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Institutional Leadership in The Context Of Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 48, 114 - 127
https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.1544136

Öz

Institutional leadership, despite its value-oriented nature, has not been thoroughly examined and clearly understood to date. According to Selznick’s definition, this type of leadership is focused on creating and instilling values within organizations. Additionally, they are responsible for institutionalizing these values. This study aims to investigate how institutional leadership is defined in crises, the roles institutional leaders play during crises, and the outcomes attributed to institutional leadership after crises, using a systematic literature review approach. The PRISMA method was employed for this purpose. As a result, it has been found that institutional leadership plays a crucial role in crises based on its value-oriented nature in the organizational context and works on values to preserve institutional integrity. In this context, one of the most significant outcomes of institutional leadership can be defined as the integrity and consistency of institutions.

Kaynakça

  • AlKnawy, B. (2018). Leadership in times of crisis. BMJ Leader, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2018-000100
  • Amann, W., & Stachowicz-Stanusch, A. (2013). Introduction: Why the Business World Needs More Integrity. In W. Amann & A. Stachowicz-Stanusch (Eds.), Integrity in organizations (pp. 1-16). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Askeland, H. (2020). Values-reviewing the Construct and Drawing Implications for Values Work in Organisation and Leadership. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B.J. Lovaas & S. Sirris (Eds.), Understanding values work (pp. 15-33). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Askeland, H., Espedal, G., Løvaas B. J. and Sirris S. (2020). Understanding Values Work in Organisations and Leadership. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B.J. Lovaas & S. Sirris (Eds.), Understanding values work (pp. 1-12). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Berquist, T. P. (2014). Organizational leadership in crisis: The 31st regimental combat team at chosin reservoir, Korea. 24 November-2 December 1950. Auckland: Pickle Partners Publishing.
  • Besharov, M. L., & Khurana R. (2012). Leading amidst competing institutional demands: Revisiting Selznick’s conception of leadership. Working Paper. Harvard Business School.
  • Boin A., Hart P., Stern E., & Sundelius B. (2005). The Politics of Crisis Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Boin, A., & Christensen, T. (2008). The development of public institutions. Administration & Society, 40(3), 271-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707313700
  • Brookes, S. (2014). Is Selfless Leadership an Impossible Ideal for Public Leaders? The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 10(4), 200-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLPS-08-2014-0014
  • Charmaz, K. (1998). Grounded Theory. In J.A. Smith, R. Harre & L.V. Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology (pp. 27-50). London: SAGE.
  • Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (1994). Built to Last. New York: HarperCollins. DiMaggio, P. J. (1988). Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory. In L. Zucker (Ed.), Institutional patterns and culture (pp. 3-22). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  • DuBrin, J. A. (2013). Handbook of Research on Crisis Leadership in Organizations. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Eun-Park, Y. (2021). Developing a COVID-19 Crisis Management Strategy Using News Media and Social Media in Big Data Analytics. Social Science Computer Review, 40(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211007314
  • Fleck D. (2007). Institutionalization and Organizational Long-Term Success. Brazilian Administration Review, 4(2), 64-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-76922007000200005
  • Fligstein, N. (1997). Social Skill and Institutional Theory. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764297040004003
  • Gehman, J., Trevino K. L., & Garud R. (2013). Values Work: A Process Study of the Emergence and Performance of Organizational Values Practices. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 84-112. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0628
  • Glynn, M.A., & Navis, C. (2010), "Entrepreneurship, Institutional Emergence, and Organizational Leadership: Tuning in to “the Next Big Thing” in Satellite Radio". In W.D. Sine & R.J. David (Eds.), Institutions and entrepreneurship (pp. 257-286). Research in the Sociology of Work, Vol. 21, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0277-2833(2010)0000021013
  • Grasham, W. E. (1965). Leadership in Administration. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 56(2), 54-60.
  • Gutierrez, B., Howard-Grenville, J., & Scully, M. A. (2010). The Faithful Rise up: Split Identification and an Unlikely Change Effort. Academy of Management Journal, 53(4), 673-699. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.52814362
  • Helms, M. M. (2006). Encyclopedia of Management. Detroit: Thomson Gale.
  • Hermaline, E.B. (1998). Toward an Economic Theory of Leadership: Leading by Example. The American Economic Review, 88(5), 1188-1206.
  • Hoffmann, S., & Cassel M. (2002). What are the Federal Home Loan Banks up to? Emerging Views of Purpose Among Institutional Leadership. Public Administration Review, 62(4), 461-470.
