ASSESSING THE ROLE OF NATION GARDENS IN SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF TÜRKİYE'S GREEN SPACE POLICIES

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 47, 1323 - 1346, 31.12.2024

Aslı Öztopcu

https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.1488378

Öz

From an economic standpoint, green spaces often gain value when they are conserved or restored to serve specific economic and social functions. Financial issues such as consumption (use value) and government investments are considered in traditional economic valuations of green spaces. However, a broader perspective, aligned with sustainable development principles, considers both direct and indirect social, environmental, and economic impacts.
Uses mixed-methods study aims to assess the sustainability of Türkiye's Nation Gardens (NG) project in the context of local economic development. This study focuses on completed Nation Gardens (NG) projects in Istanbul. Survey data was collected to gauge visitor perceptions and satisfaction with the NG. The study results show that while the NG serves its purpose as a green space, there are some concerns regarding its contribution to sustainable development. This research contributes to a better understanding of the economic value of sustainable urban design and park management.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Local economy, Sustainable development, Environmental economics, Parks, Nation Garden

MİLLET BAHÇELERİNİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR YEREL EKONOMİK KALKINMADAKİ ROLÜNÜN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: TÜRKİYE'NİN YEŞİL ALAN POLİTİKALARI ÜZERİNE BIR ÇALIŞMA

Öz

Ekonomik açıdan bakıldığında, yeşil alanlar genellikle belirli ekonomik ve sosyal işlevlere hizmet etmek üzere korunduklarında veya restore edildiklerinde değer kazanırlar. Yeşil alanların geleneksel ekonomik değerlemelerinde tüketim (kullanım değeri) ve devlet yatırımları gibi mali konular göz önünde bulundurulur. Ancak, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ilkeleriyle uyumlu daha geniş bir bakış açısı, hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik etkileri dikkate alır.
Bu karma yöntem çalışması, Türkiye'nin Millet Bahçeleri (NG) projesinin sürdürülebilirliğini yerel ekonomik kalkınma bağlamında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, İstanbul'da tamamlanan Millet Bahçeleri projelerine odaklanmaktadır. Ziyaretçilerin Millet Bahçeleri ile ilgili algılarını ve memnuniyetlerini ölçmek için anket verileri toplanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları, Millet Bahçeleri'nin yeşil alan olarak amacına hizmet etmesine rağmen, sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya katkısı konusunda bazı endişeler olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu araştırma, sürdürülebilir kentsel tasarım ve park yönetiminin ekonomik değerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yerel Ekonomi, Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, Çevre ekonomisi, Parklar, Millet Bahçesi

Etik Beyan

Araştırmada anket uygulaması yapıldığı için etik kurul izni alınmıştır. İzin yazısı sisteme yüklenmiştir.

