Teknoloji Politikaları: Temel Göstergeler ve İhracata Yansımaları (Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri)

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 30, 1 - 30, 01.12.2015

Yusuf Bayraktutan Hanife Bıdırdı

Öz

Sanayi-ötesi iktisadi yapılara yönelimle birlikte ülkelerin rekabet gücü, ileri teknolojiye dayalı yüksek katma değerli mal ve hizmet üretme kabiliyetlerine bağlı hale gelmiştir. Farklı gelişme düzeyine sahip ülkelerin teknoloji yeteneğini oluşturma/geliştirmeye yönelik çaba ve politika arayışları dikkat çekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, teknolojik gelişme performanslarıyla G. Kore ve Çin, gelişmekte olan ülkeler (GOÜ) için modeller sunarken ABD, Japonya ve AB ise, gelişmiş ülke (GÜ) deneyimleri olarak incelenmeye değer örnekler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, uluslararası rekabette rolünü ortaya koymak üzere, aralarında Türkiye’nin de yer aldığı seçilmiş ülkelerin teknoloji politika ve uygulamalarının evrimini özetleyerek teknolojik gelişme dinamikleri ile teknoloji niteliği bakımından imalat sanayi ihracat performansını değerlendirmektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Teknolojik Gelişme, Teknoloji Politikaları, İleri Teknoloji İhracatı

Technology Policies: Their Reflection on Main Indicators and Export (A Case of Selected Countries)

Öz

Due to post-industrial structural transformation, competitiveness of countries turns to be
dependent on ability of producing high-tech goods and services with high added value. Efforts and
searches on policy-making of economies with different development levels to build/improve
technological capability draw attention. At this context, South Korea and China, notable for
technological performance, provide important models for developing countries; USA, Japan and
EU, constitute examples deserving to examine as experiences of advanced countries. The purpose
of this study is to evaluate the dynamics of technological development and export performance of
manufacturing industry in terms of technological characteristics comparatively, summarizing
technology policies and practices of selected countries including Turkey to put forward the role of
technology policies in improving international competitiveness.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Technological Progress, Technology Policy, High-tech Exports

