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Birleşik Krallık'ta Covid-19 Döneminde Online Alışveriş Alışkanlıkları-Öznel Normlar, Normatif Tutumlar ve Algılanan Davranışsal Kontrol

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 48, 82 - 100
https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.1533594

Öz

Birleşik Krallık güzellik endüstrisi, Covid-19 pandemisi nedeniyle önemli değişikliklerle karşı karşıya kalmış ve bu durum, tüketici satın alma davranışlarında belirgin bir kaymaya yol açarak online alışverişe doğru güçlü bir yönelime sebep olmuştur. Bu araştırma, pandeminin güzellik endüstrisindeki tüketici davranışını nasıl etkilediğini incelemekte ve pandemi sırasında ve sonrasında online satın alma kararlarını etkileyen öznel normlar, normatif tutumlar ve algılanan davranışsal kontrolün etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Açıklayıcı bir araştırma yaklaşımı benimsenmiş ve veriler, 122 tüketiciyle-çevrimiçi anketlerle toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, bu psikolojik faktörlerin pandemi sürecinde tüketicilerin güzellik ürünleri satın alma niyetleriyle yakından ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen, I. (2015). The theory of planned behaviour is alive and well, and not ready to retire: A commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau, and Araújo-Soares. Health Psychology Review, 9(2), 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.883474
  • Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1980), Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Prentice-Hall, Englewood-Cliffs, NJ.
  • Al-Swidi, A., Mohammed Rafiul Huque, S., Haroon Hafeez, M., & Noor Mohd Shariff, M. (2014). The role of subjective norms in theory of planned behavior in the context of organic food consumption. British food journal, 116(10), 1561-1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2013-0105
  • Aman, Y. Z., Respati, H., & Natsir, M. (2021). Analysis of the effect of perceived value on purchasing decision users of Ovo applications through consumer trust (Case study of Fanā Coffee Malang customers).
  • Ang, S. H., Leong, S. M., & Kotler, P. (2000). The Asian apocalypse: Crisis marketing for consumers and businesses. Long Range Planning, 33(1), 97-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-6301(99)00100-4
  • Boceva, B., & Kiselicki, M. (2021). Online buying habits in the Republic of North Macedonia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(26), 3-17.
  • Chen, M. (2007). Consumer attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to organic foods in Taiwan: Moderating effects of food-related personality traits. Food Quality and Preference, 18(7), 1008-1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2007.04.004
  • Chitturi, R., Raghunathan, R., & Mahajan, V. (2008). Delight by design: The role of hedonic versus utilitarian benefits. Journal of Marketing, 72(3), 48-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.3.48
  • Christelis, D., Georgarakos, D., Jappelli, T., & Kenny, G. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis and consumption: Survey evidence from six EU countries [Preprint]. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3751097
  • Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.58.6.1015
  • Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology 151-192. McGraw-Hill.
  • Fitzmaurice, J. (2005). Incorporating consumers' motivations into the theory of reasoned action. Psychology & Marketing, 22(11), 911-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20090
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error on JSTOR
  • Gaskin, J., James, M., & Lim, J. (2016). AMOS plugin. Gaskination’s StatWiki. Model Fit Measures.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2018). Reliability analysis. In IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step (249-260). Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351033909-25
  • Gerstell, E., Marchessou, S., Schmidt, J., & Spagnuolo, E. (2020). How COVID-19 is changing the world of beauty.