Kaynakça

• Akalp, G., Başol, O., and Aytaç, S. (2021). Covid-19, Hasta Bina Sendromu ve Stres (Covid-19, Sick Building Syndrome and Stress). International Journal of Social Inquiry, 14(2), 357-382.
• Akpinar, A. (2016). How Is Quality of Urban Green Spaces Associated with Physical Activity and Health? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 16, 76–83.
• Atasoy, N. (2005). 15. Yüzyıldan 20. Yüzyıla Osmanlı Bahçeleri ve Hasbahçeler (15th to 20th Century Ottoman Gardens and Hasbahçeler). (1. baskı). İstanbul: Mas Matbaacılık.
• Barbieri, M., and Mercado, E. (2022). The Impact of Stay‐At‐Home Regulations On Adolescents’ Feelings of Loneliness and Internalizing Symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 94(7), 1022-1034.
• Barbosa, O., Tratalos, J. A., Armsworth, P. R., Davies, R. G., Fuller, R. A., Johnson, P., and Gaston, K. J. (2007). Who Benefits from Access to Green Space? A Case Study from Sheffield, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(2), 187–195.
• Başgün and Bulut. (2023). Post-Disaster Use of Urban Parks in Settlements with High Earthquake Density: The Example of Kültür Park. Preprint (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs- 3255224/v1]
• Bergstrom, J. C., Cordell, H. K., Watson, A. E., and Ashley, G. A. (1990). Economic Impacts of State Parks on State Economies in the South. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 22(2), 69–77.
• Bockarjova, M., Botzen, W. J. W., van Schie, M. H., and Koetse, M. J. (2020). Property Price Effects of Green Interventions in Cities: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Gentrification. Environmental Science and Policy, 112, 293–304.
• Bozdag, F. (2021). The Psychological Effects of Staying Home Due to The COVID-19 Pandemic. The Journal of General Psychology, 148, 1–23.
• Buteau‐Duitschaever, W. C., McCutcheon, B., Eagles, P. F. J., Havitz, M. E., and Glover, T. D. (2010). Park Visitors’ Perceptions of Governance: A Comparison Between Ontario and British Columbia Provincial Parks Management Models. Tourism Review, 65(4), 31–50.
• Çetin, M. (2006). Teori ve Uygulamada Bölgesel Sürdürülebilir Kalkinma (Regional Sutainable Development in Theory and Practice). Journal of C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler, 7(1), 1-20.
• Chiesura, A. (2004). The Role of Urban Parks for The Sustainable City. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 129–138.
• Clark, K. H., and Nicholas, K. A. (2013). Introducing Urban Food Forestry: A Multifunctional Approach to Increase Food Security and Provide Ecosystem Services. Landscape Ecology, 28(9), 1649–1669.
• Cohen, D. A., McKenzie, T. L., Sehgal, A., Williamson, S., Golinelli, D., and Lurie, N. (2007). Contribution of Public Parks to Physical Activity. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 509–514.
• Collomb, N. (2015). The Governance and Management of Public Green Spaces. Sinnet, D, Smith, N. (Eds.) in Handbook on Green Infrastructure (337–353). UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Coppel, G., and Wüstemann, H. (2017). The Impact of Urban Green Space On Health in Berlin, Germany: Empirical Findings and Implications for Urban Planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 167, 410–418.
• Corbett, J. B. (2005). Altruism, Self-Interest, and the Reasonable Person Model of Environmentally Responsible Behavior. Science Communication, 26(4), 368–389.
• Cossiga, G. A. (2019). The Economy of Sustainability: Some Consequences on the Economic Theory. Theoretical Economics Letters, 09(08), 3034–3064.
• Cranz, G., and Boland, M. (2004). Defining the Sustainable Park: A Fifth Model for Urban Parks. Landscape Journal, 23(2), 102–120.
• Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th edition). London: SAGE Publications, Inc.
• Creswell, J. W., and Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. London: SAGE Publications.
• Cui, Q., Huang, Y., Yang, G., and Chen, Y. (2022). Measuring Green Exposure Levels in Communities of Different Economic Levels at Different Completion Periods: Through the Lens of Social Equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9611.
• ÇŞİDB Guide (2024). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Çevre, Şehircilik Bakanlığı Genel Web Sitesi (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment And Urbanization General Website). https://www.csb.gov.tr/yerel-yonetimler-icin- millet-bahceleri-rehberi-hazirlandi-bakanlik-faaliyetleri-29749 (access: 16.04.2024).
