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Terör Olayları ve İktisadi Büyüme: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 32, 1 - 14, 31.12.2016

Öz

Bu çalışma, 1984-2009 dönemi yıllık verilerini kullanarak Türkiye ekonomisinde terör olayları ile iktisadi büyüme (performans) arasındaki dinamik ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. İki değişkenli dinamik model, terör olayları ile büyüme arasında istatistiki manada ilişkinin varlığını teyit etmektedir. Her iki değişkenin etki fonksiyonu; büyümenin terör olaylarından pozitif etkilendiğini ve iki yıl içinde etkinin en yüksek düzeye ulaştığını göstermektedir. Diğer yandan, terör olayları iktisadi büyüme şoklarından negatif etkilenmekte ve etki 3-6 yıl sürmektedir. Analiz bulguları, daha iyi iktisadi performansın 3 yıllık gecikme ile terör olaylarını azalttığını ortaya koymakta; siyasal ve iktisadi istikrar koşullarında uygun politikaların, olumlu sonuçlara ulaşmak üzere sabırla sürdürülmesi önerilmeye değer görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abadie, A., and J. Gardeazabal (2003). “The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country”, The American Economic Review, 93(1): 113-132.
  • Abadie, A. (2006). “Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism”, The Economics of National Security, 96(2): 50-56.
  • Aker, A. T., A. B. Çelik, D. Kurban, T. Ünalan ve H. D. Yükseker (2005). Türkiye'de Ülke İçinde Yerinden Edilme Sorunu: Tespitler ve Çözüm Önerileri. Istanbul: TESEV.
  • Araz-Takay, B., K. P. Arin, and T. Omay (2009). “The Endogenous and Non-Linear Relationship between Terrorism and Economic Performance: Turkish Evidence”, Defence and Peace Economics, 20(1): 1-10.
  • Becker, G. S. (1968). “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, The Journal of Political Economy, 76(2): 169–217.
  • Berrebi, C. (2007). “Evidence about the Link between Education, Poverty and Terrorism among Palestinians”, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 13(1): 1-36, http://www.bepress.com/peps/vol13/iss1 /2/12.05.2013.
  • Berrebi, C., and E. F. Klor (2004). “On Terrorism and Electoral Outcomes: Theory and Evidence from the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”, Industrial Relations Section, Working Paper Series, Princeton University. http://ideas.repec.org /p/pri/indrel/4.html/10.05.2013.
  • Bilgiç, M. Sadi (2009). Terör ve Terörle Mücadele, BİLGESAM, Rapor No: 17, http://www.bilgesam.com/20.05.2012.
  • Blomberg S. B., G. D. Hess, and A. Weerapana (2004a), “Economic Conditions and Terrorism”, European Journal of Political Economy, 20: 463–478.
  • Blomberg S. B., G. D. Hess, and A. Weerapana (2004b), “An Economic Model of Terrorism”, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 21(1): 17-28.
  • Brück, T., M. Karaisl, and F. Schneider (2008). “A Survey on the Economics of Security”, DIW Berlin, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, http://ideas.repec.org/p/diw/diweos/diweos1.html/20.05.2012.
  • Çaglar, A. (2009). Terör ve Terörizm: Kavramsal Bir Analiz. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Chen, A., and T. Siems (2004). “The Effects of Terrorism on Global Capital Markets”, European Journal of Political Economy, 20: 349–366.
  • Çimen, A. (2010). “Calculating Tragedy: Assessing the Economic Cost of Terrorism: The Case of Turkey (1984-2007)” (Unpublished MA Thesis), Keele University, United Kingdom (UK).
  • Collier, P., V. L. Elliott, H. Hegre, A. Hoeffler, M. Reynal-Querol, and N. Sambanis (2003). Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
