Tarımda Kadın Emeğinin Dijital Dönüşümü ve Makroekonomik Etkileri: Küresel ve Türkiye Perspektifi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, tarım sektöründe kadın emeğinin dijital dönüşümünü ve bu dönüşümün makroekonomik etkilerini küresel ve Türkiye perspektifinden incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış; ulusal ve uluslararası literatür, kurum raporları ve mevcut politika uygulamaları değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Kadın kooperatiflerinin güçlendirilmesi, finansmana erişimin artırılması ve dijital tarım teknolojilerinin yaygınlaştırılması kadınların verimliliğini, gelir düzeyini ve pazara katılımını artırmaktadır. Ancak dijital okuryazarlık eksikliği ve teknolojiye erişimdeki eşitsizlikler önemli engeller oluşturmaktadır. Cinsiyet duyarlı dijital tarım politikaları kırsal kalkınma ve ekonomik büyümeyi desteklemektedir. Özgün Değer: Çalışma, kadın emeği, dijital tarım ve makroekonomik etkiler arasındaki ilişkiyi küresel ve Türkiye bağlamında bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele alarak literatüre katkı sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• kadın emeği
• dijital tarım
• kırsal kalkınma.

Digital Transformation of Women’s Labor in Agriculture and Its Macroeconomic Impacts: A Global and Türkiye Perspective

Öz

Purpose: This study aims to examine the digital transformation of women’s labor in agriculture and its macroeconomic effects from global and Turkish perspectives. Methodology: The study uses a qualitative research design based on a review of national and international literature, institutional reports, and current policy practices. Findings: The findings show that women’s cooperatives, improved access to finance, and digital agriculture technologies enhance women’s productivity, income, and market participation. However, limited digital literacy and unequal access to technology remain significant barriers. Gender-sensitive digital agriculture policies support both rural development and economic growth. Originality: The study offers a holistic analysis of the relationship between women’s labor, digital agriculture, and macroeconomic outcomes by combining global evidence with the Turkish experience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• women’s labor
• digital agriculture
• rural development

Kaynakça

1. Afia, O. E. (2024). Digitalisation of agriculture and bio-conservation for food security. In Proceedings of the Second Faculty of Agriculture International Conference, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, 12-14 March.
2. Aker, J. C., & Ksoll, C. (2016). Can mobile phones improve agricultural outcomes? Evidence from a randomized experiment in Niger. Food Policy, 60, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.03.006
3. Ay, S., & Kılıç, T. (2023). Coğrafi dijital uçurum: Türkiye’de dijital dönüşümün kentsel-kırsal ve bölgesel cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri. Journal of Geography, 46, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477
4. Aytuna, E. N., & Özkaya, A. E. (2026). Digital transformation of rural women’s cooperatives in Turkey: Challenges and opportunities. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 11, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2026-1723
5. Barnartt, S. N. (1979). Review of Pink collar workers: Inside the world of women’s work, by L. K. Howe. American Journal of Sociology, 84(5). https://doi.org/10.1086/226928
6. Başaran, B., & Oraman, Y. (2022). Importance and place of digital marketing in improvement of woman cooperatives. Horizons-International Scientific Journal, 30(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.20544/HORIZONS.A.30.1.22.P06
7. Bharti, N. (2021). Role of cooperatives in economic empowerment of women: A review of Indian experiences. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17(4), 617-631. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-07-2020-0095
8. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

