Ekonomik Büyüme, Karbon Emisyonu ve İnsani Gelişmişlik Arasındaki İlişki: Seçilmiş Akdeniz Ülkeleri

Yıl 2020, , 405 - 419, 30.04.2020

Müge Manga , Pinar Gümüş Akar

https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.555415

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Avrupa Birliğinde
yer alan Akdeniz Ülkeleri Hırvatistan, Kıbrıs, Fransa, Yunanistan, İtalya,
Malta, Slovenya, İspanya ve Birlik içerisinde yer almayan Türkiye’deki ekonomik
büyüme, karbon emisyonu ve insani gelişmişlik düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin test
edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Kurulan modelde yer alan değişkenler arasındaki
ilişki, 1998-2014 yılları esas alınarak Panel ARDL yöntemi ile analiz
edilmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, seçilen ülkelerde Kuznets hipotezinin
geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca yapılan analiz sonucunda, bu
ülkelerdeki insani gelişmişlik endeksi ile karbon emisyonu göstergesi arasında
negatif yönlü bir ilişkinin söz konusu olduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Ekonomik Büyüme, Karbon Emisyonu, İnsani Gelişmişlik İndeksi

The Relationship Between Economic Growth, Carbon Emission and Human Development: The Case of Selected Mediterranean Countries

Öz

In this study, in the European Union of Mediterranean Countries in Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Spain and take part in the union that economic growth in Turkey, aims to test the relationship between carbon emissions and human development level. The relationship between the variables in the model is analyzed by ARDL method based on the years 1998-2014. The results show that the Ecological Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid in selected countries. In addition, it is seen that there is a negative relationship between Human Development Index and carbon emission indicator in these countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Economic Growth, Carbon Emission, Human Development Index

