Türkiye’de Eneri Tüketimi, CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1960-2013 Dönemi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, 1960-2013 dönemi Türkiye ekonomisi için enerji tüketimi, CO2 (karbondioksit) emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki, Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, 1960-2013 döneminde Türkiye’de enerji tüketimi ile CO2 emisyonu arasında çift yönlü ve pozitif bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca ekonomik büyümeden CO2 emisyonuna ve ekonomik büyümeden enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ekonomik büyümeden enerji tüketimene doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin bulunması; Türkiye’de Korumacı hipotezin geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda enerji kullanımında korumacı politikaların büyümeyi olumsuz etkilemediği, enerji ekonomik büyüme açısından bir uyarıcı olmadığından enerji tasarrufuna yönelik politikaların uygulanmasının ekonomik performanası dolayısıyla ekonomik büyümeyi olumsuz yönde etkilemeyeceği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Enerji Tüketimi,CO2 Emisyonu,Ekonomik Büyüme,Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik

The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission and Economic Growth in Turkey: Period 1960-2013

Öz

In this study, the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth for Turkish economy in the period of 1960-2013 was examined with Toda-Yamamoto causality testing method. According to the reults of analysis, a birectional and positive causality relationship was found between energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Turkey in the period of 1960-2013. Besides, unidirectional and positive relationship was found from economic growth to CO2 emissions and from economic growth to energy consumption. The finding of unidirectional causality relationship from economic growth to energy consumption suggests that the Protective hypothesis is valid in Turkey. In this context, it can be said that protectionist policies on energy use do not adversely affect growth. Since energy is not a stimulus for economic growth, it can be said that the practice of policies for energy saving will not adversely affect economic growth.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Energy Consumption,CO2 Emissions,Economic Growth,Toda-Yamamoto Causality

Kaynakça

1. Acaravcı, Ali ve İlhan Öztürk (2010). “On The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Europe”. Energy, 35(12), 5412-5420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544210003737 /28.02.2016
2. Akay Çağlayan, Ebru, Raziiakhan Abdieva ve Zamira Oskonbaeva (2015). “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, İktisadi Büyüme ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Ülkeleri Örneği”. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 628-636. https://www.avekon.org/papers/ 1284.pdf/01.03.2016.
3. Akbostancı, Elif, Serap Türüt Aşık ve Gül İpek Tunç (2009). “The Relationship Between Income and Environment in Turkey: Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve.Energy Policy”. 37(3), 861-867.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0301421508005624/17.11.2016.
4. Akkemik, K. Ali ve Koray Göksal (2012). “Energy Consumption-GDP Nexus: Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis”. Energy Economics, 34(4), 865-873. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988312000771/28.02.2016
5. Akpan, Usenobong F. ve Agbai Chuku (2011). “Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in Nigeria: Beyond the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. Munich Personal Repec Archive (MPRA), No: 31241, 1-28. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/31241/17.11.2016.
6. Aktaş, Cengiz ve Veysel Yılmaz (2008). “Causal Relationship Between Oil Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 45-55. http://kosbed.kocaeli.edu.tr/sayi15/aktas-yilmaz.pdf/ 11.10.2016.
7. Al-Mulali, Usama ve Che Normee Binti Che Sab (2012). “The Impact of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission on the Economic Growth and Financial Development in the Sub Saharan African Countries”. Energy, 39, 18-186. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544212000370/17.11.2016
8. Altınay, Galip ve Erdal Karagöl (2005). “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Turkey”. Energy Economics, 27, 849-856. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988305000782/29.02.2016

9. Altıntaş, Halil (2013). “Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Tüketimi, Karbondioksit Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(1), 263-294.http://iibfdergi.ogu.edu.tr/ makaleler/17329_81_N%C4%B0SAN%202013_Makale_0.pdf Ang, James B. (2007). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France”. Energy Policy, 35, 4772-4778 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0301421507001498/01.03.2016. _________ (2008). “Economic Development, Pollutant Emissions and Energy Consumption in Malaysia”. Journal of Policy Modelling, 30(2), 271-278.http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161893807000580 /01.03.2016. ___________ (2009). “CO2 Emissions, Research and Technology Transfer in China”. Ecological Economics, 68(10), 2658-2665.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S092180090900192X/01.03.2016.