9. Datta, P. B. & Gailey, R. (2012). Empowering women through social entrepreneurship: Case study of a women’s cooperative in India. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36, 569-587. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00505.x
10. Data Bridge Market Research. (2024). Global digital agriculture market size, share, and trends analysis report: Industry overview and forecast to 2032. https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-digital-agriculture-market?ysclid=moxtn1y0566706884
11. Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği (Malatya örneği). Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 209-230.
12. FAO. (2020). The state of food and agriculture 2020: Overcoming water challenges in agriculture. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/6e2d2772-5976-4671-9e2a-0b2ad87cb646/content
13. FAOSTAT. (2026a). Value of agricultural exports, 2024. https://statbase.org/datasets/trade/agricultural-exports-value/
14. FAOSTAT. (2026b). ASTI – Expenditures. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/AE
15. Gahren, I., Jovičić, J., & Reiter, J. (2023). Bridging divides, dismantling power structures! Linking feminist development policy and digital transformation. On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). https://www.bmz-digital.global/wpcontent/uploads/2024/01/231123_GIZ23010_Linking_Feminist_Development_and_Dig_Transformation_EN.pdf
16. Hilbert, M. (2011). Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34(6), 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001
17. Howe, L. K. (1977). Pink collar workers: Inside the world of women’s work. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
18. Huyer, S. (2016). Closing the gender gap in agriculture. Gender, Technology and Development, 20(2), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852416643872
19. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank. (2019). Future of food: Harnessing digital technologies to improve food system outcomes. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31565
20. ILO (2020). Understanding the gender pay gap. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_dialogue/%40act_emp/documents/publication/wcms_735949.pdf
21. ITU (2023). Measuring digital development. Facts and Figures 2022. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/ind/d-ind-ict_mdd-2022-pdf-e.pdf
22. Jorge-Vázquez, J., Chivite-Cebolla, M. P., & Salinas-Ramos, F. (2021). The digitalization of the European agri-food cooperative sector: Determining factors to embrace information and communication technologies. Agriculture, 11(6), 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060514
23. Khan, N., Siddiqui, B. N., Khan, N., Khan, F., Ullah, N., Ihtisham, M., Ullah, R., Ismail, S., & Muhammad, S. (2020). Analyzing mobile phone usage in agricultural modernization and rural development. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 8, 139-147.
24. Kitole, F. A., Mkuna, E., & Sesabo, J. K. (2024). Digitalization and agricultural transformation in developing countries: Empirical evidence from Tanzania agriculture sector. Smart Agricultural Technology, 7, 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2023.100379
25. Kutay, T. (2022). Kırsal kalkınmada kadın kooperatiflerinin önemi: Türkiye özelinde bir değerlendirme. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 6(1), 119-150. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1020843
26. Moutik, I. (2025). Artificial intelligence as a driver for women’s empowerment in agriculture: A theoretical ecosystem for inclusive leadership and sustainable development. Business Ethics and Leadership, 9(2), 200-210. https://doi.org/10.61093/bel.9(2).200-210.2025
27. Pandey, V. K., Shanko, A., & Kaul, M. (2024). Influential factors on women’s participation in agricultural cooperatives in the digital era. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Scalable Information Systems, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.4108/eetsis.4836
28. Rahman, M. M., & Huq, H. (2023). Implications of ICT for the livelihoods of women farmers: A study in the Teesta River Basin, Bangladesh. Sustainability, 15, 14432. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914432
29. Sağlamyürek Taşdemir, D. S. (2021). Sosyo-ekonomik kalkınmada kadın girişimciler ve işletmeleri. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 16(2), 76-90.
30. Simonetta, Z., Chiara, P., & Carlotta, S. (2022). Sustainable development and women’s empowerment: The challenges and opportunities of digitalization. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
31. Sullivan, J. A., Brown, D. G., Moyo, F., Jain, M., & Agrawal, A. (2022). Impacts of large-scale land acquisitions on smallholder agriculture and livelihoods in Tanzania. Environmental Research Letters, 17(8), 084019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8067
32. Suri, T., & Jack, W. (2016). The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science, 354(6317), 1288-1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309
33. TÜİK. (2025a). Türkiye’de istatistiklerle kadın 2025. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/media/announcements/ist_kadin2025.pdf
34. TÜİK. (2025b). Teknogirişim araştırması, 2024. https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/tr/press/57932
35. YÖK Atlas. (2025). YÖK Atlas verileri. https://yokatlas.yok.gov.tr/
36. T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı. (2026). Teknogirişim stratejisi. https://teknogirisim.sanayi.gov.tr/Files/Documents/TeknogirisimStratejisi.pdf
37. The World Bank. (2026a). Gender. https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/topic/gender
38. The World Bank. (2026b). Individuals using the Internet (% of population). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.MA.ZS
39. The World Bank. (2026c). Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS
40. The World Bank. (2026d). Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS
41. The World Economic Forum. (2024). Agritech for women farmers: A business case for inclusive growth. https://www.weforum.org/publications/agritech-for-women-farmers-a-business-case-for-inclusive-growth/
42. Udisha, O., & Philomina, I. G. A. (2024). Bridging the digital divide: Empowering rural women farmers through mobile technology in Kerala. Sustainability, 16(21), 9188. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219188
43. UNDP Türkiye (2026). Yarının köyleri. https://www.undp.org/tr/turkiye/projects/yarinin-koyleri
44. Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2020). The digital divide. Polity Press.
45. Van Dijk, J., & Hacker, K. (2003). The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The Information Society, 19(4), 315-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240309487