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, Khalid, and Wei Long (2012), " Environmental Kuznets Curve and Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis", Procedia Economics and Finance, 1,pp.4-13.
• Ajmi, Ahdi Noomen, et al. (2015), "On The Relationships Between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Income: The Importance of Time Variation", Energy Economics, 49, pp.629-638.
• Akbostancı, Elif, Serap Türüt-Aşık, and G. İpek Tunç (2009), "The Relationship Between Income and Environment in Turkey: Is There An Environmental Kuznets Curve?", Energy Policy, Vol: 37, No:3, pp.861-867.
• Apergis, Nicholas, and Ilhan Ozturk (2015), "Testing Environmental KuznetsCurve Hypothesis in Asian Countries", Ecological Indicators, 52, pp.16-22.
• Aydın, C., and Ömer Esen (2017), "The Validity of the EnvironmentalKuznets Curve Hypothesis for CO2 Emissions in Turkey: New Evidence from Smooth Transition Regression Approach", Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Vol:14, Sayı:39, pp..101-116.
• Başar, Selim, and M. Sinan Temurlenk (2007),"Çevreye Uyarlanmış Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama",Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt:21, Sayı:1, ss.1-12.
• Bedir, Serap, and Vildan Merve Yilmaz (2016), "CO2 Emissions and Human Development in OECD Countries: Granger Causality Analysis With A Panel Data Approach.", Eurasian Economic Review, 6.1, ss.97-110.
• Bello, Mufutau Opeyemi, Sakiru Adebola Solarin, and Yuen Yee Yen (2018), “The Impact Of Electricity Consumption on CO2 Emission, Carbon Footprint, Water Footprint And Ecological Footprint: The Role of Hydropower in an Emerging Economy”, Journal of environmental management, 219, pp.218-230.
• Bölük, Gülden, and Mehmet Mert (2015), “The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDLApproach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, pp.587595.
• Carson, Richard T., Yongil Jeon, and Donald R. McCubbin (1997), “The Relationship Between Air Pollution Emissions and İncome: UsData”, Environment and Development Economics, Vol:2, No:4, pp.433450.
• Chen, Dongjing, et al. (2010), “The Inequality of Natural Resources Consumption and Its Relationship With The Social Development Level Based on The Ecological Footprint and The HDI”, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, Vol: 12, No:1, pp.69-86.
• Boutaud, Aurélien, Natacha Gondran, and Christian Brodhag (2006), “Local Environmental Quality Versus (Global) Ecological Carrying Capacity: What Might Alternative Aggregated İndicators Bring To The Debates About Environmental Kuznets Curves and Sustainable Development?”, International Journal Of Sustainable Development, Vol: 9, No:3, pp.297-310.
• Grossman, Gene M., and Alan B. Krueger (1991), “Environmental Impacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement”, National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w3914.
• Grossman, Gene M., and Alan B. Krueger (1995), “Economic Growth and The Environment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, pp.353–377.
• Gürlük, Serkan (2009), “Economic Growth, Industrial Pollution and Human Development in The Mediterranean Region”, Ecological Economics, Vol:68, No:8-9, pp:2327-2335.
• Harbaugh, William T., Arik Levinson, and David Molloy Wilson (2002), “Reexamining the empirical evidence for an environmental Kuznets curve”, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol:84, No:3, pp:541-551.
• Jebli, Mehdi Ben, Youssef Slim Ben and Ozturk, Ilhan (2016), “Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in OECD Countries”, Ecological Indicators, 60, pp:824-831.
• Katircioğlu, Salih Turan, and Taşpinar, Nigar (2017), “Testing The Moderating Role of Financial Development in an Environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical Evidence From Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, pp:572-586.
• Ketenci, Natalya (2018), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve in The Case of Russia”, Russian Journal of Economics, Vol:4, No:3, pp:249-265.Khanna, Neha and Plassmann, Florenz. (2004), “The Demand For Environmental Quality and The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis”, Ecological Economics, Vol:5, No:3-4, pp:225-236.
• Kuznets, Simone (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, The American economic review, Vol:45, No:1, pp: 1-28.
• Lebe, Fuat (2016),“Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, Cilt:17, No:2, ss:177-194.
• Lise, Wietze (2006), “Decomposition of CO2 Emissions Over 1980–2003 in Turkey”. Energy Policy, Vol:34, No:14, pp:1841-1852. Melikhova, Oksana., & Čížek, Jakub (2014), “Kuznets Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis Examined On Up-To Date Observations For 145 Countries”, Prague Economic Papers, Vol:23, No:3, pp:388-410.
• Moran, Daniel D., et al. (2008), “Measuring Sustainable Development — Nation By Nation”, Ecological Economics, Vol:64, No:3, pp:470-474.
• Orman, Sabri (2008), İktisadi Kalkınma Politikaları ve Değerler, Ekonomik Kalkınma ve Değerler, UTESAV (15-36), İstanbul
• Ozcan, Burcu., Apergis, Nicholas., & Shahbaz, Muhammad (2018), “A Revisit of The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis For Turkey: New Evidence from Bootstrap Rolling Window Causality”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol:25, No:32, pp:32381-32394.
• Pesaran, M. Hashem (2004), ”General Diagnostic Tests For Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESifo Working Paper 1229; IZA Discussing Paper 1240.(970).
• Pesaran, M. Hashem (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol:22, No:2, pp:265-312.
• Pesaran, M. Hashem , Shin, Yongcheol ., & Smith, P. Ron (1999), “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol:94, No:446, pp:621–634
• Shafik, Nemat., & Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit (1992), “Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time-Series and Cross-Country Evidence”, World Bank Publications.Vol:904
• Shahbaz, M., Dube, S., Ozturk, I., & Jalil, A. (2015), “Testing The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Portugal. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol:5, No:2, pp:475-481.
• Shahbaz, Muhammad, et al. (2012), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger Causality”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol:16, No:5,pp: 2947-2953.
• Song, Tao et al. (2008), “An Empirical Test of The Environmental Kuznets Curve in China: A Panel Cointegration Approach”, China Economic Review, Vol:19, No:3, pp:381-392.
• Soytas, Ugur, Sari, Ramazan & Ewing, T. Bradley (2007), “Energy Consumption, Income, and Carbon Emissions in The United States”. Ecological Economics, Vol:62, No:3-4, pp:482-489.
• Tzeremes, Panayiotis (2018),“Time-Varying Causality Between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: Evidence From US States”,Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol:25, No:6, pp: 6044-6060.
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), Human Development Data, http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
• Yerdelen Tatoğlu, Ferda. (2017), Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi, İstanul: Beta Yayınları.
• York, Richard et al. (2003), “Footprints on The Earth: The Environmental Consequences of Modernity”, Am Sociol Rev, Vol:68, No:2, pp:279–300
• Yurttagüler, İpek, & Kutlu, Sinem (2017), “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi’nin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, Alphanumeric Journal, Cilt:5, No:1, ss:115-126.