• D’Acci, L. (2014). Monetary, Subjective and Quantitative Approaches to Assess Urban Quality of Life and Pleasantness in Cities (Hedonic Price, Willingness-to-Pay, Positional Value, Life Satisfaction, Isobenefit Lines). Social Indicators Research, 115(2), 531–559.
• Dadvand, P., Rivas, I., Basagaña, X., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., Su, J., De Castro Pascual, M., Amato, F., Jerret, M., Querol, X., Sunyer, J., and Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015). The Association Between Greenness and Traffic- Related Air Pollution at Schools. Science of The Total Environment, 523, 59–63.
• Damiani, M., Pompei, F., and Ricci, A. (2016). Temporary Employment Protection and Productivity Growth in EU Economies. International Labour Review, 155(4), 587–622.
• De Bon, H., Parrot, L., and Moustier, P. (2009). Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries: A Review. In E. Lichtfouse, M. Navarrete, P. Debaeke, S. Véronique, and C. Alberola (Eds.), Sustainable Agriculture (pp.619–633). Netherlands: Springer
• Denzin, N. K. (2008). The Landscape of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
• Eldem, S.H. (1976). Türk Bahçeleri (Turkish Gardens). Kültür Bakanlığı Türk Sanat Eserleri:1, İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi
• Eroğlu, S. (2022). Uluslararası Uygulamalar Işığında Türkiye’de Milli Park Yönetiminin Değerlendirilmesi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz (Evaluation of National Park Management in Turkey in The Light of International Practices: A Comparative Analysis.) Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi (Ankara University Journal of Environmental Sciences), 9(1), 8-23.
• Escobedo, F. J., Kroeger, T., and Wagner, J. E. (2011). Urban Forests and Pollution Mitigation: Analyzing Ecosystem Services and Disservices. Environmental Pollution, 159(8–9), 2078–2087.
• Fagerholm, N., Samuelsson, K., Eilola, S., Giusti, M., Hasanzadeh, K., Kajosaari, A., Koch, D., Korpilo, S., Kyttä, M., Legeby, A., Liu, Y., Præstholm, S., Raymond, C., Rinne, T., Stahl Olafsson, A., and Barthel, S. (2022). Analysis of Pandemic Outdoor Recreation and Green Infrastructure in Nordic Cities to Enhance Urban Resilience. Npj Urban Sustainability, 2(1), 1–14.
• Fernandes, A., Krog, N. H., McEachan, R., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Julvez, J., Márquez, S., de Castro, M., Urquiza, J., Heude, B., Vafeiadi, M., Gražulevičienė, R., Slama, R., Dedele, A., Aasvang, G. M., Evandt, J., Andrusaityte, S., Kampouri, M., and Vrijheid, M. (2023). Availability, Accessibility, And Use of Green Spaces and Cognitive Development in Primary School Children. Environmental Pollution, 334, 122143.
• Fuller, R. A., Irvine, K. N., Devine-Wright, P., Warren, P. H., and Gaston, K. J. (2007). Psychological Benefits of Greenspace Increase with Biodiversity. Biology Letters, 3(4), 390–394.
• Giedych, R., and Maksymiuk, G. (2017). Specific Features of Parks and Their Impact On Regulation and Cultural Ecosystem Services Provision in Warsaw, Poland. Sustainability, 9(5), 792.
• Giyasova, I. (2021). Factors Affecting Microclimatic Conditions in Urban Environment. E3S Web of Conferences, 244, 06010.
• González, T., Berger, P., Sánchez, C. N., and Mahichi, F. (2023). Sustainability of Urban Parks: Applicable Methodological Framework for A Simple Assessment. Sustainability, 15(21), Article 21.
• Gratani, L., Varone, L., and Bonito, A. (2016). Carbon Sequestration of Four Urban Parks in Rome. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 19, 184–193.
• Grazuleviciene, R., Danileviciute, A., Dedele, A., Vencloviene, J., Andrusaityte, S., Uždanaviciute, I., and Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015). Surrounding Greenness, Proximity to City Parks and Pregnancy Outcomes in Kaunas Cohort Study. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 218(3), 358–365.
• Guéguen, N., and Stefan, J. (2016). Green Altruism: Short Immersion in Natural Green Environments and Helping Behavior. Environment and Behavior, 48(2), 324–342.
• Hajzeri, A. (2021). The Management of Urban Parks and Its Contribution to Social Interactions. Arboricultural Journal, 43(3), 187–195.
• Halecki, W., Stachura, T., Fudała, W., Stec, A., and Kuboń, S. (2023). Assessment and Planning of Green Spaces in Urban Parks: A Review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 88, 104280.