  • James, H. E., Wooten, L. P., & Dushek K. (2011). Crisis Management: Informing a New Leadership Research Agenda. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 455-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2011.589594
  • Kraatz, S. M. (2009). Leadership as institutional work: a bridge to the other side. In T. B. Lawrence, R. Suddaby & B. Leca (Eds.), Institutional Work Actors and Agency in institutional studies of organizations (pp. 59-92). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kraatz, M.S., & Flores, R. (2015). Reinfusing Values. Institutions and ideals: Philip Selznick’s legacy for organizational studies (pp. 353-381). Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 44, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20150000044013
  • Kraatz, S. M., Flores, R., & Chandler, D. (2018). The Value of Values for Institutional Analysis. Academy of Management Annals, 14(2), 474-512. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0074
  • King, B.G. (2015). Organizational Actors, Character, and Selznick’s Theory of Organizations. Institutions and ideals: Philip Selznick’s legacy for organizational studies (pp. 149-174). Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 44, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20150000044007
  • Krygier, M. (2012). Philip Selznick. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Lawrence, T. B., Suddaby, R., & Leca, B. (2009). Introduction: Theorizing and Studying Institutional Work. In T. B.
  • Lawrence, R. Suddaby & B. Leca (Eds.), Institutional work actors and agency in institutional studies of organizations (pp. 1-27). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lee, S. Y. (2020). Stealing Thunder as a Crisis Communication Strategy in the Digital Age. Business Horizons, 63(6), 801-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.006
  • Lorange, P. (2010). Leading in Turbulent Times: Lessons Learnt and Implications for the Future. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Lovaas, B. J., & Vrale G. B. (2020). The Value of Group Reflection. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B.J. Lovaas & S. Sirris (Eds.), Understanding values work (pp. 265-285). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Maitlis, S., & Sonenshein, S. (2010). Sensemaking in Crisis and Change: Inspiration and Insights from Weick (1988). Journal of Management Studies, 47(3), 551-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00908.x
  • Mengist, W., Soromessa, T., & Legese, G. (2020). Method for Conducting Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis for Environmental Science Search. MethodsX, 7(2020), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.100777
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(49), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • Nye, S. J. (2010). Power and Leadership. In N. Nohria & R. Khurana (Eds.), Handbook of leadership theory and practice. Boston: Harvard Business Review.
  • Parto, S. (2002). Regulatory Dynamics, Institutional Cohesiveness, and Regional Sustainability. Doctoral Thesis: University of Waterloo.
  • Podolny, M. J., Khurana, R., & Hill-Popper M. (2005). Revisiting the Meaning of Leadership. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(04)26001-4
  • Raffaelli, R., & Glynn, M.A. (2015), What’s so Institutional about Leadership? Leadership Mechanisms of Value Infusion. Institutions and ideals: Philip Selznick’s legacy for organizational studies (pp. 283-316). Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 44, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20150000044011
  • Scott, W. R. (2001). Institutions and Organizations. London: SAGE.
  • Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in Administration. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Selznick, P. (1948). Foundations of the Theory of Organization. American Sociological Review, 13(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.2307/2086752
  • Selznick, P. (1992). The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community. California: University of California Press.
  • Selznick, P. (2008). A Humanist Science: Values and Ideals in Social Inquiry. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Sirris, S. (2020). Values as Fixed and Fluid: Negotiating the Elasticity of Core Values. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B.J. Lovaas & S. Sirris (Eds.), Understanding values work (pp. 201-221). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tengblad, S. (2006). Is There a New Managerial Work? A Comparison with Henry Mintzberg’s Classic Study 30 Years Later. Journal of Management Studies, 43(7), 1437-1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00651.x
  • Terry, D. L. (1993). Withstanding the Test of Time: Philip Selznick’s Leadership in Administration. Leadership Quarterly, 4(3/4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(93)90040-Z
  • Vassilikopoulou, A., Siomkos G., Chatzipanagiotou K., & Pantouvakis A. (2009). Product-harm Crisis Management: Time Heals All Wounds? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 16(3), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2008.11.011
  • Victor, L. (2008). Systematic Reviewing in the Social Sciences: Outcomes and Explanation. Enquire, 1(1), 32-46.
  • Waldo, D. (1952). Development of Theory of Democratic Administration. American Political Science Review, 46(1), 81-103. https://doi.org/10.2307/1950764
  • Washington, M., Boal, K., & Davis, J. (2009). Institutional Leadership: Past, Present, and Future. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin & R. Suddaby (Eds.), The sage handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 721-735). London: SAGE.

