Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

İnsani Müdahalelerde Medyanın Rolü: Libya ve Bahreyn Karşılaştırması

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 489 - 506, 25.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.590480

Öz

Ocak 2010’da
Tunus’ta başlayan Arap Baharı aradan geçen sürede Ortadoğu coğrafyasının büyük
bir bölümünü yeniden şekillendirmiş ve 2011 yılının başlarında Libya ve
Bahreyn’de de halk yönetim değişikliği talebiyle sokak gösterilerine
başlamıştır. Fakat milyonlarca sivilin ölümüne yol açan iç savaşlar
uluslararası kamuoyunu aynı oranda etkilememiş,
 gerek uluslararası örgütlerin gerekse
devletlerin insan hakları ihlalleri gibi elzem bir konuda bütün devletlere
karşı aynı oranda tavır almadıkları gözlemlenmiştir. Bu durum Libya ve Bahreyn
örneklerinde de kendisini göstermiş,
küresel
güçler tarafından Libya’da yönetimin devrilmesi desteklenip insani müdahale
gerçekleştirilirken; Bahreyn’de halkın demokrasi talebi dünya kamuoyuna
yansımamış veya bilinçli olarak yansıtılmamıştır. Bu durumun temel nedeni ise
önemli ajansların Batılı ülkelerin kontrolünde olması ve bu ülkelerin küresel
politikalarıyla uyumlu haber yapmalarıdır. Nitekim küresel düzeyde yayın yapan
basın kuruluşlarının,
Libya’da insani müdahaleyi meşru gösterecek yayınlar yaptığı görülürken;
Bahreyn eylemlerine neredeyse hiç yer vermediği görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda
hazırlanan çalışmanın temel amacı; Libya ve Bahreyn örnekleri
karşılaştırılarak, medyanın insani müdahale sürecini ne derece etkilediği
sorunsalının tartışılmasıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Ağır, Osman, (2019), Yeni Demir Yumruk: Putin’in Yükselişi, Orion Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Ağır, Osman ve Aksu, Zehra, (2017), “Birleşmiş Milletler’in Suriye Krizine Yönelik Politikalarının Değerlendirilmesi”, ASSAM, Cilt.4, Sayı:9, ss.43-55. Aljazeera, (2007). https://english.aljazeera.net/English.
  • Bahrain News Agency, (2011), “The Appeal National Safety Court Confirms the Detah Penalty of Two Defandants Involved in Murdering Policemen”, https://www.bna.bh/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I.
  • Barbier, Frederic ve Bertho, Catherine (2001), Diderot’dan İnternete Medya Tarihi, Ed: Kerem Eksen ve Halil Gökhan, Okyanus Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • BBC News, (2011), http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/world/2011/03/110311_u02_bahrain. shtml.
  • Briggs, Asa ve Burke, Peter (2011), Medyanın Toplumsal Tarihi Gutenberg’ten İnternet’e, (Çev. Erkan Uzun ve Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal), Kırmızı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Carruthers, Susan (2000), The Media at War, Communation and Conflict ın The 20th Century, New York.
  • Charter of the UN. (26 Haziran 1945), http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/.
  • Chomsky, Noam (2002), Medya Gerçeği, Everest Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Coebergh, John (2005), “Sudan; The Genocide Has Killed More Than The Tsunami” Parliamentary Brief, Vol.7, No:9.
  • Collins, Steven (2003), “Mind Games”, The Information Warfare Site, http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/resources/iraq/mind-games.htm.
  • Durham, Meenakshi Gigi ve Kellner, Douglas (2012), Media and Cultural Studies, Blackwell Publishing, USA.
  • Ercan, Pınar Gözen (2014), Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, (Der. Şaban Kardaş ve Ali Balcı), Küre Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Forbes, Ian ve Hoffman, Mark (1993), Political Theory, International Relations and The Ethics of Intervention, (Der. Dilys M. Hill), St. Martin's Press, New York.