• Haredy, A. (2019). Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for the Development of the Built Environment: Review and Employment. Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 4(2), 1–15.
• Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S., and Frumkin, H. (2014). Nature and Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 207–228.
• Umunnakwe H.C., and Azubuine, C. (2021). Analysis of The Implications and Benefits of Public Recreational Parks to Urban Residents. IJRW,31(8), 1252-1264.
• Herasymchuk, Z. V., and Averkyna, M. F. (2014). Theoretical and Methodological Foundations for Maintaining of Sustainable Development of Cities and Metropolitan Agglomerations. Науковий Вісник Національного Гірничого Університету, 5, 134. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nvngu_2014_5_23
• Herath, P., and Bai, X. (2024). Benefits and Co-Benefits of Urban Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Cities: Six Current and Emerging Themes. Sustainability Science, 19, 1039-1063.
• Hesse-Biber, S. (2010). Qualitative Approaches to Mixed Methods Practice. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6), 455–468.
• Hunter, R. F., Cleary, A., and Braubach, M. (2019). Environmental, Health and Equity Effects of Urban Green Space Interventions. In M. R. Marselle, J. Stadler, H. Korn, K. N. Irvine, and A. Bonn (Eds.), Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change, (pp. 381–409). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Jabbar, M., Yusoff, M. M., And Shafie, A. (2022). Assessing The Role of Urban Green Spaces for Human Well- Being: A Systematic Review. Geojournal, 87(5), 4405–4423.
• Jamalishahni, T., Turrell, G., Foster, S., Davern, M., and Villanueva, K. (2023). Neighbourhood Socio-Economic Disadvantage and Loneliness: The Contribution of Green Space Quantity and Quality. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 598.
• Jansson, M. (2014). Green Space in Compact Cities: The Benefits and Values of Urban Ecosystem Services in Planning. Nordic Journal of Architectural Research, 2, 139–160.
• Kabisch, N., Korn, H., Stadler, J., and Bonn, A. (Eds.). (2017). Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages Between Science, Policy and Practice. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Kaplan, R. (1973). Some psychological benefits of gardening. Environment and Behavior, 5(2), 145–162.
• Kaplan, R. (1980). Citizen Participation in the Design and Evaluation of a Park. Environment and Behavior, 12(4), 494-507.
• Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182.
• Kelly, D., Davern, M., Farahani, L., Higgs, C., and Maller, C. (2022). Urban Greening for Health and Wellbeing in Low-Income Communities: A Baseline Study in Melbourne, Australia. Cities, 120,
• Kim, G. (2018). An Integrated System of Urban Green Infrastructure On Different Types of Vacant Land to Provide Multiple Benefits for Local Communities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 116–130.
• Kim, G., and Coseo, P. (2018). Urban Park Systems to Support Sustainability: The Role of Urban Park Systems in Hot Arid Urban Climates. Forests, 9(7), 439.
• Kim, G., and Miller, P. A. (2019). The Impact of Green Infrastructure On Human Health and Well-Being: The Example of the Huckleberry Trail and The Heritage Community Park and Natural Area in Blacksburg, Virginia. Sustainable Cities and Society, 48, 101562.
• Kim, J., Baker, B. L., Pitas, N. A., Benfield, J. A., Hickerson, B. D., and Mowen, A. J. (2023). Perceived Ownership of Urban Parks: The Role of the Social Environment. Journal of Leisure Research, 54(1), 72–88.
• Kungu E. (2018). Difference Between Garden and Park. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. Http://Www.Differencebetween.Net/Science/Nature/Difference-Between-Garden-and-Park/ (access: 09.04.2024).
• Kuo, M. (2015). How Might Contact with Nature Promote Human Health? Promising Mechanisms and A Possible Central Pathway. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.
• Lam, C. K. C., Gallant, A. J. E., and Tapper, N. J. (2018). Perceptions of Thermal Comfort in Heatwave and Non- Heatwave Conditions in Melbourne, Australia. Urban Climate, 23, 204–218.
• Lee, A. C. K., and Maheswaran, R. (2011). The Health Benefits of Urban Green Spaces: A Review of the Evidence. Journal of Public Health, 33(2), 212–222.
• Lefebvre, H., and Çev. Selim Sezer. (2021). Kentsel Devrim (Urban Revolution) (1st Ed.). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
