Araştırma Makalesi
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Zri-Rab: Sri Lanka’nın Eski Fresklerinden Yeni Bir Yaylı Çalgı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 261 - 281, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONS2022-1175163

Öz

MS 12-13'te inşa edilen Thivanka Pilimage adlı antik tapınağın içinde, Lord Buddha'nın yaşam olaylarına ve Jataka masallarına dayanan birkaç tablo tasvir edilmiştir. Resimlerin bir panelinde uzun boyunlu bir lavta tutan bir erkek ya da kadın betimlenmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Thivanka Pilimage'de tasvir edilen Uzun Boyunlu lavta yaylı çalgısının formuna uygun, modern müzikte kullanılabilecek bir müzik aletini yeniden inşa etmektir. Bu, Organoloji disiplini altında pratik testleri içeren deneysel bir araştırmadır. İkonografi analizi ve morfolojik analog, eski lavta formuyla uyumlu bir müzik aleti tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için gereken yapı ve unsurların nasıl organize edileceğini keşfetmek için kullanıldı. Ortadoğu bölgesinde kullanılan Tar adlı yaylı çalgı, antik formu değiştirmeden modern müzikte kullanılabilecek bir yaylı çalgıyı yeniden oluşturmak için gereken yapı ve unsurların düzenlenmesi hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Böylece, antikite ve modernizmin birleşmesi, Zri-rab adı verilen telli çalgının yeniden canlanmasına yol açtı.