Kriz Bağlamında Kurumsal Liderlik: Sistematik Bir Literatür Taraması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 48, 114 - 127
https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.1544136

Öz

Kurumsal liderlik, değer odaklı doğasına rağmen bugüne kadar yeterince incelenmemiş ve net bir şekilde anlaşılmamıştır. Selznick'in tanımına göre bu liderlik, organizasyonlar içinde değerler yaratmaya ve bu değerleri aşılamaya odaklanmıştır. Ayrıca kurumsal liderlik, söz konusu değerleri kurumsallaştırmaktan da sorumludur. Bu çalışma, krizlerde kurumsal liderliğin nasıl tanımlandığını, kurumsal liderlerin krizler sırasında oynadıkları rolleri ve krizlerden sonra kurumsal liderliğe atfedilen sonuçları sistematik bir literatür taraması yaklaşımı kullanarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda PRISMA yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kurumsal liderliğin, örgütsel bağlamda değer odaklı doğasına dayanarak krizlerde önemli bir rol oynadığı ve kurumsal bütünlüğü korumak için değerler üzerinde çalıştığı bulunmuştur. Bu bağlamda, kurumsal liderliğin en önemli sonuçlarından biri, kurumların bütünlüğü ve tutarlılığı olarak tanımlanabilir.

Kaynakça

  • AlKnawy, B. (2018). Leadership in times of crisis. BMJ Leader, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2018-000100
  • Amann, W., & Stachowicz-Stanusch, A. (2013). Introduction: Why the Business World Needs More Integrity. In W. Amann & A. Stachowicz-Stanusch (Eds.), Integrity in organizations (pp. 1-16). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Askeland, H. (2020). Values-reviewing the Construct and Drawing Implications for Values Work in Organisation and Leadership. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B.J. Lovaas & S. Sirris (Eds.), Understanding values work (pp. 15-33). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Askeland, H., Espedal, G., Løvaas B. J. and Sirris S. (2020). Understanding Values Work in Organisations and Leadership. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B.J. Lovaas & S. Sirris (Eds.), Understanding values work (pp. 1-12). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Berquist, T. P. (2014). Organizational leadership in crisis: The 31st regimental combat team at chosin reservoir, Korea. 24 November-2 December 1950. Auckland: Pickle Partners Publishing.
  • Besharov, M. L., & Khurana R. (2012). Leading amidst competing institutional demands: Revisiting Selznick’s conception of leadership. Working Paper. Harvard Business School.
  • Boin A., Hart P., Stern E., & Sundelius B. (2005). The Politics of Crisis Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Boin, A., & Christensen, T. (2008). The development of public institutions. Administration & Society, 40(3), 271-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399707313700
  • Brookes, S. (2014). Is Selfless Leadership an Impossible Ideal for Public Leaders? The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 10(4), 200-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLPS-08-2014-0014
  • Charmaz, K. (1998). Grounded Theory. In J.A. Smith, R. Harre & L.V. Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology (pp. 27-50). London: SAGE.
  • Collins, J. C., & Porras, J. I. (1994). Built to Last. New York: HarperCollins. DiMaggio, P. J. (1988). Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory. In L. Zucker (Ed.), Institutional patterns and culture (pp. 3-22). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  • DuBrin, J. A. (2013). Handbook of Research on Crisis Leadership in Organizations. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Eun-Park, Y. (2021). Developing a COVID-19 Crisis Management Strategy Using News Media and Social Media in Big Data Analytics. Social Science Computer Review, 40(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211007314
  • Fleck D. (2007). Institutionalization and Organizational Long-Term Success. Brazilian Administration Review, 4(2), 64-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-76922007000200005
  • Fligstein, N. (1997). Social Skill and Institutional Theory. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764297040004003
  • Gehman, J., Trevino K. L., & Garud R. (2013). Values Work: A Process Study of the Emergence and Performance of Organizational Values Practices. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 84-112. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0628
  • Glynn, M.A., & Navis, C. (2010), "Entrepreneurship, Institutional Emergence, and Organizational Leadership: Tuning in to “the Next Big Thing” in Satellite Radio". In W.D. Sine & R.J. David (Eds.), Institutions and entrepreneurship (pp. 257-286). Research in the Sociology of Work, Vol. 21, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0277-2833(2010)0000021013
  • Grasham, W. E. (1965). Leadership in Administration. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 56(2), 54-60.
  • Gutierrez, B., Howard-Grenville, J., & Scully, M. A. (2010). The Faithful Rise up: Split Identification and an Unlikely Change Effort. Academy of Management Journal, 53(4), 673-699. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.52814362
  • Helms, M. M. (2006). Encyclopedia of Management. Detroit: Thomson Gale.
  • Hermaline, E.B. (1998). Toward an Economic Theory of Leadership: Leading by Example. The American Economic Review, 88(5), 1188-1206.
  • Hoffmann, S., & Cassel M. (2002). What are the Federal Home Loan Banks up to? Emerging Views of Purpose Among Institutional Leadership. Public Administration Review, 62(4), 461-470.
  • James, H. E., Wooten, L. P., & Dushek K. (2011). Crisis Management: Informing a New Leadership Research Agenda. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 455-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2011.589594
