Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler

Egemen Özdemir; Esra Kazak

doi:10.17517/ksutfd.1623445

EN TR

The Respiratory Tract Viruses That Are Gaining Importance and Current Developments

Öz

Respiratory viruses have gained prominence in recent years due to several factors: advancements in diagnostic technologies, a growing population of elderly and immunocompromised individuals, changing climate conditions, global population growth, greater ease of international travel, and the potential for certain viruses to cause pandemics. Among these, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 are particularly notable for their capacity to cause pneumonia, posing significant life-threatening risks, especially in older adults and immunocompromised individuals. In addition, viruses such as Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, and Human Metapneumovirus are being increasingly identified as important respiratory pathogens. Recent experiences with zoonotic viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and Avian Influenza H5N1, have demonstrated how mutations can enable animal viruses to infect humans and cause widespread outbreaks. Therefore, what are the current emerging threats, and what recent advancements have been made in this field? Progress has been made in developing vaccines and antiviral treatments for some of these viruses. What is the current status of novel antiviral agents, monoclonal antibody therapies, and vaccine development? In this general review, we examine the rising significance of respiratory viruses and provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the prevention and treatment of these pathogens.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Airway infections, Emerging diseases, Influenzae, Paramyxovirus, Coronavirus, Bocavirus

Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler

Öz

Solunum yolu virüsleri son yıllarda artan tanı olanakları, yaşlı ve immün sistemi baskılanmış birey sayısının artması, değişen iklim koşulları, insan nüfusundaki artış, ulaşımın kolaylaşması ve bazı virüslerin pandemiye neden olabilme potansiyelleri nedeniyle giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Bu virüslerden özellikle respiratuar sinsityal virüs, influenza ve SARS-CoV-2 zatürreye neden olabilmekte, yaşlı ve bağışıklık sistemi zayıf hastalarda yaşamı tehdit edebilmektedir. Bunların dışında rinovirüs, adenovirüs, insan metapnömovirüsü giderek artan sıklıkta tanımlanan diğer solunum yolu virüslerindendir. Zoonotik kökenli virüslerin çeşitli mutasyonlarla insanda hastalık yapma özelliği kazanması ve salgınlara yol açmasını COVİD-19 ve Avian İnfluenza H5N1’de deneyimledik. Peki güncel tehditler ve gelişmeler neler? Bazı solunum yolu virüslerinden korunmak için aşı çalışmalarında ve tedavide umut verici gelişmeler mevcuttur. Yeni antiviral ilaçlar, monoklonal antikorlar ve aşı çalışmalarında durum ne? Bu genel derlemeyle önem kazanan solunum yolu virüslerinden bahsettik ve bu virüsler hakkındaki güncel gelişmeleri paylaştık.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Solunum yolu enfeksiyonları, Yeni hastalıklar, İnfluenzae, Paramiksovirüs, Koronavirüs, Bokavirüs

Etik Beyan

Derlememizde herhangi bir kurum veya sponsor desteği alınmamıştır.

Kaynakça

Başoğlu MS. Üst Solunum Yolu Enfeksiyonları. Mirici A, Babaoğlu E, Mutlu P., TÜSAD Kitapları: Göğüs Hastalıkları Kitabı, 1.Baskı, İstanbul; Türkiye Solunum Araştırmaları Derneği Yayınları, Kare Yayıncılık, 2019;15:5. ISBN: 978-605-89519-4-5
Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes B. The Economic Burden of Non–Influenza-Related Viral Respiratory Tract Infection in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:487-94. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.4.487.
Glezen WP, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Pieadra PA, Couch RB. Impact of Respiratory Virus Infections on Persons With Chronic Underlying Conditions. JAMA. 2000;283:499-505. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.4.499.
García-Bernalt DJ, Fernández-Soto P, Muro A. The Future of Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Amplification Diagnostics after COVID-19: Time to Walk the Walk. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(22):14110. doi: 10.3390/ijms232214110.
Kuşkucu MA, Mete B, Tabak F, Midilli K. Yetişkinlerde solunum yolu viral etkenlerinin 2010-2018 yılları arasındaki prevalansı ve mevsimsel dağılımı. Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg. 2020;50:21-6. doi: 10.5222/TMCD.2020.021.
Agca H, Akalin H, Saglik I, Hacimustafaoglu M, Celebi S, Ener B. Changing epidemiology of influenza and other respiratory viruses in the first year of COVID-19 pandemic. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14:1186-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.004.
Quan Y, Zhang Y, Yang G, Ma C, Liu M. Epidemiological characteristics of five non-COVID respiratory viruses among 37,139 all-age patients during 2018-2023 in Weifang, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):1324. doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-10212-7.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The European Respiratory Virus Surveillance Summary. [online]. ECDC: ERVISS; Stockholm; 2022 [Accessed 20 November 2024]. Available from: https://erviss.org/Summary.
Özdemir B. TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar ve Erken Uyarı Dairesi Başkanlığı Haftalık İnfluenza (Grip) Sürveyans Raporu. 2024. 38-39. Hafta (16-29 Eylül 2024) Raporu; Ekim 2024, Ankara, Türkiye. Erişim adresi: https://grip.saglik.gov.tr/depo/influenzaraporu/2024/Haftalik_Influenza_Grip_Surveyans_Raporu_2024_38-39._Hafta_cb48c.pdf
Lamb RA, Krug RM. Orthomyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fundamental virology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001;p:725-69.