Kaynakça

  • Augustyn, A. (2020). Art. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/art/visual-artsAzerbaijani musical instrument tar [Image]. (2013). Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A-zerbaijani_musical_instrument_tar_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Center.jpg google scholar
  • Bell, H. C. P. (1914). Annual report 1909 archaeological survey of Ceylon. H. G. Cottle Government Printer. google scholar
  • Bell, H. C. P. (1918). The “Demala-Mahá-Seya” frescoes. The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 26(71), 106–108. google scholar
  • Busuttil, C. (2013). Experimental archaeology. Malta Archaeological Review,2008–2009 (9), 60-66. google scholar
  • Charest, J. P. (2019). The long-necked lute’s eternal return: Mythology, morphology, iconography of the Tanbūr Lute family from Ancient Mesopotamia to Ottoman Albania. Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University, Wales. Retrie-ved from: http://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/126268 google scholar
  • Collinge, I. (1991). The “sweet sound” of the Tibetan lute: An examination of the principal cultural and musical associations of the sgra-snyan (Reformed 2002). Master’s thesis, University of London, SOAS. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361446114_Collinge_1991_Sweet_Sound_of_the_Tibetan_Lute google scholar
  • Collinge, I. (1993). The dra-nyen (the Himalayan lute): An emblem of Tibetan culture. Chime: Journal of the Euro-pean Foundation for Chinese Music Research, 6, 22–33. google scholar
  • Cowell, S. R., Handon, J. H., & Berkeley Music Library University of California. (1938). Tar, side view, plan, and elevation, mechanical drawing (Library of Congress Control Number 2017701323). Retrieved from: https://www.loc.gov/item/2017701323/ google scholar
  • Dasanayaka, R. (2018). Ada Sanda saha Tharadiya. Godage Brothers. google scholar
  • Dehideniya, I. (2022). Evolution of the Kandyan vina of Sri Lanka with special reference to the contemporary usa-ge. Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(1). google scholar Dramyen [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://collections.ed.ac.uk/stcecilias/record/96035 google scholar
  • During, J. (2013). Notes sur le tar azerbaïdjanais. Persian in Mahoor Music Quarterly, 15(58), 1–15. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/5877206/on_the_Persian_and_Azerbaijani_ta google scholar During, J., Mirabdolbaghi. Z., & Safvat, D. (1991). The art of Persian music. Mage Pub. google scholar
  • Godakumbura, C. (1969). Thivanka Pilimagei bithusithuvam. Archaeological Department.i.pinimg [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ae/46/80/ae4680694b03b5a2cc7c53c3f-2b8860a.jpg google scholar
  • Joseph, G. A. (1918). The Gal-Yiharaya and Demala-Maha-Seya paintings at Polonnaruwa. The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 26(71), 101–106. google scholar
  • Koumartzis, N., Tzetzis, D., Kyratsis, P., & Kotsakis, R. G. (2015). A new music instrument from ancient times: Modern reconstruction of the Greek lyre of Hermes using 3D laser scanning, advanced computer aided design and audio analysis. Journal of New Music Research, 44(4), 324–346 google scholar
  • Kuckertz, J. (1970). Origin and development of the rabab. Sangeet Natak Akademi, 15, 16–30. Retrieved from: htt-ps://www.indianculture.gov.in/origin-and-development-rabab google scholar
  • Maḫzan al-asrār. Niżāmī [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432899d/f6.item.r=1029%20Paris%20Suppl%C3%A9me%20nt%20Persan.zoom?lang=EN google scholar
  • Persian Tar String Musical Instrument [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.ebay.com/p/18030225845 google scholar
  • Psaroudakēs, S. (2020). How the present can inform the past, part I ancient and modern analogues as supplementary evidence in reconstructing an ancient instrument: Case in point: The Protocycladic II harp. Greek and Roman Musical Studies, 8(2), 217–229. google scholar
  • Raymaekers, W. (1997), Report on the reconstruction of a 17th-century Dutch archaic type of violin. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/42247405/Report_on_the_Reconstruction_of_a_17th_Century_Dutch_Archaic_Type_of_Violin google scholar
  • Roberts, H. (1981). Reconstructing the Greek tortoise‐shell lyre. World Archaeology, 12(3), 303–312. google scholar
  • Ruccius, A. (2014). The history of musical iconography and the influence of art history: Pictures as sources and in-terpreters of musical history. In R. Bod, J. Maat, & T. Weststeijn (Eds.), The making of the humanities: Volume III: The modern humanities (pp. 403–412). Amsterdam University Press. google scholar
  • Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2001). The New Grove dictionary of music and musicians (Vol. 20; 2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Somathilake, M. (2000). A historical study of Buddhist mural paintings of peninsular India and Sri Lanka during the ancient period (from second century BC to twelfth century AD). Doctoral dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru Uni-versity, New Delhi. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10603/16705 google scholar
  • Suits, R. (n.d.). Reconstructing and making replicas of musical instruments from the conservator’s/ instrument ma-ker’s viewpoint. Retrieved from: http://rolandinstrument.com/pdf/poster_suits.pdf google scholar
  • Taylor, L. A. (2021). Early medieval bone pipes: Understanding the sounds of these instruments through reconstruction. EXARC Journal, 2021(4). Retrieved from: https://exarc.net/ark:/88735/10600 google scholar
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.a). Tar. New York: Accession Number- 89.4.1858. Retrieved from: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/502457 google scholar
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.b). Sgra-Snyan. New York: Accession Number- 1989.55. Retrieved from: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/503939 google scholar
  • Tivanka Image House - Ancient city of Polonnaruwa [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.lankatraveldirec-tory.com/places/north-central-province/polonnaruwadistrict/religious/thivanka-image-house/ google scholar
  • Von Hornbostel, E. M., & Sachs, C. (1961). Classification of musical instruments (A. Baines & K. P. Wachsmann, Trans.). The Galpin Society Journal, 14, 3–29 google scholar
  • Wijerathna, G. R. N. (2014). Polonnaru yugaye purawidyathmaka sthana ashritha baudda agamika godanegili awa-kashayanhi pihiti murthi ha katayam magin niruupitha nuthya, sangeetha ha natya kala lakshana, kulathilaka kumarasinghe-wicharalokanaya, Retrieved from: http://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/12680 google scholar
  • Young man with rubab [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_man_with_rubab,_16th_century,_Safavid_Empire.jpg google scholar