10. Apergis, Nicholas ve James E. Payne (2009a). “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Central America: Evidence from a Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Model”. Energy Economics, 31(2), 211-216. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0140988308001503/29.02.2016. ____________________ (2009b). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Usage, and Output in Cenral America”. Energy Policy, 37(8), 3282-3286.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0301421509002213/29.02.2016 _____________________ (2010). “The Emissions, Energy Consumption and Growth Nexus: Evidence from the Commonwealth of Independent States”. Energy Policy, 38(1), 650-655.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142150 9006168/29.02.2016
11. Aqeel, Anjum ve Sabihuddin Butt (2001). “The Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Pakistan”. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 8(2), 101-110. http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/ 31064476/AQEEL.pdf/01.03.2016.
12. Arouri, Mohamed El Hedi et.al. (2012). “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in Middle East and North African Countries”. Energy Policy, 45(6), 342-349. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512001590 /17.11.2016.
13. Asafu-Adjaye, John (2000). “The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Energy Prices and Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence from Asian Developing Countries”. Energy Economics, 22(6), 615-625. http://www.sciencedirect.com /science/article/pii/S0140988300000505/01.03.2016.
14. Bacon, Robert W. ve Soma Bhattacharya (2007). “Growth and CO2 Emissions: How Do Different Countries Fare?”. Environment Working Paper Series, No:113, 1-50. http://documents.banquemondiale.org/curated/fr/428491468313823347/Growth-and-CO2-emissions-how-do-different-countries-fare/11.10.2016.
15. Baranzini, Andrea et.al. (2013). “The Causal Relationship Between Energy Use and Economic Growth in Switzerland”. Energy Economics, 36(1), 464-470. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988312002290/29.02.2016
16. Başar, Selim ve M. Sinan Temurlenk (2007). “Çevreye Uyarlanmış Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-12. http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/atauniiibd/article/view/1025003715/22.06.2016.
17. Belloumi, Mounir (2009). “Energy Consumption and GDP in Tunisia: Cointegration and Causality Analysis”. Energy Policy, 37, 2745-2753. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509001487/01.03.2016
18. Bhattacharya, Mousumi ve Bhattacharya Sharad Nath (2014). “Economic Growth and Energy Consumption Nexus in Developing World: The Case of China and India”. Journal of Applied Economics & Business Research, 4(3), 150-167. http://www.aebrjournal.org/uploads/6/6/2/2/6622240/jaebr-2014150.pdf/ 27.02.2016.
19. Bildirici, Melike E. (2012). “Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption in Africa and Asia: MS-VAR and MS-Granger Causality Analysis”. MPRA, No: 40515, 1-18. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40515/1/MPRA_paper_40515.pdf/17.11.2016.
20. Bozkurt, Cuma ve Yusuf Akan (2014). “Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: The Turkish Case”. International of Journal Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 484-494. http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/ view/878/28.06.2016.
21. Büyükyılmaz, Ayça ve Mehmet Mert (2015). “CO2 Emisyonu, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin MS-VAR Yaklaşımı ile Modellenmesi: Türkiye Örneği”. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken (ZfWT) Journal of World of Turks, 7(3), 103-117. http://www.dieweltdertuerken.org/ index.php/ZfWT/article/viewArticle/719/28.02.2016.
22. Chang, Chin-Chih (2010). “A Multivariate Causality Test of Carbon dioxide Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China”. Applied Energy, 87, 3533-3537. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261910001583 /27.02.2016.
23. Cheng, Benjamin S. (1997). “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela: A Time Series Analysis”. Applied Economics Letters, 4(11), 671-674. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/758530646?scroll=top /29.02.2016.