  • Drakos, K. and M. A. Kutan (2001). Regional Effects of Terrorism on Tourism: Evidence from Three Mediterranean Countries, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Working Papers No: 01-1001. http://jcr.sagepub.com/content/ 47/5/621/20.04.2012.
  • Emsen, Ö. S. and M. K. Değer (2004). “Turizm Üzerine Terörizmin Etkileri: 1984-2001 Türkiye Deneyimi”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 7: 67-83.
  • Enders, W., and T. Sandler (1996). “Terrorism and Foreign Direct Investment in Spain and Greece”, Kyklos, 49(3): 331-353.
  • Enders, W., and T. Sandler (1991). “Causality between Transnational Terrorism and Tourism: The Case of Spain”, Terrorism, 14: 49-58.
  • Enders, W., T. Sandler, and G. F. Parise (1992). “An Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Terrorism on Tourism”, Kyklos, 45 (4): 531-554.
  • Feridun, M., and S. Sezgin (2008). “Regional Underdevelopment and Terrorism: The Case of South Eastern Turkey”, Defense and Peace Economics, 19 (3): 225-233.
  • Frey, B. S., and S. Luechinger (2005). “Measuring Terrorism”, Working Paper No. 171, in Alain Marciano and Jean-Michel Josselin (Ed.), Law and the State: A Political Economy Approach, Cheltenham/UK, and Northampton, MA/ USA: Edward Elgar, pp. 142-181.
  • Freytag, A., J. Krüger, and D. Meierrieks (2010). The Origins of Terrorism: Cross-Country Estimates on Socio-Economic Determinants of Terrorism. Economics of Security Working Paper 27, Economics of Security, Berlin.
  • Gaibulloev, K., and T. Sandler (2008). “Growth Consequences of Terrorism in Western Europe”, Kyklos, 61(3): 411-424.
  • Gould, E. D., and G. Stecklov (2009). “Terror and the Costs of Crime”, Journal of Public Economics, 93: 1175–1188. Gries, T., T. Krieger, and D. Meierrieks (2011). “Causal Linkages between Domestic Terrorism and Economic Growth”, Defense and Peace Economics, (22): 493-508.
  • Gries, T., and D. Meierrieks (2010). “From Butter to Guns, from Guns to Butter? Causality between Terrorism and Economic Development”, https://editorial express.com/cgi-bin/conference/download.cgi?db _name=CEA2010&paper_ id=690/ 01.09.2012.
  • Hudson, R. A., and M. M. Lundell (2007). “The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?” Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, September 1999. As of May 25, http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS17114/20.01.2007.
  • Irbeç, Yusuf Z. (2002). “Terörün Ticari Hayata Etkileri”, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Terör Konferansı Bildirileri, Ankara: TCMB, pp.121-131
  • Keynes, J. M. (1919). The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London/UK: Macmillan and Co.
  • Klitgaard, P., M. K. Justesen, and P. Klemmensen (2006). “The Political Economy of Freedom, Democracy and Transnational Terrorism”, Public Choice, 128: 289-513.
  • Krieger, T., and D. Meierrieks (2011). “Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering”, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1860069/01.09.2011.
  • Krueger, A. B., and J. Maleckova (2003). “Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is there a Causal Connection?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4): 119–144.
  • Llussá, F., and J. Tavares (2007). “The Economics of Terrorism: a Synopsis”, The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 2(1): 62-70. http://www. epsjournal.org.uk/01.05.2013.
  • Llussá, F., and J. Tavares (2011). “The Economics of Terrorism: A (Simple) Taxonomy of the Literature”, Defense and Peace Economics, 22(2): 105–123.
  • Mackinnon, J. G. (1996). “Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11: 601-618.
  • Meade, J. E. (1940). The Economic Basis of a Durable Peace. New York: Oxford University Press. Mirza, D., and T. Verdier (2008). “International Trade, Security and Transnational Terrorism: Theory and a Survey of Empirics”, Journal of Comparative Economics, 36: 179–194.