• Li, Z., Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Yan, K., Yan, Y., and Xu, P. (2022). Characteristics of Urban Parks in Chengdu and Their Relation to Public Behaviour and Preferences. Sustainability, 14(11), 6761.
• Managi, S., Opaluch, J. J., Jin, D., and Grigalunas, T. A. (2005). Environmental Regulations and Technological Change in The Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Land Economics, 81(2), 303–319.
• Molla, M. (2015). The Value of Urban Green Infrastructure and Its Environmental Response in Urban Ecosystem: A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4, 4–183.
• Mowen, A. J., and Rung, A. L. (2016). Park-Based Social Capital: Are There Variations Across Visitors with Different Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Behaviours? Leisure/Loisir, 40(3), 297–324.
• Myalkovsky, R., Plahtiy, D., Bezvikonnyi, P., Horodyska, O., and Nebaba, K. (2023). Urban Parks as an Important Component of Environmental Infrastructure: Biodiversity Conservation and Recreational Opportunities. Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science, 4(14), Article 14(4).
• O’Connor BP, Davidson H, Gifford R. (1991). Window View, Social Exposure and Nursing Home Adaptation. Canadian Journal On Aging / La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement. 3(10), 216–233.
• Özgüner, H. (2009). Doğal Peyzajın Insanların Psikolojik ve Fiziksel Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri (Psychological Well- Being and Health Benefits Derived from Contact with Nature). Turkish Journal of Forestry, 5(2), 97-107.
• Özlü, N. (2021). Mimarlık Tarihyazımında Lale Devri. MEGARON / Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Architecture E-Journal, 16(1), 39-52.
• Patricola, C. M., and Wehner, M. F. (2018). Anthropogenic Influences On Major Tropical Cyclone Events. Nature, 563(7731), 339–346.
• Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative Research. In Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. Newyork: Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
• Pauleit, S., Zölch, T., Hansen, R., Randrup, T. B., and Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch, C. (2017). Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Change – Four Shades of Green. In N. Kabisch, H. Korn, J. Stadler, and A. Bonn (Eds.), in Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages Between Science, Policy and Practice, (pp. 29–49). Berlin: Springer International Publishing.
• Rausell-Köster, P., Ghirardi, S., Sanjuán, J., Molinari, F., and Abril, B. (2022). Cultural Experiences in The Framework of “Cultural Cities”: Measuring The Socioeconomic Impact of Culture in Urban Performance. City, Territory and Architecture, 9(40).
• Rehman, A. Ur, Aziz, A., Anwar, M. M., Majeed, M., Albanai, J. A., Almohamad, H., and Abdo, H. G. (2023). Quantifying The Impacts of Urbanization On Urban Green, Evidences from Maga City, Lahore Pakistan. Discover Sustainability, 4(48).
• Richards, D. R., Passy, P., and Oh, R. R. Y. (2017). Impacts of Population Density and Wealth On the Quantity and Structure of Urban Green Space in Tropical Southeast Asia. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 553–560.
• Sadeghian, M. M. (2013). The Benefits of Urban Parks, A Review of Urban Research. JNAS (Journal of Novel Applied Sciences), 2(8), 231-237.
• Schebella, M. F., Weber, D., Schultz, L., and Weinstein, P. (2019). The Wellbeing Benefits Associated with Perceived and Measured Biodiversity in Australian Urban Green Spaces. Sustainability, 11(3), 802.
• Selanon, P., and Chuangchai, W. (2023). The Importance of Urban Green Spaces in Enhancing Holistic Health and Sustainable Well-Being for People with Disabilities: A Narrative Review. Buildings, 13(8), 2100.
• Shepley, M., Sachs, N., Sadatsafavi, H., Fournier, C., and Peditto, K. (2019). The Impact of Green Space On Violent Crime in Urban Environments: An Evidence Synthesis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 5119.
• Shuib, K. B., Hashim, H., and Nasir, N. A. M. (2015). Community Participation Strategies in Planning for Urban Parks. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 311–320.
• Sim, J. (2020). Seeing Impacts of Park Design Strategies On Local Economy Through Big Data: A Case Study of Gyeongui Line Forest Park in Seoul. Sustainability, 12(17), 6722.
• Smaniotto Costa, C., Erjavec, I., and Mathey, J. (2008). Green Spaces – A Key Resources for Urban Sustainability. The Greenkeys Approach for Developing Green Spaces. Urbani Izziv, 19.