24. Cowan, Wendy N. et.al. (2014). “The Nexus of Electricity Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in the BRICS Countries”. Energy Policy, 66, 356-368. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513011087/19.04.2016
25. Çetin, Murat ve Fahri Şeker (2012). “Enerji Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 85-106. http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423935814.pdf. 27.02.2016. ___________________(2013). “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve İhracat İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bir Nedensellik Analizi”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(1), 121-142. http://iibfdergi.ogu.edu.tr/makaleler/ 1729379_81_N%C4%B0SAN%202013_Makale_0.pdf/27.02.2016. Dinda, Soumyananda (2004). “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”. Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0921800904001570/29.02.2016.
26. Erbaykal, Erman (2007). “Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 29-44. http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/43900/01.03.2016.
27. Erdal, Gülistan, Hilmi Erdal ve Kemal Esengün (2008). “The Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey”. Energy Policy, 36(10), 3838-3842. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508003583/01.03.2016
28. Erdoğan, Savaş ve Süleyman Gürbüz (2014). “Türkiye'de Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Zaman Serisi Analizi”. Selcuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 32, 79-87. http://dergisosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr /susbed/article/view/912/28.06.2016.
29. Esso, Loesse Jacques (2010). “Threshold Cointegration and Causality Relationship Between Energy Use and Growth in Seven African Countries”. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1383-1391. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014098831 0001246/29.02.2016
30. Fodha, Mouez ve Oussama Zaghdoud (2010). “Economic Growth and Pollutant Emissions in Tunisia: An Emprical Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. Energy Policy, 38(2), 1150-1156.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science /article/pii/S0301421509008301/27.02.2016.
31. Friedl, Birgit ve Michael Getzner (2003). “Determinants of CO2 emissions in A Small Open Economy”. Ecological Economics, 45, 133-148. http://www.science direct.com/science/article/pii/S0921800903000089/29.02.2016
32. Galeotti, Marzio ve Alessandro Lanza (2005). “Desperately Seeking Environmental Kuznets”. Environmental Modelling & Sofware, 20(11), 1379-1388. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815204002270/29.02.2016
33. Genç, Murat Can ve Dilek Tandoğan (2015). “The Impacts of CO2 Emissions and Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in Turkey: An ARDL Cointegration Approach”. A. Kungolos, K. Aravossis, C. Laspidou, P. Samaras, K.-W. Schramm. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Environmental Management, Engineering, Planning and Economics (CEMEPE 2015) and SECOTOX Conference 14-18 Haziran 2015: Greece: University of Thessaly, Greece: 549-555 _________________________________ (2015). “Türkiye’de Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği İlişkisi: Tado-Yamamoto Nedenesellik Yaklaşımı”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 272-282. http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/yead/article/view/5000169526/5000152988/29.03.2016.
34. Ghosh, Sajal (2010). “Examining Carbon Emissions Economic Growth Nexus for India: A Multivariate Cointegration Approach”. Energy Policy, 38(6), 3008-3014. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510000686/27.02.2016
35. Gövdere, Bekir ve Muhsin Can (2015). “Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örnekleminde Eşbütünleşme Analizi”. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 101-114. http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/uiibd/article/ view/5000145994/28.06.2016.
36. Grossman, Gene M. ve Alan B. Krueger (1991). “Environmental Impacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement”. National Bureauof Economic Research Woking Paper, No: 3194, 1-57. http://www.nber.org/papers/w3914/17.11.2016.
37. Halıcıoğlu, Ferda (2009). “An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income, and Foreign Trade in Turkey”. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508007027/ 29.02.2016.
38. Harry, Bloch, Rafiq Shuddhasattwa ve Salim Ruhul (2012). “Coal Consumption, CO2 Emission and Economic Growth in China: Empirical Evidence and Policy Responses”. Energy Economics, 34(2), 518-528. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988311001447/27.02.2016
39. Heidari, Hasan, Salih Turan Katırcıoğlu ve Lesyan Saeidpour (2015). “Economic Growth, CO2 Emission, and , Energy Consumption in the Five ASEAN Countries”. Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 64, 785-791. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061514005250/28.06.2016
40. Hill, Robert J. ve Elisabetta Magnani (2002). “An Exploration of the Conceptual and Empirical Basis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. Australian Economic Papers, 41(2), 239-254. https://www.researchgate.net/ profile/Elisabetta_Magnani/publication/4751683_An_Exploration_of_the_Conceptual_and_Empirical_Basis_of_the_Environmental_Kuznets_Curve/links/5514d0200cf283ee0838ab17.pdf/01.03.2016.