  • Morgil, O. (2002). “Terörün Sanayi Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri”, Dünyada ve Türkiye'de Terör Konferansı, Ankara: TCMB, pp. 161-169. Nasir, M., A. Arif, F. U. Rehman, and M. S. Tariq (2008). “Terrorism and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan”, GCU Economic Journal, 41 (2): 1-22.
  • Piazza, J. A. (2006). “Rooted in Poverty?: Terrorism, Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 18: 159–177.
  • Pigou, A. C. (1940). The Political Economy of War. London: MacMillan and Co.
  • Pinar, Derin G. (2011). “Separatist terrorism and the economic conditions in South-Eastern Turkey”, Defense and Peace Economics, 22(4): 393-407.
  • Robbins, L. (1942). The Economic Causes of War. London/UK: Jonathan Cape.
  • Rodoplu, U., J. Arnold, and G. Ersoy (2003). “Terrorism in Turkey: Implications for Emergency Management”, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 18(2): 152–160.
  • Sandler, T., and W. Enders (2008). “Economic Consequences of Terrorism in Developed and Developing Countries: An Overview”, in Philip Keefer and Norman Loayza (Eds.). Terrorism and Economic Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17-47.
  • Sezgin, M. (2002). “Terörün Turizm Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri”, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Terör Konferansı, Ankara: TCMB, pp. 131-152.
  • Sezgin, S. (2003). “Savunma Harcamaları, Terörizm ve Ekonomi”, Aylık Strateji ve Analiz e-Dergisi, http://www.stradigma.com/turkce/ haziran2003/makale_07. html/01.05.2012.
  • Shahbaz, M., M. N. Malik, and M. S. Shabbir (2011). “Does Economic Growth Cause Terrorism in Pakistan?”, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35101/ MPRA Paper No. 35101/01.05.2012.
  • Tavares, J. (2004). “The Open Society Assesses Its Enemies: Shocks, Disasters and Terrorist Attacks”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 51: 1039–1070.
  • TTSRL (2008). “The Negative Economic Impact of Terrorism and Means of Consequence Minimization”, Transnational Terrorism, Security & the Rule of Law, 9, http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/publications. php/02.5.2012.
  • TURKSTAT (2012). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/12.01.2012.
  • Uysal, D., M. Mucuk, and M. Gerçeker (2009). “Terörizmin Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği (Economic Effects of Terrorism: The Case of Turkey)”, International Davraz Congress Social and Economic Issues Shaping the World’s Future New Global Dialogue, 24-27 September, Isparta/Turkey.
  • Varol, K. (2004). “Terörizmin Türkiye’nin Kalkınmasına Etkisi”, http:// www.egm.gov.tr /temuh/terorizm10_makale4.htm/10.05.2010.
  • Yalman, İ. N., C. Ö. Kara, and Y. E. Birol (2009). “Bölgesel Kalkınma ve Terör: Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Örneği (Regional Development and Terror: The Case of Southeast Anatolia Region)”, International Davraz Congress Social and Economic Issues Shaping the World’s Future New Global Dialogue, 24-27 September, Isparta/Turkey, pp. 662-680.
  • Yaya, M. E. (2009). “Terrorism and Tourism: The Case of Turkey”, Defense and Peace Economics, 20(6): 477 – 497.
  • Yeşiltaş, M., İ. Öztürk, and F. Türkmen (2008). “Terör Faaliyetlerinin Turizm Sektörüne Etkilerinin Çözüm Önerileri Perspektifinde Değerlendirilmesi”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, X(1): 175-189.
  • Yildirim, J., N. Öcal, and N. Korucu (2009). “Analyzing the Determinants of Terrorism in Turkey Using Geographically Weighted Regression”, World Conference of Spatial Econometrics, 8-10th July, Barcelona/Spain.

