COMPARISON OF CRANIOFACIAL MEASUREMENTS AND FACIAL ASYMMETRY BY GENDER IN YOUNG ADULTS
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 39 - 46, 27.01.2025
Burcu Kamaşak Arpaçay
,
Bilgen Begüm Bilir
,
Emre Uğuz
,
Ozkan Gorgulu
,
Tufan Ulcay
,
Kenan Aycan
Öz
OBJECTIVE: It is important to know the morphometry of the craniofacial region and facial asymmetry in surgical applications. This study aimed to examine craniofacial anthropometric measurements and facial asymmetry in young adults comparatively between genders.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on a total of 150 individuals, 75 female and 75 male. Photographs of the participants were taken using a digital camera, and craniofacial measurements were made using the "ImageJ" program on these photographs. Gnathion-centered measurements were measured separately on the right and left sides of the face, and asymmetry values and percentages were calculated.
RESULTS: Whereas the minimum frontal width and bilateral lower face depth were found to be higher and statistically significant in males compared to females (p=0.016; p= 0.028), head height, total craniofacial head height, bilateral upper face depth, physiognomic facial height, inner and outer canthal distance, right and left eye fissure lengths, and nose length were found to be higher and statistically significant in females compared to males (p=0.025; p=0.041; p=0.026; p=0.036; p=0.000; p=0.000; p=0.032; p=0.005; p=0.000). In gnathion-centered measurements, the parameters in the right side of the face were measured to be longer than the left side and generally higher in males than in females.
CONCLUSIONS: Statistically significant differences were found between both genders in the study. Facial asymmetry was observed to be more pronounced in males compared to females. We believe that the data obtained from this study will be helpful in assessing facial anomalies, preoperative facial evaluation, and planning appropriate treatment protocols.
Kaynakça
- 1. Padilla CJ, Ferreyro FA, Arnold WD. Anthropometry as a readily accessible health assessment of older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2021;153:111464.
- 2. Jiya Z, Josiah JG. Anthropometric study of craniofacial morphology among Nupe ethnic group in Niger State,
Nigeria. Forensic Science International: Reports. 2022;6:100291.
- 3. Kesterke MJ, Raffensperger ZD, Heike CL, et al. Using the 3D Facial Norms Database to investigate craniofacial
sexual dimorphism in healthy children, adolescents, and adults. Biol Sex Differ. 2016;7:23.
- 4. Guram G, Shaik JA, Devanna R, Kochhar AS, Vishwakarma S, Patil S. Assessment of Correlation between
Craniofacial Proportions and Genetic Indicators. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020;21(9):1008-11.
- 5. Özdemir F, Özkoçak V. Anadolu Erkeklerinde Burun, Yüz Tipleri Ve Oranlarının Yaşa Bağlı Değişimleri. The
Journal of International Lingual, Social and Educational Sciences. 2017;3(2):135-42.
- 6. Thiesen G, Gribel BF, Freitas MP. Facial Asymmetry: A Current Review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20(6):110-25.
- 7. Choi KY. Analysis of Facial Asymmetry. Arch Craniofac Surg. 2015;16(1):1-10.
- 8. Malkoc S, Sari Z, Usumez S, Koyuturk AE. The effect of head rotation on cephalometric radiographs. Eur J
Orthod. 2005;27(3):315-21.
- 9. Wang TT, Wessels L, Hussain G, Merten S. Discriminative thresholds in facial asymmetry: A review of the
literature. Aesthetic Surg J. 2017;37(4):375-85.
- 10. Blasi A, Nucera R, Ronsivalle V, Candida E, Grippaudo C. Asymmetry index for the photogrammetric
assessment of facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022;162(3):394-402.
- 11. Huang CS, Liu XQ, Chen YR. Facial asymmetry index in normalyoung adults. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16:97-
104.
- 12. Koç Direk F, Deniz M, Uslu Aİ, Doğru S. Anthropometric analysis of orbital region and age-related changes in
adult women. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(6):1579-82.
- 13. Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM. Anthropometric growth study of the head. The Cleft Palate Craniofac J.
1992;29(4):303-8.
- 14. Ulcay T, Kamaşak B. Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Kraniyofasiyal Antropometrik Ölçümlerin Cinsiyete Bağlı
Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi. Antropoloji. 2020;39:66-73.
- 15. Fazlıoğulları Z, Dedeoğlu H, Bakan T, ve ark. Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin kraniofasiyal ölçümlerinin
antropometrik değerlendirilmesi. Genel Tıp Dergisi. 2016;26:16-9.
- 16. Farkas LG, Eiben OG, Sivkov S, et al. Anthropometric measurements of the facial-frame-work in adulthood:
age related changes in eight age categories in 600 healthy white North Americans of European ancestry from
16 to 90 years of age. J Craniofac Surg. 2004;15(2):288-98.
- 17. Karaca Ö, Gülcen B, Kuş MA, Elmalı F, Kuş İ. Morphometric facial analysis of Turkish adults. Balıkesir Sağlık
Bilimleri Dergisi. 2012;1(1):7-11.