41. Holtz-Eakin, Douglas ve Thomas M. Selden (1995). Stoking The Fires? Co2 Emissions and Economic Growth”. Journal of Public Economics, 57(1), 85-101. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004727279401449X/01.03.2016.
42. Hossian, Md. Sharif (2011). “Panel Estimation for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries”. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999. http://www.sciencedirect .com/science/article/pii/S030142151100574X/28.02.2016.
43. Jalil, Abdul ve Syed F. Mahmud (2009). “Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis for China”. Energy Policy, 37(12), 5167-5172. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509005527/01.03.2016
44. Jobert, Thomas ve Fatih Karanfil (2007). “Sectoral Energy Consumption by Source and Economic Growth in Turkey”. Energy Policy, 35(11), 5447–5456. http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142150700208X/17.11.2016.
45. Karagöl, Erdal, Erman Erbaykal ve H. Murat Ertuğrul (2007). “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme ile Elelktirk Tüketimi İlişkisi: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 8(1), 72-80. http://openaccess.dogus.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11376/ 456/karagol.pdf?sequence=1/01.03.2016.
46. Kais, Saidi ve Mounir Ben Mbarek (2015). “Dynamic Relationship Between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Three North African Countries”. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 1-15. http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gsol20/22.06.2016.
47. Kraft, John ve Arthur Kraft (1978). “On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP”. Journal of Energy and Development,3(2), 401–403. http://www. jstor.org/stable/24806805?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents/22.06.2016
48. Kuznets, Simon (1955).” Economic Growth and Income Inequality”. The American Economic Review, 45/1, 1-28. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/306155 /mod_resource/content/1/Kusnetz%20%281955%29%20Economic%20Growth%20and%20income%20inequality.pdf/01.03.2016.
49. Lean, Hooi Hooi ve Russel Smyth (2010). “CO2 emissions, Electricity Consumption and Output in ASEAN”. Applied Energy, 87(6), 1858-1864. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261910000346/29.02.2016
50. Lee, Chien-Chiang ve Chun-Ping Chang (2005). “Structural Breaks, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth Revisited: Evidence from Taiwan”. Energy Economics, 27(6), 857-872. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988 305000812/01.03.2016.
51. Lotfalipour, Mohammad Reza, Mohammad Ali Falahi ve Malihe Ashena (2010). “Economic Growth, Co2 Emissions, and Fossil Fuels Consumption in Iran”. Energy, 35(12), 5115-5120. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054 4210004317/29.02.2016
52. Lyke, Bernand Njindan (2015). “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Revisit of the Energy-Growth Debate”. Energy Economics, 51, 166-176. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988315001887/01.03.2016
53. Magazzino, Cosimo (2015). “Energy Consumption and GDP in Italy: Cointegration and Causality Analysis”. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17(1), 137-153. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-014-9543-8/01.03.2016.
54. Mallick, Hrushikesh (2007). ”Does Energy Consumption Fuel Economic Growth in India?”. CDS Working Papers, No: 388, 1-61. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/3113/wp388.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y/17.11.2016.
55. Mensah, Justice Tei (2014). “Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Output: A Threshold Analysis on the Causal Dynamics in African Economies”. Energy Policy, 70, 172-182. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151400 2055/19.04.2016.
56. Menyah, Kojo ve Yemane Wolde-Rufael (2010). “CO2 Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in the US”. Energy Policy, 38(6), 2911-2915. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510000303/ 29.02.2016.
57. Narayan, Paresh Kumar ve Russell Smyth (2005). “The Residential Demand for Electricity in Australia: An Application of the Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration”. Energy Policy, 33(4), 467-474. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0301421503002520/22.06.2016.