Terror Incidents and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 32, 1 - 14, 31.12.2016

Öz

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between terror incidents and economic performance (growth) for Turkish economy, using annual data from 1984 to 2009. Empirical evidence from a dynamic bivariate model confirms the significance of the relationship between terror incidents/activities, and economic growth. Impulse-response functions for both variables indicate that the response of economic growth to terror incidents is positive and peaks in two years. On the other hand, the response of terror incidents to growth shock is significantly negative, and takes 3 to 6 years. Empirical findings indicate that better economic performance reduces terror activities with three year lags. Consequently, patiently implementing appropriate policies under political and economic stability is recommended.

Kaynakça

  • Abadie, A., and J. Gardeazabal (2003). “The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country”, The American Economic Review, 93(1): 113-132.
  • Abadie, A. (2006). “Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism”, The Economics of National Security, 96(2): 50-56.
  • Aker, A. T., A. B. Çelik, D. Kurban, T. Ünalan ve H. D. Yükseker (2005). Türkiye'de Ülke İçinde Yerinden Edilme Sorunu: Tespitler ve Çözüm Önerileri. Istanbul: TESEV.
  • Araz-Takay, B., K. P. Arin, and T. Omay (2009). “The Endogenous and Non-Linear Relationship between Terrorism and Economic Performance: Turkish Evidence”, Defence and Peace Economics, 20(1): 1-10.
  • Becker, G. S. (1968). “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, The Journal of Political Economy, 76(2): 169–217.
  • Berrebi, C. (2007). “Evidence about the Link between Education, Poverty and Terrorism among Palestinians”, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 13(1): 1-36, http://www.bepress.com/peps/vol13/iss1 /2/12.05.2013.
  • Berrebi, C., and E. F. Klor (2004). “On Terrorism and Electoral Outcomes: Theory and Evidence from the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”, Industrial Relations Section, Working Paper Series, Princeton University. http://ideas.repec.org /p/pri/indrel/4.html/10.05.2013.
  • Bilgiç, M. Sadi (2009). Terör ve Terörle Mücadele, BİLGESAM, Rapor No: 17, http://www.bilgesam.com/20.05.2012.
  • Blomberg S. B., G. D. Hess, and A. Weerapana (2004a), “Economic Conditions and Terrorism”, European Journal of Political Economy, 20: 463–478.
  • Blomberg S. B., G. D. Hess, and A. Weerapana (2004b), “An Economic Model of Terrorism”, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 21(1): 17-28.
  • Brück, T., M. Karaisl, and F. Schneider (2008). “A Survey on the Economics of Security”, DIW Berlin, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, http://ideas.repec.org/p/diw/diweos/diweos1.html/20.05.2012.
  • Çaglar, A. (2009). Terör ve Terörizm: Kavramsal Bir Analiz. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Chen, A., and T. Siems (2004). “The Effects of Terrorism on Global Capital Markets”, European Journal of Political Economy, 20: 349–366.
  • Çimen, A. (2010). “Calculating Tragedy: Assessing the Economic Cost of Terrorism: The Case of Turkey (1984-2007)” (Unpublished MA Thesis), Keele University, United Kingdom (UK).
  • Collier, P., V. L. Elliott, H. Hegre, A. Hoeffler, M. Reynal-Querol, and N. Sambanis (2003). Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
  • Drakos, K. and M. A. Kutan (2001). Regional Effects of Terrorism on Tourism: Evidence from Three Mediterranean Countries, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Working Papers No: 01-1001. http://jcr.sagepub.com/content/ 47/5/621/20.04.2012.
  • Emsen, Ö. S. and M. K. Değer (2004). “Turizm Üzerine Terörizmin Etkileri: 1984-2001 Türkiye Deneyimi”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 7: 67-83.
  • Enders, W., and T. Sandler (1996). “Terrorism and Foreign Direct Investment in Spain and Greece”, Kyklos, 49(3): 331-353.
  • Enders, W., and T. Sandler (1991). “Causality between Transnational Terrorism and Tourism: The Case of Spain”, Terrorism, 14: 49-58.
  • Enders, W., T. Sandler, and G. F. Parise (1992). “An Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Terrorism on Tourism”, Kyklos, 45 (4): 531-554.
  • Feridun, M., and S. Sezgin (2008). “Regional Underdevelopment and Terrorism: The Case of South Eastern Turkey”, Defense and Peace Economics, 19 (3): 225-233.
  • Frey, B. S., and S. Luechinger (2005). “Measuring Terrorism”, Working Paper No. 171, in Alain Marciano and Jean-Michel Josselin (Ed.), Law and the State: A Political Economy Approach, Cheltenham/UK, and Northampton, MA/ USA: Edward Elgar, pp. 142-181.
  • Freytag, A., J. Krüger, and D. Meierrieks (2010). The Origins of Terrorism: Cross-Country Estimates on Socio-Economic Determinants of Terrorism. Economics of Security Working Paper 27, Economics of Security, Berlin.
  • Gaibulloev, K., and T. Sandler (2008). “Growth Consequences of Terrorism in Western Europe”, Kyklos, 61(3): 411-424.
  • Gould, E. D., and G. Stecklov (2009). “Terror and the Costs of Crime”, Journal of Public Economics, 93: 1175–1188. Gries, T., T. Krieger, and D. Meierrieks (2011). “Causal Linkages between Domestic Terrorism and Economic Growth”, Defense and Peace Economics, (22): 493-508.
  • Gries, T., and D. Meierrieks (2010). “From Butter to Guns, from Guns to Butter? Causality between Terrorism and Economic Development”, https://editorial express.com/cgi-bin/conference/download.cgi?db _name=CEA2010&paper_ id=690/ 01.09.2012.