• Stigsdotter, U. K., Ekholm, O., Schipperijn, J., Toftager, M., Kamper-Jørgensen, F., and Randrup, T. B. (2010). Health Promoting Outdoor Environments—Associations Between Green Space, and Health, Health-Related Quality of Life and Stress Based on a Danish National Representative Survey. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38(4), 411–417.
• Tao, Y., and Lin, P.-H. (2023). Analyses of Sustainable Development of Cultural and Creative Parks: A Pilot Study Based On the Approach of Citespace Knowledge Mapping. Sustainability, 15(13),
• Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı (2024). T.C. Tarım Ve Orman Bakanlığı Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü Temel Kavramlar (T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks Basic Concepts). Https://Www.Tarimorman.Gov.Tr/DKMP/Menu/34/Temel- Kavramlar (Accessed: 09.08.2024).
• Taylor, D. E. (1999). Central Park as A Model for Social Control: Urban Parks, Social Class and Leisure Behavior in Nineteenth-Century America. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(4), 420–477.
• Taylor, L., Hahs, A. K., and Hochuli, D. F. (2018). Wellbeing and Urban Living: Nurtured by Nature. Urban Ecosystems, 21(1), 197–208.
• Uğuryol, D. (2024). İstanbul’daki Tarihi Bahçeler Ve Mimari Elemanlarının Koruma Sorunlarının Saray Ve Kasır Bahçeleri Özelinde Değerlendirilmesi (Evaluation of The Conservation Problems of Historical Gardens and Architectural Elements in Istanbul with Special Reference to Palace and Pavilion Gardens). METU JFA 37(1), 225-252.
• Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420– 421.
• Vallés-Planells, M., Galiana, F., and Van Eetvelde, V. (2014). A Classification of Landscape Services to Support Local Landscape Planning. Ecology and Society, 19(1).
• Valencia, M., Bocken, N., Loaiza, C., and De Jaeger, S. (2023). The Social Contribution of the Circular Economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 408, 137082.
• Van Den Berg, P., Kemperman, A., De Kleijn, B., and Borgers, A. (2016). Ageing and Loneliness: The Role of Mobility and The Built Environment. Travel Behaviour and Society, 5, 48–55.
• Vella-Brodrick, D. A., and Gilowska, K. (2022). Effects of Nature (Greenspace) On Cognitive Functioning in School Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Educational Psychology Review, 34(3), 1217–1254.
• Walch, J. M., Rabin, B. S., Day, R., Williams, J. N., Choi, K., and Kang, J. D. (2005). The Effect of Sunlight On Postoperative Analgesic Medication Use: A Prospective Study of Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery: Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(1), 156–163.
• Williams, T. G., Logan, T. M., Zuo, C. T., Liberman, K. D., and Guikema, S. D. (2020). Parks and Safety: A Comparative Study of Green Space Access and Inequity in Five US Cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 201, 103841.
• Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., and Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban Green Space, Public Health, and Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough’. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234–244.
• World Bank (2012). Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development. World Bank Publications. ISBN (Paper): 978-0-8213-9551-6 Https://Openknowledge.Worldbank.Org/Entities/Publication/Dd958ad6-E19f-5acf-894c-1809db8ce348 (access: 4.02.2024).
• Yao, W., Yun, J., Zhang, Y., Meng, T., and Mu, Z. (2022). Usage Behavior and Health Benefit Perception of Youth in Urban Parks: A Case Study from Qingdao, China. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 923671.
• Zawilińska, B., Brańka, P., Majewski, K., and Semczuk, M. (2021). National Parks—Areas of Economic Development or Stagnation? Evidence from Poland. Sustainability, 13(20), 11351.
• Zawilińska, B., Nestorová Dická, J., Matei, E., Švajda, J., Łapczyński, M., Majewski, K., Megyeri, B., Cosmin Călin, A., and Gessert, A. (2023). Applying Q-Methodology to Investigate the Perception of the Social and Economic Role of the National Park by Local Stakeholders. Cases of National Parks in The Carpathians. Journal for Nature Conservation, 75, 126459.
• Zhou, M., and Wang, F. (2024). The Driving Factors of Recreational Utilization of Ecological Space in Urban Agglomerations: The Perspective of Urban Political Ecology. Ecological Indicators, 158, 111409.