The Zri-Rab: A New String Instrument from the Ancient Frescos of Sri Lanka

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 261 - 281, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONS2022-1175163

Öz

Inside the ancient temple of Thivanka Pilimage (Thivanka Image House), which was built in Polonnaruwa between the 12th-13th centuries AD, several frescoes were depicted based on Buddha’s life events and the Jataka tales. Before all these frescoes faded, draftsmen working for the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon copied them. Among the frescoes the draftsman P. G. Perera copied is one that depicts a man or woman holding a long-necked lute. The purpose of the present research is to interpret this string instrument and reconstruct a physical string instrument that is consistent in form. This study involves experimental research and falls under the music discipline of organology. The study uses iconographic analyses and morphological analogues to discover how to organize the structure and elements needed to design and build a musical instrument that is consistent with the ancient form of the long-necked lute. The tar (long-necked lute) and sgra-snyan (7-string long-necked lute, also known as dramyin) are string instruments used in modern times that have also been identified as morphologically similar to the string instrument depicted in the Thivanka Pilimage. The tar used in the Middle East provides information on how to organize the structure and elements needed to reconstruct a string instrument that can be used in modern music without changing the ancient form. In this way, the merging of antiquity and modernism has led to the revival of the string instrument called the zri-rab.

Kaynakça

  • Augustyn, A. (2020). Art. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/art/visual-artsAzerbaijani musical instrument tar [Image]. (2013). Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A-zerbaijani_musical_instrument_tar_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Center.jpg google scholar
  • Bell, H. C. P. (1914). Annual report 1909 archaeological survey of Ceylon. H. G. Cottle Government Printer. google scholar
  • Bell, H. C. P. (1918). The “Demala-Mahá-Seya” frescoes. The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 26(71), 106–108. google scholar
  • Busuttil, C. (2013). Experimental archaeology. Malta Archaeological Review,2008–2009 (9), 60-66. google scholar
  • Charest, J. P. (2019). The long-necked lute’s eternal return: Mythology, morphology, iconography of the Tanbūr Lute family from Ancient Mesopotamia to Ottoman Albania. Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University, Wales. Retrie-ved from: http://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/126268 google scholar
  • Collinge, I. (1991). The “sweet sound” of the Tibetan lute: An examination of the principal cultural and musical associations of the sgra-snyan (Reformed 2002). Master’s thesis, University of London, SOAS. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361446114_Collinge_1991_Sweet_Sound_of_the_Tibetan_Lute google scholar
  • Collinge, I. (1993). The dra-nyen (the Himalayan lute): An emblem of Tibetan culture. Chime: Journal of the Euro-pean Foundation for Chinese Music Research, 6, 22–33. google scholar
  • Cowell, S. R., Handon, J. H., & Berkeley Music Library University of California. (1938). Tar, side view, plan, and elevation, mechanical drawing (Library of Congress Control Number 2017701323). Retrieved from: https://www.loc.gov/item/2017701323/ google scholar
  • Dasanayaka, R. (2018). Ada Sanda saha Tharadiya. Godage Brothers. google scholar
  • Dehideniya, I. (2022). Evolution of the Kandyan vina of Sri Lanka with special reference to the contemporary usa-ge. Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(1). google scholar Dramyen [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://collections.ed.ac.uk/stcecilias/record/96035 google scholar
  • During, J. (2013). Notes sur le tar azerbaïdjanais. Persian in Mahoor Music Quarterly, 15(58), 1–15. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/5877206/on_the_Persian_and_Azerbaijani_ta google scholar During, J., Mirabdolbaghi. Z., & Safvat, D. (1991). The art of Persian music. Mage Pub. google scholar
  • Godakumbura, C. (1969). Thivanka Pilimagei bithusithuvam. Archaeological Department.i.pinimg [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ae/46/80/ae4680694b03b5a2cc7c53c3f-2b8860a.jpg google scholar