  • Hudson, R. A., and M. M. Lundell (2007). “The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?” Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, September 1999. As of May 25, http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS17114/20.01.2007.
  • Irbeç, Yusuf Z. (2002). “Terörün Ticari Hayata Etkileri”, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Terör Konferansı Bildirileri, Ankara: TCMB, pp.121-131
  • Keynes, J. M. (1919). The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London/UK: Macmillan and Co.
  • Klitgaard, P., M. K. Justesen, and P. Klemmensen (2006). “The Political Economy of Freedom, Democracy and Transnational Terrorism”, Public Choice, 128: 289-513.
  • Krieger, T., and D. Meierrieks (2011). “Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering”, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1860069/01.09.2011.
  • Krueger, A. B., and J. Maleckova (2003). “Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is there a Causal Connection?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4): 119–144.
  • Llussá, F., and J. Tavares (2007). “The Economics of Terrorism: a Synopsis”, The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 2(1): 62-70. http://www. epsjournal.org.uk/01.05.2013.
  • Llussá, F., and J. Tavares (2011). “The Economics of Terrorism: A (Simple) Taxonomy of the Literature”, Defense and Peace Economics, 22(2): 105–123.
  • Mackinnon, J. G. (1996). “Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11: 601-618.
  • Meade, J. E. (1940). The Economic Basis of a Durable Peace. New York: Oxford University Press. Mirza, D., and T. Verdier (2008). “International Trade, Security and Transnational Terrorism: Theory and a Survey of Empirics”, Journal of Comparative Economics, 36: 179–194.
  • Morgil, O. (2002). “Terörün Sanayi Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri”, Dünyada ve Türkiye'de Terör Konferansı, Ankara: TCMB, pp. 161-169. Nasir, M., A. Arif, F. U. Rehman, and M. S. Tariq (2008). “Terrorism and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan”, GCU Economic Journal, 41 (2): 1-22.
  • Piazza, J. A. (2006). “Rooted in Poverty?: Terrorism, Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 18: 159–177.
  • Pigou, A. C. (1940). The Political Economy of War. London: MacMillan and Co.
  • Pinar, Derin G. (2011). “Separatist terrorism and the economic conditions in South-Eastern Turkey”, Defense and Peace Economics, 22(4): 393-407.
  • Robbins, L. (1942). The Economic Causes of War. London/UK: Jonathan Cape.
  • Rodoplu, U., J. Arnold, and G. Ersoy (2003). “Terrorism in Turkey: Implications for Emergency Management”, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 18(2): 152–160.
  • Sandler, T., and W. Enders (2008). “Economic Consequences of Terrorism in Developed and Developing Countries: An Overview”, in Philip Keefer and Norman Loayza (Eds.). Terrorism and Economic Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17-47.
  • Sezgin, M. (2002). “Terörün Turizm Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri”, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Terör Konferansı, Ankara: TCMB, pp. 131-152.
  • Sezgin, S. (2003). “Savunma Harcamaları, Terörizm ve Ekonomi”, Aylık Strateji ve Analiz e-Dergisi, http://www.stradigma.com/turkce/ haziran2003/makale_07. html/01.05.2012.
  • Shahbaz, M., M. N. Malik, and M. S. Shabbir (2011). “Does Economic Growth Cause Terrorism in Pakistan?”, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/35101/ MPRA Paper No. 35101/01.05.2012.
  • Tavares, J. (2004). “The Open Society Assesses Its Enemies: Shocks, Disasters and Terrorist Attacks”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 51: 1039–1070.
  • TTSRL (2008). “The Negative Economic Impact of Terrorism and Means of Consequence Minimization”, Transnational Terrorism, Security & the Rule of Law, 9, http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/publications. php/02.5.2012.
  • TURKSTAT (2012). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/12.01.2012.
  • Uysal, D., M. Mucuk, and M. Gerçeker (2009). “Terörizmin Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği (Economic Effects of Terrorism: The Case of Turkey)”, International Davraz Congress Social and Economic Issues Shaping the World’s Future New Global Dialogue, 24-27 September, Isparta/Turkey.
  • Varol, K. (2004). “Terörizmin Türkiye’nin Kalkınmasına Etkisi”, http:// www.egm.gov.tr /temuh/terorizm10_makale4.htm/10.05.2010.
  • Yalman, İ. N., C. Ö. Kara, and Y. E. Birol (2009). “Bölgesel Kalkınma ve Terör: Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Örneği (Regional Development and Terror: The Case of Southeast Anatolia Region)”, International Davraz Congress Social and Economic Issues Shaping the World’s Future New Global Dialogue, 24-27 September, Isparta/Turkey, pp. 662-680.
  • Yaya, M. E. (2009). “Terrorism and Tourism: The Case of Turkey”, Defense and Peace Economics, 20(6): 477 – 497.
  • Yeşiltaş, M., İ. Öztürk, and F. Türkmen (2008). “Terör Faaliyetlerinin Turizm Sektörüne Etkilerinin Çözüm Önerileri Perspektifinde Değerlendirilmesi”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, X(1): 175-189.
  • Yildirim, J., N. Öcal, and N. Korucu (2009). “Analyzing the Determinants of Terrorism in Turkey Using Geographically Weighted Regression”, World Conference of Spatial Econometrics, 8-10th July, Barcelona/Spain.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Adnan Çimen Bu kişi benim

Sadık Yıldırım Bu kişi benim

Yusuf Bayraktutan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Sayı: 32

Kaynak Göster

APA Çimen, A., Yıldırım, S., & Bayraktutan, Y. (2016). Terror Incidents and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(32), 1-14.

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