  • Glanville, Luke (2013), “Intervention in Libya: From Sovereign Consent To Regional Consent”, International Studies Perspectives, Vol.14, No:3, ss.325-342.
  • Goodenough, Patrick (2011), Russia, China Accuse West of Exceeding UN Resolution, Making Libyan Crisis Worse, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/russiachina-accuse-west-exceeding-un-resolution-making-libyan-crisis-worse.
  • Herdegen, Matthias (2010), Völkerrecht, C.H. Beck Press, München.
  • Heydemann, Steven ve Leeders, Reinoud (2011), “Authoritarian Learning and Authoritarian Resilience: Regime Responses to the ‘Arap Awakening”, Globalizations. Vol. 8, No: 5, ss. 647-653.
  • Heywood, Andrew (2015), Key Concept in Politics and International Relations, Red Globe Press, London.
  • Joules, Burn (2012), The Strategic Importance of Bahrain to Saudi Arabia, https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/Middle-East/The-Strategic-Importance-Of-Bahrain-To-Saudi-Arabia.html.
  • Kaldor, Marry (1999), New and Old Wars: Organised Violence ın a Global Era, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Kern, Soeren (2011), Why France Was So Keen To Attack Libya, http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/1983/france-libya-attack.
  • Kuşoulu, Baran (2013), Libya-Arap Baharı’na NATO Katkısı, http://www.yasader.org/ web/yasama_dergisi/2012/sayi22/99-118.pdf.
  • Milburn, Michael (1998), Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Kamuoyu ve Siyaset, (Çev. Ali Dönmez ve Veli Duyan), İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Murphy, Sean (1996), Humanitarian Intervention: The UN in an Evolving Order, University of Philadelphia Press, Philadelphia.
  • Nuruzzaman, Mohammed (2013), “The “Responsibility To Protect” Doctrine: Revived in Libya, Buried in Syria” Insight Turkey, Vol.15, No:2, ss.57-66.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin (2010), Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Ramphal, Stridath (1996), Law and Intervention. Peace Review, Vol.8, No:4, ss.493-497.
  • Rivers, William (1982), The Other Government: Power and the Washington Media, Univers Books, New York.
  • Scheffer David (1992), “Chanllenges Confronting Collective Security: Humanitarian Intervention”, Post- Gulf War Challenges To the UN Collective Security System: Three Views on the Issue of Humanitarian Intervention, United States Institute, Washington, ss.1-14.
  • Semin, Ali (2011), Kaddafi Sonrası Libya’nın Geleceği, http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/1151/kaddafi-sonrasi-libya'nin#.VnFC7UqLTIU.
  • Silander, Daniel (2013), “R2P-principle and practice? The UNSC on Libya”, Journal of Applied Security Research, Vol.8, No:2, ss.262-284.
  • Simon, Mabon (2012), The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry, Middle East Policy Council, www.mepc.org\journal\middle-east-policy-archives\battle-bahrain-iranian-saudi-rivalry, Vol.19, No:2.
  • Slim, Hugo (2008), Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War, Colombia University Press, New York.
  • Teson, Fernando (1988), Humanitarian Intervention, Transnational Publishers, New York.
  • The Economist, (2012), “Bahrain’s Shias Getting Back Out There”, http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2012/12/bahrains-shias.
  • UN, About The UN, http://www.un.org/en/about-un/index.html, (20.04.2019). Uygur, Hakkı (2012), “Iran ve Arap Baharı”, SETA, No:52, ss.12.
  • Zeytinli, Murat (1997), Uluslararası Haber Dengesizliği, Rebel Yayıncılık, İstanbul.