- 18. Turan Özdemir S, Sığırlı D, Ercan İ, Şimşek Cankur N. Photographic facial soft tissue analysis of healthy Turkish
young adults: anthropometric measurements. Aesth Plast Surg. 2009;33(2):175-84.
- 19. Gündüz Arslan S, Genç C, Odabaş B, et al. Comparison of facial proportions and anthropometric norms
among Turkish young adults with different face types. Aesth Plast Surg. 2008;32(2):234-42.
- 20. Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR. Comparison of craniofacial measurements of young adult African-American
and North American white males and females. Ann Plast Surg. 2007;59(6):692-8.
- 21. Ngeow WC, Aljunid ST. Craniofacial anthropometric norms of Malays. Singapore Med J. 2009;50(5):525-8.
- 22. Bahşi İ, Orhan M, Kervancıoğlu P, Karatepe Ş, Sayın S. Craniofacial anthropometry of healthy Turkish young
adults: analysis of head and face. J Craniofac Surg. 2021;32(4):1535-9.
- 23. He Z, Jian X, Wu X, et al. Anthropometric measurement and analysis of the external nasal soft tissue in 119
young Han Chinese adults. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(5):1347-51.
- 24. Bozkır MG, Karakaş P, Oğuz Ö. Vertical and horizontal neoclassical facial canons in Turkish young adults.
Surg Radiol Anat. 2004;26(3):212-19.
- 25. Hohman MH, Kim SW, Heller ES, Frigerio A, Heaton J, Hadlock TA. Determining the threshold for asymmetry
detection in facial expressions. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(4):860-65.
- 26. Kim SW, Heller ES, Hohman MH, Hadlock TA, Heaton JT. Detection and perceptual impact of side-to-side
facial movement asymmetry. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2013;15(6):411-16.
- 27. Kwak KH, Kim YI, Nam HJ, et al. Differences among deviations, genders, and observers in the perception of
eye and nose asymmetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(8):1606-14.
GENÇ ERİŞKİNLERDE KRANİYOFASİYAL ÖLÇÜMLERİN VE FASİYAL ASİMETRİNİN CİNSİYETE GÖRE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 39 - 46, 27.01.2025
Burcu Kamaşak Arpaçay
,
Bilgen Begüm Bilir
,
Emre Uğuz
,
Ozkan Gorgulu
,
Tufan Ulcay
,
Kenan Aycan
Öz
morfometrisi ve fasiyal asimetrinin bilinmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışmada genç erişkinlerde kraniyofasiyal antropometrik ölçümlerin ve fasiyal asimetrinin cinsiyetler arası karşılaştırılmalı olarak incelenmesi amaçlandı.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışma 75 kız 75 erkek olmak üzere toplam 150 birey üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Katılımcıların dijital fotoğraf makinesi kullanılarak fotoğrafları çekilerek bu fotoğraflar üzerinden kraniyofasiyal ölçümler “ImageJ” programıyla yapıldı. Gnathion merkezli ölçümler yüzün sağ ve sol yarısında ayrı ayrı ölçülerek asimetri değerleri ve yüzdeleri hesaplandı.
BULGULAR: Minimum frontal genişlik ve bilateral alt yüz derinliği erkeklerde kızlara göre daha yüksek ve istatistiksel anlamlı bulunurken (p=0.016; p= 0.028), baş yüksekliği, total kraniyofasiyal baş yüksekliği, bilateral üst yüz derinliği, fizyonomik yüz yüksekliği, iç ve dış kantal mesafe, sağ ve sol göz fissür uzunlukları ve burun uzunluğu kızlarda erkeklere göre daha yüksek ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p=0.025; p=0.041; p=0.026; p=0.036; p=0.000; p=0.000; p=0.032; p=0.005; p=0.000) bulundu. Gnathion merkezli yapılan ölçümlerde yüzün sağ yarısındaki parametreler sol yarısına göre daha uzun ve genel olarak erkeklerde kızlara göre daha yüksek ölçüldü.
SONUÇ: Çalışmada her iki cinsiyet arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar bulundu. Fasiyal asimetri erkeklerde kızlara göre daha fazla tespit edildi. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen verilerin yüz anomalileri, pre-op yüz değerlendirmesi ve uygun tedavi protokolünün planlanmasında yardımcı olacağı kanaatindeyiz.
Etik Beyan
Araştırma için Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan (2023-02/09) onay alınmıştır. Katılımcılara ölçümler hakkında bilgi verilmiş olup bilgilendirilmiş onam formu imzalatılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- 1. Padilla CJ, Ferreyro FA, Arnold WD. Anthropometry as a readily accessible health assessment of older adults. Exp Gerontol. 2021;153:111464.
- 2. Jiya Z, Josiah JG. Anthropometric study of craniofacial morphology among Nupe ethnic group in Niger State,
Nigeria. Forensic Science International: Reports. 2022;6:100291.