  • Joseph, G. A. (1918). The Gal-Yiharaya and Demala-Maha-Seya paintings at Polonnaruwa. The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 26(71), 101–106. google scholar
  • Koumartzis, N., Tzetzis, D., Kyratsis, P., & Kotsakis, R. G. (2015). A new music instrument from ancient times: Modern reconstruction of the Greek lyre of Hermes using 3D laser scanning, advanced computer aided design and audio analysis. Journal of New Music Research, 44(4), 324–346 google scholar
  • Kuckertz, J. (1970). Origin and development of the rabab. Sangeet Natak Akademi, 15, 16–30. Retrieved from: htt-ps://www.indianculture.gov.in/origin-and-development-rabab google scholar
  • Maḫzan al-asrār. Niżāmī [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432899d/f6.item.r=1029%20Paris%20Suppl%C3%A9me%20nt%20Persan.zoom?lang=EN google scholar
  • Persian Tar String Musical Instrument [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.ebay.com/p/18030225845 google scholar
  • Psaroudakēs, S. (2020). How the present can inform the past, part I ancient and modern analogues as supplementary evidence in reconstructing an ancient instrument: Case in point: The Protocycladic II harp. Greek and Roman Musical Studies, 8(2), 217–229. google scholar
  • Raymaekers, W. (1997), Report on the reconstruction of a 17th-century Dutch archaic type of violin. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/42247405/Report_on_the_Reconstruction_of_a_17th_Century_Dutch_Archaic_Type_of_Violin google scholar
  • Roberts, H. (1981). Reconstructing the Greek tortoise‐shell lyre. World Archaeology, 12(3), 303–312. google scholar
  • Ruccius, A. (2014). The history of musical iconography and the influence of art history: Pictures as sources and in-terpreters of musical history. In R. Bod, J. Maat, & T. Weststeijn (Eds.), The making of the humanities: Volume III: The modern humanities (pp. 403–412). Amsterdam University Press. google scholar
  • Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2001). The New Grove dictionary of music and musicians (Vol. 20; 2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Somathilake, M. (2000). A historical study of Buddhist mural paintings of peninsular India and Sri Lanka during the ancient period (from second century BC to twelfth century AD). Doctoral dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru Uni-versity, New Delhi. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10603/16705 google scholar
  • Suits, R. (n.d.). Reconstructing and making replicas of musical instruments from the conservator’s/ instrument ma-ker’s viewpoint. Retrieved from: http://rolandinstrument.com/pdf/poster_suits.pdf google scholar
  • Taylor, L. A. (2021). Early medieval bone pipes: Understanding the sounds of these instruments through reconstruction. EXARC Journal, 2021(4). Retrieved from: https://exarc.net/ark:/88735/10600 google scholar
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.a). Tar. New York: Accession Number- 89.4.1858. Retrieved from: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/502457 google scholar
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.b). Sgra-Snyan. New York: Accession Number- 1989.55. Retrieved from: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/503939 google scholar
  • Tivanka Image House - Ancient city of Polonnaruwa [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.lankatraveldirec-tory.com/places/north-central-province/polonnaruwadistrict/religious/thivanka-image-house/ google scholar
  • Von Hornbostel, E. M., & Sachs, C. (1961). Classification of musical instruments (A. Baines & K. P. Wachsmann, Trans.). The Galpin Society Journal, 14, 3–29 google scholar
  • Wijerathna, G. R. N. (2014). Polonnaru yugaye purawidyathmaka sthana ashritha baudda agamika godanegili awa-kashayanhi pihiti murthi ha katayam magin niruupitha nuthya, sangeetha ha natya kala lakshana, kulathilaka kumarasinghe-wicharalokanaya, Retrieved from: http://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/12680 google scholar
  • Young man with rubab [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_man_with_rubab,_16th_century,_Safavid_Empire.jpg google scholar
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Müzik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Isuru Dehideniya 0000-0002-7592-4043

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Dehideniya, I. (2022). The Zri-Rab: A New String Instrument from the Ancient Frescos of Sri Lanka. Konservatoryum, 9(2), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONS2022-1175163