The Role of Media in Humanitarian Interventions: Comparison of Libya and Bahrain

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 489 - 506, 25.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.590480

Öz

The Arab Spring, which began in Tunisia in January 2010, has reshaped a large part of the Middle East geography and started street demonstrations in Libya and Bahrain at the beginning of 2011, demanding a change in public administration. However, the civil wars that have killed millions of civilians have not been the same in the international system, and it has been observed that the international organizations and the states do not take the same rate against all the states in a crucial subject such as human rights violations. This situation has shown itself in comparison with the examples of Libya and Bahrain, while the overthrow of the administration in Libya by the global powers supported and humanitarian intervention; In Bahrain, the demand of the people for democracy has not been reflected in the world public opinion or reflected in a conscious manner. This has led to the fact that internationally broadcasting agencies are mostly of Western origin. Indeed, areas national public opinion, to justify humanitarian intervention in Libya is seen as a tool used by the media; It has been seen that Bahrain has almost no place for his actions. In this context, the main purpose of the study; After comparing Libya and Bahrain examples, discussion of the question of to which extent the media affect the process of humanitarian intervention.

Kaynakça

  • Ağır, Osman, (2019), Yeni Demir Yumruk: Putin’in Yükselişi, Orion Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Ağır, Osman ve Aksu, Zehra, (2017), “Birleşmiş Milletler’in Suriye Krizine Yönelik Politikalarının Değerlendirilmesi”, ASSAM, Cilt.4, Sayı:9, ss.43-55. Aljazeera, (2007). https://english.aljazeera.net/English.
  • Bahrain News Agency, (2011), “The Appeal National Safety Court Confirms the Detah Penalty of Two Defandants Involved in Murdering Policemen”, https://www.bna.bh/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I.
  • Barbier, Frederic ve Bertho, Catherine (2001), Diderot’dan İnternete Medya Tarihi, Ed: Kerem Eksen ve Halil Gökhan, Okyanus Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • BBC News, (2011), http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/world/2011/03/110311_u02_bahrain. shtml.
  • Briggs, Asa ve Burke, Peter (2011), Medyanın Toplumsal Tarihi Gutenberg’ten İnternet’e, (Çev. Erkan Uzun ve Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal), Kırmızı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Carruthers, Susan (2000), The Media at War, Communation and Conflict ın The 20th Century, New York.
  • Charter of the UN. (26 Haziran 1945), http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/.
  • Chomsky, Noam (2002), Medya Gerçeği, Everest Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Coebergh, John (2005), “Sudan; The Genocide Has Killed More Than The Tsunami” Parliamentary Brief, Vol.7, No:9.
  • Collins, Steven (2003), “Mind Games”, The Information Warfare Site, http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/resources/iraq/mind-games.htm.
  • Durham, Meenakshi Gigi ve Kellner, Douglas (2012), Media and Cultural Studies, Blackwell Publishing, USA.
  • Ercan, Pınar Gözen (2014), Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, (Der. Şaban Kardaş ve Ali Balcı), Küre Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Forbes, Ian ve Hoffman, Mark (1993), Political Theory, International Relations and The Ethics of Intervention, (Der. Dilys M. Hill), St. Martin's Press, New York.
  • Glanville, Luke (2013), “Intervention in Libya: From Sovereign Consent To Regional Consent”, International Studies Perspectives, Vol.14, No:3, ss.325-342.
  • Goodenough, Patrick (2011), Russia, China Accuse West of Exceeding UN Resolution, Making Libyan Crisis Worse, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/russiachina-accuse-west-exceeding-un-resolution-making-libyan-crisis-worse.
  • Herdegen, Matthias (2010), Völkerrecht, C.H. Beck Press, München.
  • Heydemann, Steven ve Leeders, Reinoud (2011), “Authoritarian Learning and Authoritarian Resilience: Regime Responses to the ‘Arap Awakening”, Globalizations. Vol. 8, No: 5, ss. 647-653.
  • Heywood, Andrew (2015), Key Concept in Politics and International Relations, Red Globe Press, London.
  • Joules, Burn (2012), The Strategic Importance of Bahrain to Saudi Arabia, https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/Middle-East/The-Strategic-Importance-Of-Bahrain-To-Saudi-Arabia.html.
  • Kaldor, Marry (1999), New and Old Wars: Organised Violence ın a Global Era, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Kern, Soeren (2011), Why France Was So Keen To Attack Libya, http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/1983/france-libya-attack.
  • Kuşoulu, Baran (2013), Libya-Arap Baharı’na NATO Katkısı, http://www.yasader.org/ web/yasama_dergisi/2012/sayi22/99-118.pdf.
  • Milburn, Michael (1998), Sosyal Psikolojik Açıdan Kamuoyu ve Siyaset, (Çev. Ali Dönmez ve Veli Duyan), İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Murphy, Sean (1996), Humanitarian Intervention: The UN in an Evolving Order, University of Philadelphia Press, Philadelphia.
  • Nuruzzaman, Mohammed (2013), “The “Responsibility To Protect” Doctrine: Revived in Libya, Buried in Syria” Insight Turkey, Vol.15, No:2, ss.57-66.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin (2010), Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Ramphal, Stridath (1996), Law and Intervention. Peace Review, Vol.8, No:4, ss.493-497.
  • Rivers, William (1982), The Other Government: Power and the Washington Media, Univers Books, New York.
  • Scheffer David (1992), “Chanllenges Confronting Collective Security: Humanitarian Intervention”, Post- Gulf War Challenges To the UN Collective Security System: Three Views on the Issue of Humanitarian Intervention, United States Institute, Washington, ss.1-14.
  • Semin, Ali (2011), Kaddafi Sonrası Libya’nın Geleceği, http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/1151/kaddafi-sonrasi-libya'nin#.VnFC7UqLTIU.
  • Silander, Daniel (2013), “R2P-principle and practice? The UNSC on Libya”, Journal of Applied Security Research, Vol.8, No:2, ss.262-284.
  • Simon, Mabon (2012), The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry, Middle East Policy Council, www.mepc.org\journal\middle-east-policy-archives\battle-bahrain-iranian-saudi-rivalry, Vol.19, No:2.
  • Slim, Hugo (2008), Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War, Colombia University Press, New York.
  • Teson, Fernando (1988), Humanitarian Intervention, Transnational Publishers, New York.
  • The Economist, (2012), “Bahrain’s Shias Getting Back Out There”, http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2012/12/bahrains-shias.
  • UN, About The UN, http://www.un.org/en/about-un/index.html, (20.04.2019). Uygur, Hakkı (2012), “Iran ve Arap Baharı”, SETA, No:52, ss.12.
  • Zeytinli, Murat (1997), Uluslararası Haber Dengesizliği, Rebel Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Zehra Aksu 0000-0003-1073-4086

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aksu, Z. (2019). İnsani Müdahalelerde Medyanın Rolü: Libya ve Bahreyn Karşılaştırması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 489-506. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.590480

KSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi ULAKBİM-TR Dizin tarafından dizinlenen hakemli ve bilimsel bir dergidir.