BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

“When grocers, porters and other riff-raff become soldiers:” Janissary Artisans and Laborers in the Nineteenth Century Istanbul and Edirne

Yıl 2009, Sayı: 17, 175 - 194, 01.06.2009

Öz

This article examines the existing literature on the abolition of the Janissary Corps. It tries to answer to the question “why the majority of modern Ottoman historians uncritically chose to accept the official viewpoint on janissaries?” Rather than portraying the nineteenth century Janissary Corps as “a corrupted institution” of the Classical Age, this article focuses on the social and political functions of janissaries within the early nineteenth century Ottoman polity. It argues that only by examining the social and political roles of janissaries, we can provide an alternative to the official view on the abolition of the Janissary Corps

Kaynakça

  • I. Primary Sources
  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), İstanbul.
  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan Kalemi Kalebend Defterleri (A.DVN.KLB.) 929-A
  • Hatt-i Hümayun Tasnifi (HAT)
  • , 17321-A/B, 17331, 17332, 17335, 17335-A/B/C/D, 17338, 17343, 17345, 17346, 17347, 17353, 17356-B, 17381, 17388, 17392, 17393, 17394, 17399, 17402, 17402-A, 17402-G, 17402-H, 17402-L, 17412, 17414-E, 17436, 17452-B, 17475-A, 17493, 17496- A, 17496-B, 19334.
  • Esad Efendi, Mehmed (1293/1876) Üss-i Zafer, reprint, Matbaa-i Süleyman Efendi: Istanbul.
  • Yılmazer, Ziya (2000) Vak´a-nüvis Es´ad Efendi Tarihi, OSAV: İstanbul.
  • II. Secondary Sources
  • Altınay, Ahmet Refik (1935) Hicri Onuncu Asırda İstanbul Hayatı (1553-1591), 2nd edition, İstanbul
  • Arslan, Mehmet (2002) “Yeniçeriliğin Kaldırılmasına Dair Edebi Bir Metin: Aynî’nin Maznum Nusretname’si,” in Osmanlı Edebiyat Tarih Kültür Makaleleri, Kitapevi, İstanbul: 319- 370.
  • Arslan, Mehmet (2005) “Yeniçeriler,” in Es’ad Efendi, Üss-i Zafer: Yeniçeriliğin Kaldırılma- sına Dair, trans. Mehmet Arslan, Kitapevi: İstanbul: XLIII-LVI.
  • Baer, Gabriel (1980) “Ottoman Guilds: A Reassessment,” in Halil İnalcık and Osman Okyar, eds., Social and Economic History of the Modern Turkey, 1071-1920, Meteksan Şirketi, Ankara: 95-102.
  • Berkes, Niyazi (1964) The Development of Secularism in Turkey, McGill University Press, Montreal.
  • Beyhan, Mehmet Ali (1999) “Yeniçeri Ocağının Kaldırılışı Üzerine Bazı Düşünceler, Vak’a-i Hayriyye,” in Osmanlı, eds. Güler Eren et. all., vol. VII, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara: 258-272.
  • Douwes, Dick (2000) The Ottomans in Syria; A History of Justice and Oppression, I. B. Tauris, London.
  • Gibb, H. and Bowen, H. (1950) Islamic Society and the West; A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East, vol. I, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1950.
  • İnalcık, Halil (2002) “Istanbul,” Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, vol. IV, 224.
  • Issawi, Charles (1977) “Population and resources in the Ottoman Empire and Iran,” in T. Naff and R. Owen, eds., Studies in the eighteenth century Islamic History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 152-164.
  • Kafadar, Cemal (1981) Yeniçeri-Esnaf Relations: Solidarity and Conflict, Unpublished M.A. dissertation, McGill University.
  • Kafadar, Cemal (1991) “On the Purity and Corruption of janissaries.” Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 15, 273-280.
  • Lewis, Bernard (1961) The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Lütfi, Ahmed. Tarih-i Lütfi, vol. I, Istanbul, 1873-1889.
  • McGowan, Bruce (1994) “The Age of Ayans, 1699-1812,” in H. Inalcik and D. Quataert, eds., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 639-758.
  • Ergin , Osman Nuri (1922) Mecelle-i Umur-i Belediye, vol. I, Matbaa-i Osmaniye, Istanbul.
  • Olson, Robert (1977) “Jews, janissaries, Esnaf and the Revolt of 1740 in Istanbul: Social Upheaval and Political Realignment on the Ottoman Empire,” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, 20, 185-207.
  • Olson, Robert (1974) “The Esnaf and the Patrona Halil Rebellion of 1730: A Realignment in Ottoman Politics?” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, 17, 329-344.
  • Pushkin, Alexander (1974) A Journey to Arzrum, trans. Brigitta Ingemanson, Ardis Inc., Michigan.
  • Quataert, Donald (1993) “Janissaries, Artisans and the Question of Ottoman Decline 1730-1826,” in Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire 1730- 1914, ISIS Press, Istanbul.
  • Quataert, Donald and Ç. Keyder (1992) “Introduction,” New Perspectives on Turkey, 7, 1-6.
  • Reed, Howard A. (1951) The Destruction of the janissaries by Mahmud II in June, 1826, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.
  • Türkiye Tarihi; Osmanlı Devleti 1600-1908, vol. III, ed. Sina Akşin, İstanbul, 1990.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1943) Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilatından Kapıkulu Ocakları, 2 vols., Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Walsh, Robert (1836) A Residence at Constantinople during a Period including the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Greek and Turkish Revolutions, 2 vols., London.
  • Yi, Eunjong (2004) Guild Dynamics in Seventeenth Century Istanbul, Brill: Leiden.