  • González-Cabrera, C., & Bruçaj, S. (2021). Consumer ethnocentrism and purchasing intention in developing countries. RETOS. Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economía, 11(21), 165-180. https://www.academia.edu/download/66558304/ret_n21_Gonzalez_Cabrera_Trelles_Arteaga.pdf
  • Gov.uk. (2020). Mitigations to reduce transmission of the new variant SARS-CoV-2 virus: SAGE-EMG, SPI-B, Transmission Group, December 23, 2020.
  • Grunert, S. C., & Juhl, H. J. (1995). Values, environmental attitudes, and buying of organic foods. Journal of economic psychology, 16(1), 39-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(94)00034-8
  • Green, R. M. (1991). When is 'everyone's doing it' a moral justification? Business Ethics Quarterly, 1(1), 75-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857593
  • Guthrie, C., Fosso-Wamba, S., & Arnaud, J. B. (2021). Online consumer resilience during a pandemic: An exploratory study of e-commerce behavior before, during and after a COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, 102570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102570
  • Hashem, T. N. (2020). Examining the influence of COVID-19 pandemic in changing customers' orientation towards e-shopping. Modern Applied Science, 14(8), 59-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v14n8p59
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kakar, A. K. (2017). Why do users prefer the hedonic but choose the utilitarian? Investigating user dilemma of hedonic–utilitarian choice. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 108, 50-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.07.003
  • Kim, S., Park, K., & Shrum, L. J. (2022). Cause‐related marketing of luxury brands: Nudging materialists to act prosocially. Psychology & Marketing, 39(6), 1204-1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21648
  • Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS‐SEM: The inverse square root and gamma‐exponential methods. Information systems journal, 28(1), 227-261. Doi: 10.1111/isj.12131
  • Lim, W. M., Ting, D. H., Khoo, P. T., & Wong, W. Y. (2012). Understanding consumer values and socialization—A case of luxury products. Management & Marketing, 7(2).
  • Lockie, S., Lyons, K., Lawrence, G., & Grice, J. (2004). Choosing organics: a path analysis of factors underlying the selection of organic food among Australian consumers. Appetite, 43(2), 135-146. https://www.academia.edu/download/44369211/Choosing_organics_A_path_analysis_of_fac20160403-2855-777gqg.pdf
  • Macharia, K. (2019). Factors influencing consumer choice of cosmetics: A case of United States International University–Africa graduate students (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa).
  • Mehta, S., Saxena, T., & Purohit, N. (2020). The new consumer behaviour paradigm amid COVID-19: Permanent or transient? Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 291-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420940834
  • Miranda, S., & Duarte, M. (2022). How perfectionism reduces positive word‐of‐mouth: The mediating role of perceived social risk. Psychology & Marketing, 39(2), 255-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21593
  • Misra, S. K., Huang, C. L., & Ott, S. L. (1991). Georgia consumers' preference for organically grown fresh produce. Journal of Agribusiness, 9(2), 53-63. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/62312/files/JAB9two6.pdf
  • Murphy, G. D. (2009). Improving the quality of manually acquired data: Applying the theory of planned behaviour to data quality. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 94(12), 1881-1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2009.05.008
  • Nigrinová, L. (2022). The impact of the spread of COVID-19 on globalization: The future of globalization. In Innovative strategic planning and international collaboration for the mitigation of global crises (pp. 181-199). IGI Global. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8339-5.ch011
