Modern Approaches and Clinical Applications in Pulmonary Embolism
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE), one of the most severe clinical presentations of venous thromboembolism, carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Rapid and accurate diagnosis, appropriate risk assessment, and individualized treatment approaches can significantly improve patient outcomes. The diagnostic process highlights the use of clinical scoring systems (Wells and Geneva), D-dimer testing, computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), and biomarkers. Treatment options are determined based on hemodynamic stability and include anticoagulants, thrombolytic therapy, catheter-directed reperfusion techniques, and surgical embolectomy. New oral anticoagulants (NOACs) offer advantages in terms of ease of use and effectiveness, particularly in hemodynamically stable PE patients. In long-term management, the duration of anticoagulant therapy is determined according to the patient’s risk of recurrence. Regular follow-up is crucial for preventing complications such as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Additionally, supportive therapies, including respiratory support, fluid management, and inotropic agents, play a vital role, particularly in high-risk patients. Among innovative treatment methods, thrombus-targeted nanoparticle-based systems have the potential to provide safer and more effective options in PE treatment. This review comprehensively discusses the diagnosis, risk assessment, current treatment strategies, and innovative approaches to pulmonary embolism.
Keywords
Key Words: Pulmonary embolism , anticoagulant therapy , thrombolytic therapy , catheter-mediated reperfusion
Kaynakça
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