Nörolojik Bozukluklarda Bağırsak-Beyin Ekseni ve Mikrobiyota Temelli Beslenme Yaklaşımları: Anlatısal Derleme

Öz

Son yıllarda, bağırsak mikrobiyotası ile merkezi sinir sistemi arasındaki çift yönlü iletişim ağı olan bağırsak-beyin ekseni, nörolojik hastalıklarla ilişkili fizyolojik mekanizmaların daha iyi anlaşılmasında önemli bir araştırma alanı haline gelmiştir. Mikrobiyotada meydana gelen dengesizliklerin inflamasyon süreçlerini tetiklediği, immün yanıtı modüle ettiği ve nörotransmitter üretimini etkilediği; bu durumun ise Parkinson, Alzheimer, multipl skleroz, depresyon, anksiyete ve otizm spektrum bozuklukları gibi çeşitli nörolojik hastalıklarla ilişkili olabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Bu anlatısal derlemede, mikrobiyota temelli beslenme yaklaşımlarının söz konusu hastalık süreçlerine olan etkisi güncel literatür doğrultusunda değerlendirilmiştir. Literatür taraması, 2010–2024 yılları arasında PubMed, ScienceDirect ve Google Akademik veri tabanlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tarama sürecinde Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak “bağırsak-beyin ekseni”, “gut-brain axis”, “mikrobiyota”, “microbiota”, “beslenme müdahaleleri”, “nutrition interventions” ve “nörolojik hastalıklar” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılmıştır. Derlemeye tam metnine erişilebilen, bağırsak-beyin ekseni ve beslenme ilişkisini nörolojik hastalıklar bağlamında ele alan insan ve deneysel araştırmalar ile derleme çalışmaları dahil edilmiştir. Editöre mektup, özet bildiri, tez çalışmaları ve konu ile doğrudan ilişkili olmayan yayınlar dışlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, mikrobiyal çeşitliliği destekleyen beslenme modellerinin, özellikle prebiyotik ve probiyotik yönünden zengin diyetlerin; nöroinflamasyonu azaltmada, sinir hücreleri arasındaki iletişimi güçlendirmede ve bilişsel fonksiyonları korumada etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu yaklaşımların klinik pratikte uygulanabilirliğine ilişkin kanıtların hâlen sınırlı olması, daha fazla insan temelli ve kontrollü araştırmaya olan ihtiyacı ortaya koymaktadır. Bu derleme, sağlık profesyonellerine bağırsak-beyin ekseni ve beslenme temelli müdahaleler konusunda güncel bilgi sunmayı ve bu alandaki farkındalığı artırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bağırsak-beyin ekseni
• mikrobiyota
• beslenme
• nöroloji

Etik Beyan

Bu derleme çalışması, mevcut literatürün incelenmesi üzerine yapılmıştır. Çalışmada insan katılımcılar kullanılmadığı için etik onay gerekliliği bulunmamaktadır.

Gut-Brain Axis and Microbiota-Based Nutritional Approaches in Neurological Disorders: Narrative Review

Öz

In recent years, the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, has become an important area of research for gaining a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms associated with neurological disorders. Imbalances in the gut microbiota are suggested to trigger inflammatory processes, modulate immune responses, and affect neurotransmitter production, which may be associated with various neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, anxiety, and autism spectrum disorder. In this narrative review, the impact of microbiota-based nutritional approaches on these disease processes were evaluated in light of the current literature. The literature search was conducted between 2010 and 2024 using the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases. During the search process, the following keywords were used in both Turkish and English: “gut-brain axis”, “microbiota”, “nutrition interventions” and “neurological diseases”. The review includes human and experimental studies, as well as review articles, that address the relationship between the gut-brain axis and nutrition in the context of neurological diseases, provided that the full text of these studies is accessible. Letters to the editor, conference abstracts, theses, and publications not directly related to the subject were excluded. The findings suggest that dietary patterns supporting microbial diversity, particularly diets rich in prebiotics and probiotics, may contribute to reducing neuroinflammation, enhancing neuronal communication, and preserving cognitive functions. However, the current evidence regarding the clinical applicability of these approaches remains limited, highlighting the need for further human-based and controlled research. This review aims to provide healthcare professionals with up-to-date information on the gut-brain axis and nutrition-based interventions and to increase awareness in this field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gut–brain axis
• microbiota
• nutrition
• neurology

Etik Beyan

This review study was conducted based on an examination of the existing literature. Since no human participants were involved, ethical approval was not required.

Kaynakça

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