- 3. Kesterke MJ, Raffensperger ZD, Heike CL, et al. Using the 3D Facial Norms Database to investigate craniofacial
sexual dimorphism in healthy children, adolescents, and adults. Biol Sex Differ. 2016;7:23.
- 4. Guram G, Shaik JA, Devanna R, Kochhar AS, Vishwakarma S, Patil S. Assessment of Correlation between
Craniofacial Proportions and Genetic Indicators. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020;21(9):1008-11.
- 5. Özdemir F, Özkoçak V. Anadolu Erkeklerinde Burun, Yüz Tipleri Ve Oranlarının Yaşa Bağlı Değişimleri. The
Journal of International Lingual, Social and Educational Sciences. 2017;3(2):135-42.
- 6. Thiesen G, Gribel BF, Freitas MP. Facial Asymmetry: A Current Review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20(6):110-25.
- 7. Choi KY. Analysis of Facial Asymmetry. Arch Craniofac Surg. 2015;16(1):1-10.
- 8. Malkoc S, Sari Z, Usumez S, Koyuturk AE. The effect of head rotation on cephalometric radiographs. Eur J
Orthod. 2005;27(3):315-21.
- 9. Wang TT, Wessels L, Hussain G, Merten S. Discriminative thresholds in facial asymmetry: A review of the
literature. Aesthetic Surg J. 2017;37(4):375-85.
- 10. Blasi A, Nucera R, Ronsivalle V, Candida E, Grippaudo C. Asymmetry index for the photogrammetric
assessment of facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022;162(3):394-402.
- 11. Huang CS, Liu XQ, Chen YR. Facial asymmetry index in normalyoung adults. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16:97-
104.
- 12. Koç Direk F, Deniz M, Uslu Aİ, Doğru S. Anthropometric analysis of orbital region and age-related changes in
adult women. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(6):1579-82.
- 13. Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM. Anthropometric growth study of the head. The Cleft Palate Craniofac J.
1992;29(4):303-8.
- 14. Ulcay T, Kamaşak B. Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Kraniyofasiyal Antropometrik Ölçümlerin Cinsiyete Bağlı
Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi. Antropoloji. 2020;39:66-73.
- 15. Fazlıoğulları Z, Dedeoğlu H, Bakan T, ve ark. Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin kraniofasiyal ölçümlerinin
antropometrik değerlendirilmesi. Genel Tıp Dergisi. 2016;26:16-9.
- 16. Farkas LG, Eiben OG, Sivkov S, et al. Anthropometric measurements of the facial-frame-work in adulthood:
age related changes in eight age categories in 600 healthy white North Americans of European ancestry from
16 to 90 years of age. J Craniofac Surg. 2004;15(2):288-98.
- 17. Karaca Ö, Gülcen B, Kuş MA, Elmalı F, Kuş İ. Morphometric facial analysis of Turkish adults. Balıkesir Sağlık
Bilimleri Dergisi. 2012;1(1):7-11.
- 18. Turan Özdemir S, Sığırlı D, Ercan İ, Şimşek Cankur N. Photographic facial soft tissue analysis of healthy Turkish
young adults: anthropometric measurements. Aesth Plast Surg. 2009;33(2):175-84.
- 19. Gündüz Arslan S, Genç C, Odabaş B, et al. Comparison of facial proportions and anthropometric norms
among Turkish young adults with different face types. Aesth Plast Surg. 2008;32(2):234-42.
- 20. Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR. Comparison of craniofacial measurements of young adult African-American
and North American white males and females. Ann Plast Surg. 2007;59(6):692-8.
- 21. Ngeow WC, Aljunid ST. Craniofacial anthropometric norms of Malays. Singapore Med J. 2009;50(5):525-8.
- 22. Bahşi İ, Orhan M, Kervancıoğlu P, Karatepe Ş, Sayın S. Craniofacial anthropometry of healthy Turkish young
adults: analysis of head and face. J Craniofac Surg. 2021;32(4):1535-9.
- 23. He Z, Jian X, Wu X, et al. Anthropometric measurement and analysis of the external nasal soft tissue in 119
young Han Chinese adults. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(5):1347-51.
- 24. Bozkır MG, Karakaş P, Oğuz Ö. Vertical and horizontal neoclassical facial canons in Turkish young adults.
Surg Radiol Anat. 2004;26(3):212-19.
- 25. Hohman MH, Kim SW, Heller ES, Frigerio A, Heaton J, Hadlock TA. Determining the threshold for asymmetry
detection in facial expressions. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(4):860-65.
- 26. Kim SW, Heller ES, Hohman MH, Hadlock TA, Heaton JT. Detection and perceptual impact of side-to-side
facial movement asymmetry. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2013;15(6):411-16.
- 27. Kwak KH, Kim YI, Nam HJ, et al. Differences among deviations, genders, and observers in the perception of
eye and nose asymmetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(8):1606-14.