  • Kraatz, S. M. (2009). Leadership as institutional work: a bridge to the other side. In T. B. Lawrence, R. Suddaby & B. Leca (Eds.), Institutional Work Actors and Agency in institutional studies of organizations (pp. 59-92). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kraatz, M.S., & Flores, R. (2015). Reinfusing Values. Institutions and ideals: Philip Selznick’s legacy for organizational studies (pp. 353-381). Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 44, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20150000044013
  • Kraatz, S. M., Flores, R., & Chandler, D. (2018). The Value of Values for Institutional Analysis. Academy of Management Annals, 14(2), 474-512. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0074
  • King, B.G. (2015). Organizational Actors, Character, and Selznick’s Theory of Organizations. Institutions and ideals: Philip Selznick’s legacy for organizational studies (pp. 149-174). Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 44, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20150000044007
  • Krygier, M. (2012). Philip Selznick. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Lawrence, T. B., Suddaby, R., & Leca, B. (2009). Introduction: Theorizing and Studying Institutional Work. In T. B.
  • Lawrence, R. Suddaby & B. Leca (Eds.), Institutional work actors and agency in institutional studies of organizations (pp. 1-27). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lee, S. Y. (2020). Stealing Thunder as a Crisis Communication Strategy in the Digital Age. Business Horizons, 63(6), 801-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.006
  • Lorange, P. (2010). Leading in Turbulent Times: Lessons Learnt and Implications for the Future. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Lovaas, B. J., & Vrale G. B. (2020). The Value of Group Reflection. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B.J. Lovaas & S. Sirris (Eds.), Understanding values work (pp. 265-285). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Maitlis, S., & Sonenshein, S. (2010). Sensemaking in Crisis and Change: Inspiration and Insights from Weick (1988). Journal of Management Studies, 47(3), 551-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00908.x
  • Mengist, W., Soromessa, T., & Legese, G. (2020). Method for Conducting Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis for Environmental Science Search. MethodsX, 7(2020), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.100777
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(49), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • Nye, S. J. (2010). Power and Leadership. In N. Nohria & R. Khurana (Eds.), Handbook of leadership theory and practice. Boston: Harvard Business Review.
  • Parto, S. (2002). Regulatory Dynamics, Institutional Cohesiveness, and Regional Sustainability. Doctoral Thesis: University of Waterloo.
  • Podolny, M. J., Khurana, R., & Hill-Popper M. (2005). Revisiting the Meaning of Leadership. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(04)26001-4
  • Raffaelli, R., & Glynn, M.A. (2015), What’s so Institutional about Leadership? Leadership Mechanisms of Value Infusion. Institutions and ideals: Philip Selznick’s legacy for organizational studies (pp. 283-316). Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 44, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20150000044011
  • Scott, W. R. (2001). Institutions and Organizations. London: SAGE.
  • Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in Administration. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Selznick, P. (1948). Foundations of the Theory of Organization. American Sociological Review, 13(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.2307/2086752
  • Selznick, P. (1992). The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community. California: University of California Press.
  • Selznick, P. (2008). A Humanist Science: Values and Ideals in Social Inquiry. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Sirris, S. (2020). Values as Fixed and Fluid: Negotiating the Elasticity of Core Values. In H. Askeland, G. Espedal, B.J. Lovaas & S. Sirris (Eds.), Understanding values work (pp. 201-221). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tengblad, S. (2006). Is There a New Managerial Work? A Comparison with Henry Mintzberg’s Classic Study 30 Years Later. Journal of Management Studies, 43(7), 1437-1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00651.x
  • Terry, D. L. (1993). Withstanding the Test of Time: Philip Selznick’s Leadership in Administration. Leadership Quarterly, 4(3/4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(93)90040-Z
  • Vassilikopoulou, A., Siomkos G., Chatzipanagiotou K., & Pantouvakis A. (2009). Product-harm Crisis Management: Time Heals All Wounds? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 16(3), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2008.11.011
  • Victor, L. (2008). Systematic Reviewing in the Social Sciences: Outcomes and Explanation. Enquire, 1(1), 32-46.
  • Waldo, D. (1952). Development of Theory of Democratic Administration. American Political Science Review, 46(1), 81-103. https://doi.org/10.2307/1950764
  • Washington, M., Boal, K., & Davis, J. (2009). Institutional Leadership: Past, Present, and Future. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin & R. Suddaby (Eds.), The sage handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 721-735). London: SAGE.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Büşra Tekin 0000-0002-6143-6954

Muzaffer Akdoğan 0000-0002-9999-0969

Ali Yeşildal 0000-0003-0927-7498

Oktay Koç 0000-0002-0612-6929

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 24 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekin, B., Akdoğan, M., Yeşildal, A., Koç, O. (2025). Kriz Bağlamında Kurumsal Liderlik: Sistematik Bir Literatür Taraması. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(48), 114-127. https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.1544136

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