  • Nolan, J. M., Schultz, P. W., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). Normative social influence is underdetected. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 913-923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316691
  • Nwokah, N. G. (2016). Online shopping experience and customer satisfaction in Nigeria. CORE – Aggregating the World's Open Access Research Papers.
  • Odilia, G., Sulistiobudi, R. A., & Fitriana, E. (2022). Factors contributing to online shopping behavior during COVID-19 pandemic: The power of electronic word of mouth in digital generation. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 28, 1-10.
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003117407
  • Pandey, A., & Parmar, J. (2019). Factors affecting consumer's online shopping buying behaviour. In Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Digital Strategies for Organizational Success. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3308689
  • Perrotta, G. (2019). The reality plan and the subjective construction of one's perception: The strategic theoretical model among sensations, perceptions, defence mechanisms, needs, personal constructs, beliefs system, social influences and systematic errors. J Clinical Research and Reports. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/001
  • Pikoos, T. D., Buzwell, S., Sharp, G., & Rossell, S. L. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic: Psychological and behavioral responses to the shutdown of the beauty industry. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(12), 1993-2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23385
  • Raval, H. P., & Bhatt, V. (2021). Assessment of service quality of selected online shopping platforms (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis submitted at GTU).
  • Saleem, A., Aslam, J., Kim, Y. B., Nauman, S., & Khan, N. T. (2022). Motives towards e-shopping adoption among Pakistani consumers: An application of the technology acceptance model and theory of reasoned action. Sustainability, 14(7), 4180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074180
  • Sehgal, R., Khanna, P., Malviya, M., & Dubey, A. M. (2021). Shopping safety practices mutate consumer buying behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722629211010990
  • Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J. K., Liang, T., & Turban, D. C. (2015). Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10091-3_11
  • UN. (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - March 11, 2020. WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
  • Van Griethuijsen, R. A., van Eijck, M. W., Haste, H., Den Brok, P. J., Skinner, N. C., Mansour, N., ... & BouJaoude, S. (2015). Global patterns in students’ views of science and interest in science. Research in science education, 45, 581-603. doi:10.1007/s11165-014-9438-6.
  • Van Smeden, M., Moons, K. G., De Groot, J. A., Collins, G. S., Altman, D. G., Eijkemans, M. J., & Reitsma, J. B. (2019). Sample size for binary logistic prediction models: Beyond events per variable criteria. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 28(8), 2455-2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280218784726
  • Von Helversen, B., Abramczuk, K., Kopeć, W., & Nielek, R. (2018). Influence of consumer reviews on online purchasing decisions in older and younger adults. Decision Support Systems, 113, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2018.05.006
  • Weaver, B., & Maxwell, H. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis with missing data: A simple method for SPSS users. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 10(2), 143-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.10.2.p143
  • Winston, A. (2016). Luxury brands can no longer ignore sustainability. Harvard Business Review, 8(2), 1-3. Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
  • Zolait, A. H. S. (2014). The nature and components of perceived behavioural control as an element of theory of planned behaviour. Behaviour & Information Technology, 33(1), 65-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2011.630419