Kaynakça

• Atik, Hayriye (2005). Yenilik ve Ulusal Rekabet Gücü, Ankara: Detay Y.
• Audretsch, David B., Barry Bozeman, Kathryn L. Combs, Maryann Feldman, Albert N. Link, Donald S. Siegel, Paula Stephan, Gregory Tassey, Charles Wessner (2002). “The Economics of Science and Technology”, Journal of Technology Transfer, 27(2): 155–203.
• Ayhan, Ahmet (2002). Dünden Bugüne Türkiye’de Bilim-Teknoloji ve Geleceğin Teknolojileri, İstanbul: Güriş Holding Y.
• Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2013). Global Ekonomide Bütünleşme Trendleri: Küreselleşme ve Bölgeselleşme, 7. Baskı, Ankara: Nobel Y.
• Bayraktutan, Yusuf ve Hanife Bıdırdı (2015). “Türkiye’de Teknolojiye Dair Politika Perspektifi ve Kalkınma Planları”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29: 37-55.
• Delanghe, Henri, Ugur Muldur, and Luc Soete (2009). “Conclusion and Perspectives”, in Delanghe, H., U. Muldur, and L. Soete (Eds.), European Science and Technology Policy: Towards Integration or Fragmentation?, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
• European Commission (2004). Looking Beyond Tomorrow Scientific Research in the European Union, European Commission Directorate-General for Press and Communication Publications, B-1049 Brussels, http://europa.eu.int/comm/ publications/18.12.2013
• Goto, Akira, and Kazuyuki Motohashi (2009). “Technology Policies in Japon: 1990 to the Present”, in Committee on Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st Century, 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium, Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
• Hauknes, Johan, and Lennart Nordgren (1999). “Economic Rationales of Government Involvement in Innovation and the Supply of Innovation-Related Services”, STEP Report, R-08, Norway: Step Group.
• Hemmer, Martin (2007). “The Korean Innovation System: From Industrial Catch up to Technological Leadership”, in Mahlich, Jörn, and Wener Pascha (Eds.), Innovation and Technology in Korea, New York: Physica-Verlac A Springer Company.
• Hong, Yoo Soo (2005). “Evolution of the Korean National Innovation System: towards an Integrated Model”, in OECD, Governance of Innovation Systems: Volume 2 Case Studies in Innovation Policy, Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Işık, Yusuf (2000). Türkiye’nin Gelişme Sürecinde Teknoloji ve Teknoloji Politikaları: 21. Yüzyıl için Fırsat ve Riskler, İstanbul: Basım Çözüm Reklam Y.
• Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2015). Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planları (1963, 1967, 1972, 1979, 1984, 1989, 1995, 2000, 2006, 2013), http://www.kalkinma.gov.tr/Pages/Kalkinma Planlari. aspx/10.10.2015
• Kim, Linsu (1997). Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning, USA: Harvard Business School Press.
• Kim, Linsu (1998). “Technology Policies and Strategies for Developing Countries: Lessons from the Korean Experience”, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 10(3): 311-324.
• Liu, Feng-chao, Denis Fred Simon, Yu-tao Sun, and Cong Cao (2011). “China’s Innovation Policies: Evolution, Institutional Structure, and Trajectory”, Research Policy, 40(7): 917– 931
• Liu, Xielin (2009). “National Innovation Systems in Developing Countries: The Chinese National Innovation System in Transition”, in Bengt-Ake Lundvall, K. J. Joseph, Cristina Chaminade, and Jan Vang (Eds.) Handbook of Innovation Systems and Developing Countries: Building Domestic Capabilities, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.
• Mani, Sunil (2002). Goverment, Innovation and Technology Policy: An International Comparative Analysis, UK: Edward Elgar.
• Mitchell, Graham R. (1997). The Global Context for US Technology Policy, Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy.
• Mowery, David C. (1994). Science and Technology Policy in Interdependent Economics, USA: Kluwer Acedemic Publishers.
• Mowery, David C. (1998). “The Changing Structure of the US National Innovation System: Implications for International Conflict and Cooperation in R&D Policy”, Research Policy, (27): 639–654.
• Mowery, David C., and Nathan Rosenberg (1993). “The US National Innovation System”, in Richard R. Nelson (Ed.), National Innovation Systems: a Comparative Analysis, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Odagiri, Hiroyuki, and Akira Goto (1993). "The Japanese System of Innovation: Past, Present, and Future”, in Richard R. Nelson (Ed.), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, USA: Oxford University Press.
• OECD (1997). National Innovation Systems, Paris: OECD.
• OECD (2008). OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: China, Paris: OECD Publishing.
• OECD (2009). OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Korea, Paris: OECD.
• OECD (2015). http://stats.oecd.org/15.09.2015
• Ohno, Kenichi (2013). Learning to Industrialize: From Given Growth to Policy-Aided Value Creation, New York: Routledge.
• Ruttan, Vernon R. (2001). Technology, Growth and Development: an Induced Innovation Perspective, New York: Oxford University Press.
• SJR (SCImago Journal and Country Rank, 2013). “Country Ranking”, http://www. scimagojr.com/15.09.2015
• Shijun, Qin (1992). “High-Tech Industrialization in China: An Analysis of the Current Status”, Asian Survey, 32 (12): 1124-1136.
• Stajano, Attlio (1999). “Technology Policy in the European Union, and European Integration”, EU-US Science and Technology Policy Conference, April 9 and 10, Atlanta, GA.
• Stoneman, Paul, and John Vickers (1988). “The Assessment: the Economics of Technology Policy”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 4(4): i- xvi.
• Suh, Joong Hae (2009). “Development Strategy and Evolution of Korea’s Innovation System”, in Korea Development Institute (Ed.), Models for National Technology and Innovation Capacity Development in Turkey, Korea: Ministry of Strategy and Finance.
• Tassey, Gregory (1992). Technology Infrastructure and Competitive Position, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• TÜBİTAK (1993). Türk Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikası: 1993-2003, 13.5.1993 Tarih ve 1993/13 Sayılı Bilim ve Teknoloji Yüksek Kurulu Kararı, http://www.tubitak. gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/btyk/2/2btyk_karar.pdf/15.06.2011
• TÜBİTAK (2000). Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikası ve Türkiye, Ankara: TÜBİTAK Y.
• TÜBİTAK (2001). Bilim ve Teknoloji Yüksek Kurulu Yedinci Toplantısı 24 Aralık 2001: Gelişmelere İlişkin Kararlar ve Değerlendirmeler, Ankara: TÜBİTAK. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/btyk/7/7btyk_karar.pdf /03.04.2015
• TÜBİTAK (2004). Ulusal Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikaları 2003-2023 Strateji Belgesi, Ankara: TÜBİTAK, http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/vizyon2023/Vizyon 2023 _Strateji_Belgesi.pdf/24.04.2015
• TÜBİTAK (2010). Ulusal Bilim, Teknoloji ve Yenilik Stratejisi 2011-2016, Ankara: TÜBİTAK.
• TÜBİTAK (2015). “Vizyon 2023”, http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/politikalar/ icerik-vizyon-2023/03.04.2015
• Türkcan, Ergun (2006). “Teknoloji Seçimi Olarak Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikaları”, içinde Ahmet Köse, Fikret Şenses ve Erinç Yeldan (Der.), İktisat Üzerine Yazılar II: İktisadi Kalkınma, Kriz ve İstikrar, 3. Baskı, İstanbul: İletişim Y.
• Xiweia, Zhong, and Yang Xiangdong (2007). “Science and Technology Policy Reform and its Impact on China’s National Innovation System”, Technology in Society, 29(3): 317–325.
• Xue, Lan (1997). “A Historical Perspective of China’s Innovation System Reform: A Case Study”, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14(1): 67-81.
• Yücel, İsmail Hakkı (1997). Bilim-Teknoloji Politikaları ve 21. Yüzyılın Toplumu, Ankara: DPT Yayını.