58. Narayan, Paresh Kumar ve Stephan Popp (2012). “The Energy Consumption-Real GDP Nexus Revisited: Empirical Evidence from 93 Countries”. Economic Modelling, 29(2), 303-308. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S02649993 11002525/28.02.2016.
59. Narayan, Paresh Kumar, Behnaz Saboori ve Abdorreza Soleymani (2016). “Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions”. Economic Modelling, 53, 388-397. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264999315003235/06.12.2016
60. Ouedraogo, Nadia S. (2013). “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)”. Energy Economics, 36, 637-647. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0140988312003003/28.02.2016.
61. Özcan, Burcu (2013). “The Nexus between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Middle East Countries: A Panel Data Analysis”. Energy Policy, 62, 1138-1147. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0301421513006599/29.02.2016.
62. Öztürk, İlhan ve Ali Acaravcı (2010). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rewievs, 14(9), 3220-3225. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110001851 /29.02.2016. ________________________ (2013). “The Long-Run and Causal Analysis of Energy, Growth, Opennes and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in Turkey”.Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0140988312001958/29.02.2016
63. Öztürk, İlhan ve Gazi Salah Uddin (2012). “Causality among Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Growth in India”. Economic Research, 25(3), 752-775. http://www.google.com.tr/ursa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwi94P3x2oPVAhXjQJoKHSnnDrsQFggkMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F142717&usg=AFQjCNHex014D35pqSdtWjS-x7JCNph7Ag /11.10.2016.
64. Öztürk, Zafer ve Damla Öz (2016). “Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütlerinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 37-48. http://sbd.dergi.anadolu.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/656published.pdf/01.03.2017.
65. Pao, Hsiao-Tien ve Chung-Ming Tsai (2010). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in BRIC Countries”. Energy Policy, 38(12), 7850-7860. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510006609/29.02.2016 ________________________(2011). “Multivariate Granger Causality between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Evidence from a Panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) Countries”. Energy, 36(1), 685-693. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544210005207/29.02.2016
66. Pao, Hsiao-Tien, Hsiao-Tien Yu ve Yeou-Herng Yang (2011). “Modeling the CO2 Emissions, Energy Use, and Economic Growth in Russia”. Energy, 36(8), 5094-5100. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211003811/29.02.2016
67. Pata, Uğur Korkut ve Harun Terzi (2016). “The Relationship between Aggregated–Disaggregated Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey”. Business and Economics Research Journal, 7(4), 1-15. http://www.berjournal.com/tr/the-relationship-between-aggregateddisaggregated-energy-consumptionandeconomic-growth-in-turkey/07.05.2016.
68. Paul, Shyamal ve Rabindra N. Bhattacharya (2004).”Causality between Energy Consumptin and Economic Growth in India”. Energy Economics, 26(6), 977-983. H ttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014098830400060X/01.03.2016.
69. Richmond, Amy K. ve Roobert K. Kaufman (2006). “Is There A Turning Point in The Relationship Between Income and Energy Use and/or Carbon Emissions?”. Ecological Economics, 56(2), 176-189. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0921800905000595/11.03.2016.
70. Saboori, Behnaz ve Jamalludin Sulaiman (2013). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries: A Cointegration Approach”. Energy, 55, 813-822. http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544213003496/29.02.2016.
71. Saboori, Behnaz, Maimunah Sapri ve Maizan Bin Baba (2014). “Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development)’s Transport Sectors: A Fully Modified Bi-Directional relationship Approach”. Energy, 66, 150-161. http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544213011183/29.02.2016.
72. Saidi, Kais ve Sami Hammami (2015). ), “The Impact of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions on Economic Growth: Fresh Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models”. Sustainable Cities and Society, 14, 178-186. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670714000511/28.06.2016
73. Sancar, Canan ve Melike Atay Polat (2015). “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve İthalat İlişkisi’’. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 12(6), 416-432. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sancar_Canan/ publication/281344816_THE_RELATIONSHIP_AMONG_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_ENERGY_CONSUMPTION_AND_IMPORT_IN_TURKEY/links/560d104d08aec71cb48fa9ec.pdf/28.06.2016.