“Hamal, Bakkal ve Çakkal Makulesi Asker Olduğunda:” 19. Yüzyıl İstanbul ve Edirne’sinde Esnaf Yeniçeriler

Yıl 2009, Sayı: 17, 175 - 194, 01.06.2009

Öz

Bu çalışma Vak’a-i Hayriyye olarak da bilinen yeniçeriliğin kaldırılması konusunda
mevcut literatürün bir değerlendirmesini yapmaktadır. Yeniçeriliğin kaldırılması
hakkındaki resmi görüşün neden çoğu modern tarihçi tarafından sorgulanmadan kabul
edildiği sorusuna cevap aramaktadır. Bu çalışmada Yeniçeri Ocağı’na Osmanlı’nın
Klasik Dönemi’nin bozulmaya uğramış bir kurumu olarak bakmaktansa, ocağın Osmanlı
siyasası içindeki toplumsal ve siyasi işlevleri üzerinde yoğunlaşılacaktır. Çalışmanın
temel argümanı yeniçeriliğin kaldırılması konusuna alternatif bir yaklaşımın ancak
ocağın bu toplumsal ve siyasi rolünün anlaşılması ile mümkün olabileceğidir.

Kaynakça

  • I. Primary Sources
  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA), İstanbul.
  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan Kalemi Kalebend Defterleri (A.DVN.KLB.) 929-A
  • Hatt-i Hümayun Tasnifi (HAT)
  • , 17321-A/B, 17331, 17332, 17335, 17335-A/B/C/D, 17338, 17343, 17345, 17346, 17347, 17353, 17356-B, 17381, 17388, 17392, 17393, 17394, 17399, 17402, 17402-A, 17402-G, 17402-H, 17402-L, 17412, 17414-E, 17436, 17452-B, 17475-A, 17493, 17496- A, 17496-B, 19334.
  • Esad Efendi, Mehmed (1293/1876) Üss-i Zafer, reprint, Matbaa-i Süleyman Efendi: Istanbul.
  • Yılmazer, Ziya (2000) Vak´a-nüvis Es´ad Efendi Tarihi, OSAV: İstanbul.
  • II. Secondary Sources
  • Altınay, Ahmet Refik (1935) Hicri Onuncu Asırda İstanbul Hayatı (1553-1591), 2nd edition, İstanbul
  • Arslan, Mehmet (2002) “Yeniçeriliğin Kaldırılmasına Dair Edebi Bir Metin: Aynî’nin Maznum Nusretname’si,” in Osmanlı Edebiyat Tarih Kültür Makaleleri, Kitapevi, İstanbul: 319- 370.
  • Arslan, Mehmet (2005) “Yeniçeriler,” in Es’ad Efendi, Üss-i Zafer: Yeniçeriliğin Kaldırılma- sına Dair, trans. Mehmet Arslan, Kitapevi: İstanbul: XLIII-LVI.
  • Baer, Gabriel (1980) “Ottoman Guilds: A Reassessment,” in Halil İnalcık and Osman Okyar, eds., Social and Economic History of the Modern Turkey, 1071-1920, Meteksan Şirketi, Ankara: 95-102.
  • Berkes, Niyazi (1964) The Development of Secularism in Turkey, McGill University Press, Montreal.
  • Beyhan, Mehmet Ali (1999) “Yeniçeri Ocağının Kaldırılışı Üzerine Bazı Düşünceler, Vak’a-i Hayriyye,” in Osmanlı, eds. Güler Eren et. all., vol. VII, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara: 258-272.
  • Douwes, Dick (2000) The Ottomans in Syria; A History of Justice and Oppression, I. B. Tauris, London.
  • Gibb, H. and Bowen, H. (1950) Islamic Society and the West; A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East, vol. I, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1950.
  • İnalcık, Halil (2002) “Istanbul,” Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, vol. IV, 224.
