103.
• Cumhuriyet, 22 Şubat 1935.
• Cumhuriyet, 24 Şubat 1935.
• Esmer, A. Ş. (1935a). “Berlin görüşmelerinden Sonra…”, Milliyet. 28 Mart.
• Esmer, A.Ş. (1935b). “İngiltere’nin Güddüğü Siyasa”, Milliyet, 9 Nisan.
• Esmer, A.Ş. (1935b). “Stresa Konferansı”, Milliyet 11 Nisan.
• Ulus, 1 Şubat 1935.
• Ulus, 2 Şubat 1935.
• Ulus, 17 Şubat 1935.
• Ulus, 23 Mayıs 1935.
• Armaoğlu, F. (2000). 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi (Cilt 1-2: 1914-1995). Ankara: Alkım.
• Bloch, C. C. (1972). Great Britain, German Rearmament and the Naval Agreement of 1935. H. W. Gatzke (Ed.), European Diplomacy Between Two Wars 1919-1939 içinde (125-151), Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
• Borsa, M. Ö. (2016). İki Dünya Savaşı Arası Dönemde İngiliz Dış Politikasının Analizi. İ.Ü. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 54, 81-102.
• Churchill, W. (1974). The Gathering Storm. New York: Bantam Books.
• Craig, G. A. (1972). Europe Since 1914. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
• Doerr, P. W. (1988). British Foreign Policy 1919-1939. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
• Eden, A. (1962). The Memoirs of Anthony Eden Earl of Avon Facing the Dictators. Cambridge: The Riverside Press.
• Ersin, E. (2019). Yatıştırma Politikası. Güvenlik Yazıları. https://trguvenlikportali.com/guvenlik-yazilari/ (erişim tarihi: 09.07.2023).
• Hall III, H.H. (1976). The Foreign Policy-Making Process in Britain (1934-1935) and the Origins of the Anglo German Naval Agreement. The Historical Journal . 19 (2), 477-499.
• Hayes, P. (1978). Modern British Foreign Policy The Twentieth Century. London: Adam & Charles Black.
• Hughes, M. H. (2006). British Foreign Secretaries in an Uncertain World, 1919–1939. London: Routledge.
• H. S.A. (1934). A Security Pact in Eastern Europe. Bulletin of International News, 11 (2), 3-11.
• Kennedy, M. P. (1976). The Tradition of Appeasement in British Foreign Policy 1865-1939.British Journal of International Studies. 2 (3), 195-215.
• Marquand, D. (1977). Ramsay MacDonald. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd.
• Medlicott, W.N. (1940). British Foreign Policy Since Versailles. London: Methuen & Co.
• Medlicott, W.N. (1969). Britain and Germany: The Search for Agreement 1930-1937. London: University of London The Athlone Press.
• Northedge, F.S. (1966). The Troubled Giant: Britain Among The Great Powers 1916-1939. London: G. Bell &Sons Ltd.
• Özdal, B. (2021). İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Diplomasinin Gelişimine Etkileri. B. Özdal ve R. K. Karaca (ed.), Diplomasi Tarihi II içinde (171-249), Bursa: Dora Yayınları.
• Radice, L. (1977). The Eastern Pact, 1933-1935: A Last Attempt at European Cooperation. The Slavonic and East European Review. 55(1), 45-64.
• Richardson, C. O. (1978). The Rome Accords of January 1935 and the Coming of the Italian-Ethiopian War. The Historian. 41 (1), 41-58.
• Sander, O. (2004). Siyasi Tarih 1918-1994. Ankara: İmge.
• Seton-Watson, R. W. (1968). Britain and The Dictators, New York: Howard Fertig.
• Steiner, Z. (2011). The Triumph Of The Dark European International History 1933–1939. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
• Taylor, A.J.P. (1965). The Origins of the Second World War. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
• Taylor, A.J. P. (1985). English History 1914-1945. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
• Vickers, R. (2003). The Labour Party and the World The Evolution of Labour’s Foreign Policy, 1900–51. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
• Weinberg, G. L. (2004). Hitler’s Foreign Policy 1933-1939 The Road to World War II. New York: Enigma Books.