How Can We Measure Psychological "Hardiness"? Personal View Survey II: Reliability and Validity Study in a Turkish Sample

Öz

Objective: The aim of the current study is to study reliability and validity of Turkish Adaptation of Personal View Survey-II (PVS-II; Maddi 1987) which is used for measuring hardiness personality characteristic, having three sub-scales (Control, Commitment, Challenge) and 50 items. Method: For this study, 100 university students were administered four selfreport measures including PVS-II, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Turkish Ways of Coping Inventory (WCI). Results: Following the factor analysis run for the PVS-II, two factors, namely "Commitment/Control" and "Challenge/Control" were obtained with high internal consistency coefficients. Consistent with the original scale, it includes reverse items and the higher the scores are, the lower the hardiness personality characteristic exists. Internal consistencies of the two factors were obtained as .77 for the Commitment/Control factor and .72 for the Challenge/Loss of Control factor. Moreover, the survey revealed significant correlations with the measures of BHS and WCI. Conclusion: Although the items of the original Control factor, distributed between other two factors, this result supports the multidimensional nature of hardiness construct. On the other hand, the differences from the original scale have been significant preliminary findings for culture-specific structure of psychological hardiness characteristic to be questioned. All these findings are discussed in the light of literature knowledge.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hardiness, Commitment, Control, Challenge, Reliability, Validity

Psikolojik dayanıklılığı nasıl ölçebiliriz?: bir Türk örnekleminde Kişisel Görüşü Ölçeği II’nin geçerlik-güvenirlik çalışması

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Psikolojik dayanıklılıklık, Yükümlülük, Kontrolü elinde tutma,Mücadelecilik, Güvenirlik, Geçerlik

Kaynakça

1. Allred KD, Smith TW (1989) The Hardy Personality: Cognitive and Physiological Responses to Evaluative Threat. J Pers Soc Psychol., 56: 257- 266.
2. Beck AT, Lester D, Trexler L (1974) The Hope- lessness Scale. J. Cons. Clin. Psychol., 42: 861-874.
3. Campbell JM, Amerikaner M, Swank P ve ark (1989) The Relationship between the Hardiness Test and the Personal Orientation Inventory. J Res Pers., 23: 373- 380.
4. Carver CS (1989) How Should Multifaceted Personality Constructs Be Tested ? Issues Illustrated by Self-Monitoring, Attributional Style, and Hardiness. J Pers Soc Psychol., 56: 577-585.
5. Durak A (1994) Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği’nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikol Derg., 9 (31): 1-11.
6. Folkman S, Lazarus RS (1980) An Analysis of Coping in A Middle-Aged Community Sample. J Health Soc Behav., 21: 219-239.
7. Funk SC, Houston BK (1987), A Critical Analysis of the Hardiness Scale’s Validity and Utility. J Pers Soc Psychol., 53: 572-578.
8. Ganellen RJ, Blaney PH (1984) Hardiness and Social Support as Moderators of the Effects of Life stress. J Pers Soc Psychol., 47: 156-163.

9. Gençöz F, Gençöz T, Bozo Ö (2006) Hierarchical Dimensions of Coping Styles: A Study Conducted with Turkish University Students. Soc Behav Personal., 34: 525-534.
10. Ghorbani N, Watson PJ, Morris R (2000) Personality, Stress and Mental Health: Evidence of Relationships in a sample of Iranian Managers. Pers Indiv Differ., 28: 647- 657.
11. Hull JG, Van Treuren RR, Virnelli S (1987) Hardiness and Health: A Critique and Alternative Approach. J Pers Soc Psychol., 53: 518-530.
12. Kobasa SC (1979a) Stressfull Life Events, Personality and Health: An Inquiry into Hardiness. J Pers Soc Psychol., 37: 1-11.
13. Kobasa SC (1979b). Personality and Resis- tance to Illness. Am J Community Psychol, 7 (4), 413- 423.
14. Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Kahn S (1982) Hardi- ness and Health: A Prospective Study. J Pers Soc Psychol., 42: 168-177.
15. Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Puccetti MC ve ark (1985) Effectiveness of Hardiness, Exercise and So- cial Support as Resources Against Illness. J Psyc- hosom Res., 29: 525- 533.
16. Kobasa SC, Puccetti MC (1983) Personality ve Social Resources in Stress Resistance. J Pers Soc Psychol., 45: 839- 850.
17. Maddi SR (1987) Hardiness training at Illinois Bell Telephone. In J.P. Opatz (Ed.), Health Promotion Evaluation, Stevens Point, WI: National Wellness Ins- titute.
18. Maddi SR (1997) Personal Views Survey II: A Measure of Dispositional Hardiness CP Zalaquett ve RJ Woods (eds), Evaluating Stress: A Book of Resources. New York: University Press.
19. Maddi SR, Kahn S, Maddi LK (1998) The Effec- tiveness of Hardiness Training. Consult Psychol J., 50: 78-86.
20. Nowack KM (1989) Coping Style, Cognitive Hardiness, and Health Status. J Behav Med., 12: 145-158.
21. Rhodewalt F, Agustsdottır S (1984) On the Relationship of Hardiness to the Type A Behaviour Pattern: Perception of Life Events versus Coping with Life Events. J Res Pers., 18: 212-223.
22. Rhodewalt F, Zone JB (1989) Appraisal of Life Change, Depression, and Illness in Hardy and Nonhardy Women. J Pers Soc Psychol., 56: 81-88.
23. Seber G (1991) Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği’nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Ya- yınlanmamış Doçentlik Tezi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Psikiyatri Bölümü, Eskişehir.
24. Siva AN (1991) İnfertilitede Stresle Başetme, Öğrenilmiş Güçlülük ve Depresyonun İncelenme- si.Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniver- sitesi, Ankara.
25. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2001) Using Multivariate Statistics. Allyn-Bacon.