Impact of Subjective Norms, Normative Attitudes, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Online Beauty Product Purchases During COVID-19 in the UK

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 48, 82 - 100
https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.1533594

Öz

The UK beauty industry has faced significant changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic, leading to a noticeable shift in consumer buying behavior, with a strong move towards online purchasing. This research examines how the pandemic has impacted consumer behavior in the beauty industry, focusing on the influence of subjective norms, normative attitudes, and perceived behavioral control on online buying decisions during and after the pandemic. An explanatory research approach was used, and data were collected through an online survey of 122 consumers. The findings reveal that these Subjective Norms and Normative Attitudes have nonsignificant impact on closely linked to perceived behavioral control and ultimately on consumers' buying intentions for beauty products during the pandemic.

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen, I. (2015). The theory of planned behaviour is alive and well, and not ready to retire: A commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau, and Araújo-Soares. Health Psychology Review, 9(2), 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.883474
  • Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1980), Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Prentice-Hall, Englewood-Cliffs, NJ.
  • Al-Swidi, A., Mohammed Rafiul Huque, S., Haroon Hafeez, M., & Noor Mohd Shariff, M. (2014). The role of subjective norms in theory of planned behavior in the context of organic food consumption. British food journal, 116(10), 1561-1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2013-0105
  • Aman, Y. Z., Respati, H., & Natsir, M. (2021). Analysis of the effect of perceived value on purchasing decision users of Ovo applications through consumer trust (Case study of Fanā Coffee Malang customers).
  • Ang, S. H., Leong, S. M., & Kotler, P. (2000). The Asian apocalypse: Crisis marketing for consumers and businesses. Long Range Planning, 33(1), 97-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-6301(99)00100-4
  • Boceva, B., & Kiselicki, M. (2021). Online buying habits in the Republic of North Macedonia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(26), 3-17.
  • Chen, M. (2007). Consumer attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to organic foods in Taiwan: Moderating effects of food-related personality traits. Food Quality and Preference, 18(7), 1008-1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2007.04.004
  • Chitturi, R., Raghunathan, R., & Mahajan, V. (2008). Delight by design: The role of hedonic versus utilitarian benefits. Journal of Marketing, 72(3), 48-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.3.48
  • Christelis, D., Georgarakos, D., Jappelli, T., & Kenny, G. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis and consumption: Survey evidence from six EU countries [Preprint]. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3751097
  • Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.58.6.1015
  • Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology 151-192. McGraw-Hill.
  • Fitzmaurice, J. (2005). Incorporating consumers' motivations into the theory of reasoned action. Psychology & Marketing, 22(11), 911-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20090
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error on JSTOR
  • Gaskin, J., James, M., & Lim, J. (2016). AMOS plugin. Gaskination’s StatWiki. Model Fit Measures.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2018). Reliability analysis. In IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step (249-260). Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351033909-25
  • Gerstell, E., Marchessou, S., Schmidt, J., & Spagnuolo, E. (2020). How COVID-19 is changing the world of beauty.
  • González-Cabrera, C., & Bruçaj, S. (2021). Consumer ethnocentrism and purchasing intention in developing countries. RETOS. Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economía, 11(21), 165-180. https://www.academia.edu/download/66558304/ret_n21_Gonzalez_Cabrera_Trelles_Arteaga.pdf
  • Gov.uk. (2020). Mitigations to reduce transmission of the new variant SARS-CoV-2 virus: SAGE-EMG, SPI-B, Transmission Group, December 23, 2020.
  • Grunert, S. C., & Juhl, H. J. (1995). Values, environmental attitudes, and buying of organic foods. Journal of economic psychology, 16(1), 39-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(94)00034-8
  • Green, R. M. (1991). When is 'everyone's doing it' a moral justification? Business Ethics Quarterly, 1(1), 75-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857593
  • Guthrie, C., Fosso-Wamba, S., & Arnaud, J. B. (2021). Online consumer resilience during a pandemic: An exploratory study of e-commerce behavior before, during and after a COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, 102570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102570
  • Hashem, T. N. (2020). Examining the influence of COVID-19 pandemic in changing customers' orientation towards e-shopping. Modern Applied Science, 14(8), 59-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v14n8p59
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kakar, A. K. (2017). Why do users prefer the hedonic but choose the utilitarian? Investigating user dilemma of hedonic–utilitarian choice. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 108, 50-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.07.003
  • Kim, S., Park, K., & Shrum, L. J. (2022). Cause‐related marketing of luxury brands: Nudging materialists to act prosocially. Psychology & Marketing, 39(6), 1204-1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21648
  • Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS‐SEM: The inverse square root and gamma‐exponential methods. Information systems journal, 28(1), 227-261. Doi: 10.1111/isj.12131
  • Lim, W. M., Ting, D. H., Khoo, P. T., & Wong, W. Y. (2012). Understanding consumer values and socialization—A case of luxury products. Management & Marketing, 7(2).
  • Lockie, S., Lyons, K., Lawrence, G., & Grice, J. (2004). Choosing organics: a path analysis of factors underlying the selection of organic food among Australian consumers. Appetite, 43(2), 135-146. https://www.academia.edu/download/44369211/Choosing_organics_A_path_analysis_of_fac20160403-2855-777gqg.pdf