  • Issawi, Charles (1977) “Population and resources in the Ottoman Empire and Iran,” in T. Naff and R. Owen, eds., Studies in the eighteenth century Islamic History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 152-164.
  • Kafadar, Cemal (1981) Yeniçeri-Esnaf Relations: Solidarity and Conflict, Unpublished M.A. dissertation, McGill University.
  • Kafadar, Cemal (1991) “On the Purity and Corruption of janissaries.” Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 15, 273-280.
  • Lewis, Bernard (1961) The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Lütfi, Ahmed. Tarih-i Lütfi, vol. I, Istanbul, 1873-1889.
  • McGowan, Bruce (1994) “The Age of Ayans, 1699-1812,” in H. Inalcik and D. Quataert, eds., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 639-758.
  • Ergin , Osman Nuri (1922) Mecelle-i Umur-i Belediye, vol. I, Matbaa-i Osmaniye, Istanbul.
  • Olson, Robert (1977) “Jews, janissaries, Esnaf and the Revolt of 1740 in Istanbul: Social Upheaval and Political Realignment on the Ottoman Empire,” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, 20, 185-207.
  • Olson, Robert (1974) “The Esnaf and the Patrona Halil Rebellion of 1730: A Realignment in Ottoman Politics?” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, 17, 329-344.
  • Pushkin, Alexander (1974) A Journey to Arzrum, trans. Brigitta Ingemanson, Ardis Inc., Michigan.
  • Quataert, Donald (1993) “Janissaries, Artisans and the Question of Ottoman Decline 1730-1826,” in Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire 1730- 1914, ISIS Press, Istanbul.
  • Quataert, Donald and Ç. Keyder (1992) “Introduction,” New Perspectives on Turkey, 7, 1-6.
  • Reed, Howard A. (1951) The Destruction of the janissaries by Mahmud II in June, 1826, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.
  • Türkiye Tarihi; Osmanlı Devleti 1600-1908, vol. III, ed. Sina Akşin, İstanbul, 1990.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1943) Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilatından Kapıkulu Ocakları, 2 vols., Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Walsh, Robert (1836) A Residence at Constantinople during a Period including the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Greek and Turkish Revolutions, 2 vols., London.
  • Yi, Eunjong (2004) Guild Dynamics in Seventeenth Century Istanbul, Brill: Leiden.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA39RE57JD
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Mert Sunar Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA Sunar, M. M. (2009). “Hamal, Bakkal ve Çakkal Makulesi Asker Olduğunda:” 19. Yüzyıl İstanbul ve Edirne’sinde Esnaf Yeniçeriler. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(17), 175-194.

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