74. Sarı, Ramazan ve Uğur Soytaş (2004). “Disaggregate Energy Consumption, Employment and Income in Turkey”. Energy Economics, 26(3), 335-344. http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988304000271/29.02.2016. _________________ (2007). “The Growth of Economy and Energy Consumption in Six Developing Countries”. Energy Policy, 35(2), 889-898. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0301421506000760/01.03.2016.
75. Selden, Thomas M. ve Daqing Song (1994). “Environmental Quality and Development: Is There A Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), 147-162. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S009506968471031X/11.03.2016.
76. Shahbaz, Muhammad et.al. (2013). “Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S1364032113002608/29.02.2016.
77. Shahiduzzman, Md. ve Khorshed Alam (2012). “Cointegration and Causal Relationships Between Energy Consumption and Output: Assessing the Evidence from Australia”. Energy Economics, 34(6), 2182-2188. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0140988312000503/11.03.2016.
78. Soytaş, Uğur ve Ramazan Sarı (2006). “Can China Contribute More to the Fight Against Global Warming?”. Journal of Policy Modelling, 28(8), 837-846. http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161893806000822/28.06.2016. __________________(2009). “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Carbon Emissions: Challenges Faced by An EU Candidate Member”. Ecological Economics, 68(6), 1667-1675. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S09218009070 03515/28.02.2016.
79. Soytaş, Uğur, Ramazan Sarı ve Bradley T. Ewing (2007). “Energy Consumption, Income, and Carbon Emissions in the United States”. Ecological Economics, 62(3-4), 482-489. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800906003430/01.03.2016
80. Squalli, Jay (2007). “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: Bounds and Causality Analyses for OPEC members”. Economics, 29(6), 1192-1205. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988306001174/11.03.2016
81. Stern, David I. (1993). “Energy Use and Economic Growth in the USA: A Multivariate Approch”. Energy Economics, 15(2), 137-150. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/014098839390033N/01.03.2016. __________ (2004). “The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439. https://www.steadystate.org/wpcontent/ uploads/Stern_KuznetsCurve.pdf/28.06.2016.
82. Şengül, Seda ve İsmail Tuncer (2006). “Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme: 1960-2000”. İktisat İşletme Finans Dergisi, 21(242), 69-80. http://www. iif.com.tr/index.php/iif/article/view/iif.2006.242.2592/11.03.2016.
83. Tandoğan, Dilek ve Murat Can Genç (2016). “Türkiye’de Turizm ve Ticari Açıklık Arasındaki İlişki: Toda ve Yamamoto Nedensellik Yaklaşımı”. AİBU-İİBF Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(1), 59-70. http://iibfdergi.ibu.edu.tr/index.php/ijesr/article/view/898/13.03.2017.
84. Terzi, Harun ve Uğur Korkut Pata (2016). “The Effect of Oil Consumption on Economic Growth in Turkey". Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17/2, 225-240. http://journal.dogus.edu.tr/index.php/duj/article/view/964/pdf/27.02.2016.
85. Uysal, Doğan ve Halil Yapraklı (2016). “Kişi Başına Düşen Gelir, Enerji Tüketimi ve Karbondioksit (CO2) Emisyonu Arasındaki İlişkinin Yapısal Kırılmalar Altındaki Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”. Selçuk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 31, 186-202. http://sead.selcuk.edu.tr /sead/article/view/570/531/22.06.2016. Wang, S. S. et.al. (2011). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China: A Panel Data Analysis”. Energy Policy, 39(9), 4870-4875. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511004885/22.06.2016
86. Wolde-Rufael, Yemane (2009). “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Experience of African Countries Revisited”. Energy Economics, 31(2), 217-224. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988308001710/11.03.2016 Yuan, Jia-Hai et.al. (2008). “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from China at Both Aggregated and Disaggregated Levels”. Energy Economics, 30(6), 3077-3094. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988308000510 /11.10.2016.
87. Zhang, Xing-Ping ve Xiao-Mei Cheng (2009). “Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Economic Growth in China”. Ecological Economics, 68(10), 2706-2712. http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092180090900216X/29.02.2016.