  • Macharia, K. (2019). Factors influencing consumer choice of cosmetics: A case of United States International University–Africa graduate students (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa).
  • Mehta, S., Saxena, T., & Purohit, N. (2020). The new consumer behaviour paradigm amid COVID-19: Permanent or transient? Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 291-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420940834
  • Miranda, S., & Duarte, M. (2022). How perfectionism reduces positive word‐of‐mouth: The mediating role of perceived social risk. Psychology & Marketing, 39(2), 255-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21593
  • Misra, S. K., Huang, C. L., & Ott, S. L. (1991). Georgia consumers' preference for organically grown fresh produce. Journal of Agribusiness, 9(2), 53-63. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/62312/files/JAB9two6.pdf
  • Murphy, G. D. (2009). Improving the quality of manually acquired data: Applying the theory of planned behaviour to data quality. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 94(12), 1881-1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2009.05.008
  • Nigrinová, L. (2022). The impact of the spread of COVID-19 on globalization: The future of globalization. In Innovative strategic planning and international collaboration for the mitigation of global crises (pp. 181-199). IGI Global. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8339-5.ch011
  • Nolan, J. M., Schultz, P. W., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). Normative social influence is underdetected. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 913-923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316691
  • Nwokah, N. G. (2016). Online shopping experience and customer satisfaction in Nigeria. CORE – Aggregating the World's Open Access Research Papers.
  • Odilia, G., Sulistiobudi, R. A., & Fitriana, E. (2022). Factors contributing to online shopping behavior during COVID-19 pandemic: The power of electronic word of mouth in digital generation. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 28, 1-10.
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003117407
  • Pandey, A., & Parmar, J. (2019). Factors affecting consumer's online shopping buying behaviour. In Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Digital Strategies for Organizational Success. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3308689
  • Perrotta, G. (2019). The reality plan and the subjective construction of one's perception: The strategic theoretical model among sensations, perceptions, defence mechanisms, needs, personal constructs, beliefs system, social influences and systematic errors. J Clinical Research and Reports. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/001
  • Pikoos, T. D., Buzwell, S., Sharp, G., & Rossell, S. L. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic: Psychological and behavioral responses to the shutdown of the beauty industry. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(12), 1993-2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23385
  • Raval, H. P., & Bhatt, V. (2021). Assessment of service quality of selected online shopping platforms (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis submitted at GTU).
  • Saleem, A., Aslam, J., Kim, Y. B., Nauman, S., & Khan, N. T. (2022). Motives towards e-shopping adoption among Pakistani consumers: An application of the technology acceptance model and theory of reasoned action. Sustainability, 14(7), 4180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074180
  • Sehgal, R., Khanna, P., Malviya, M., & Dubey, A. M. (2021). Shopping safety practices mutate consumer buying behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722629211010990
  • Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J. K., Liang, T., & Turban, D. C. (2015). Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10091-3_11
  • UN. (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - March 11, 2020. WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
  • Van Griethuijsen, R. A., van Eijck, M. W., Haste, H., Den Brok, P. J., Skinner, N. C., Mansour, N., ... & BouJaoude, S. (2015). Global patterns in students’ views of science and interest in science. Research in science education, 45, 581-603. doi:10.1007/s11165-014-9438-6.
  • Van Smeden, M., Moons, K. G., De Groot, J. A., Collins, G. S., Altman, D. G., Eijkemans, M. J., & Reitsma, J. B. (2019). Sample size for binary logistic prediction models: Beyond events per variable criteria. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 28(8), 2455-2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280218784726
  • Von Helversen, B., Abramczuk, K., Kopeć, W., & Nielek, R. (2018). Influence of consumer reviews on online purchasing decisions in older and younger adults. Decision Support Systems, 113, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2018.05.006
  • Weaver, B., & Maxwell, H. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis with missing data: A simple method for SPSS users. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 10(2), 143-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.10.2.p143
  • Winston, A. (2016). Luxury brands can no longer ignore sustainability. Harvard Business Review, 8(2), 1-3. Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
  • Zolait, A. H. S. (2014). The nature and components of perceived behavioural control as an element of theory of planned behaviour. Behaviour & Information Technology, 33(1), 65-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2011.630419
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

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Yazarlar

Mandeep Kaur Bu kişi benim 0009-0000-1955-2620

Hakan Satıroglu 0000-0001-7483-4305

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 21 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaur, M., & Satıroglu, H. (2025). Impact of Subjective Norms, Normative Attitudes, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Online Beauty Product Purchases During COVID-19 in the UK. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(48), 82-100. https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.1533594

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