Soydam S, Varan G, Ünal S. İnfluenza/B Yamagata suşu ve influenza aşıları. Flora. 2024;29:165-71. doi: 10.5578/flora.2024021036.
Chen Z, Tsui JL, Gutierrez B, Moreno SB, Plessis LD, Deng X, et al. COVID-19 pandemic interventions reshaped the global dispersal of seasonal influenza viruses. Science. 2024;386(6722):eadq3003. doi: 10.1126/science.adq3003.
Del Riccio M, Nunes MC, Cowling BJ, Lina B, McCauley JW, Meijer A, et al. Post-disappearance scenarios: policy implications following the potential disappearance of B/Yamagata lineage influenza viruses. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(45):2400196. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.45.2400196.
Monto AS, Zambon M, Weir JP. The end of B/Yamagata Influenza Transmission—Transitioning from Quadrivalent Vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:1256-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2314801.
Clinical practice guidelines for influenza. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. ISBN: 978-92-4-009775-9. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/378872/9789240097759eng.pdf?sequence=1
Branda F, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F. H5N1 avian influenza: tracking outbreaks with real-time epidemiological data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24:480-1. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00414-6.
Oner AF, Bay A, Arslan S, Akdeniz H, Sahin HA, Cesur Y, et al. Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Eastern Turkey in 2006. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2179-85. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa060601.
World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. Avian Influenza Weekly Update Number 974. [online]. WHO: Westernpacific; Manila; 2015 [Accessed 22 November 2024]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/wpro-documents/emergency/surveillance/avianinfluenza/ai_20241122.pdf?sfvrsn=5f006f99_146.
Gimenez-Lirola LG, Cauwels B, Mora-Diaz JC, Magtoto R, Hernandez J, Cordero-Ortiz M, et al. Detection and Monitoring of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Virus 2.3.4.4b Outbreak in Dairy Cattle in the United States. Viruses. 2024;16:1376. doi: 10.3390/v16091376.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Newsroom. CDC confirms H5N1 Bird Flu Infection in a Child in California. [online]. CDC: Newsroom; Atlanta; 2024 [Accessed 22 November 2024]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/p1122-h5n1-bird-flu.html.
Tisza MJ, Hanson BM, Clark JR, Wang L, Payne K, Ross MC, et al. Sequencing-Based Detection of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wastewater in Ten Cities. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1157-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2405937.
Morse J, Coyle J, Mikesell L, Stoddard B, Eckel S, Weinberg M, et al. Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in two dairy farm workers in Michigan. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:963-4. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2407264.
Uyeki TM, Milton S, Hamid CA, Webb CR, Presley SM, Shetty V, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in a dairy farm worker. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:2028-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2405371.
Dyer O. Bird flu: Canadian teenager is critically ill with new genotype. BMJ. 2024;387:25-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.q2529.
Ledford H. Is bird flu spreading among people? Data gaps leave researchers in the dark. Nature. 2024;Sep 19. doi: 10.1038/d41586-024-03089-8.
Park GYS, Tishkowski K. Paramyxovirus. 2023 Jul 10. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. PMID: 33620863. [Accessed 23 November 2024]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567794/
Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA, Cox C, Walsh EE. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Elderly and High-Risk Adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1749-59. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043951.
Begley KM, Leis AM, Petrie AM, Truscon R, Johnson E, Lamerato LE, et al. Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults and Children With Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Illness Over Three Seasons. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;79:1039-45. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciae303.
Britton A, Roper LE, Kotton CN, Hutton DW, Fleming-Dutra KE, Godfrey M, et al. Use of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Adults Aged ≥60 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024 Aug 15;73(32):696-702. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7332e1.
Fleming-Dutra KE, Jones JM, Roper LE, Prill MM, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Moulia DL, et al. Use of the Pfizer Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine During Pregnancy for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Infants: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Oct 13;72(41):1115-22. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7241e1.
Assad Z, Romain AS, Aupiais C, Shum M, Schrimpf C, Lorrot M, et al. Nirsevimab and Hospitalization for RSV Bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:144-54. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2314885.
Zhao S, Shang Y, Yin Y, Zou Y, Xu Y, Zhong L, et al. Ziresovir in Hospitalized Infants with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1096-107. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2313551.
Hirsch HH, Martino R, Ward KN, Boeckh M, Einsele H, Ljungman P. Fourth European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-4): Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza Virus, Metapneumovirus, Rhinovirus, and Coronavirus. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:258-66. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis844.
Manuel O, Estabrook M; American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. RNA respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019;33(9):e13511. doi: 10.1111/ctr.13511.
Trang TP, Whalen M, Hilts-Horeczko A, Doernberg SB, Liu C. Comparative effectiveness of aerosolized versus oral ribavirin for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections: A single-center retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis. 2018;20(2):e12844. doi: 10.1111/tid.12844.
Sydnor ERM, Greer A, Budd AP, Pehar M, Munshaw S, Neofytos D, et al. An outbreak of human parainfluenzavirus 3 infection in an outpatient hematopoietic stem cell transplantation clinic. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40:601-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.11.011.
Vidaur L, Totorika I, Montes M, Vicente D, Rello J, Cilla G. Human metapneumovirus as cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults: insights from a ten-year molecular and epidemiological analysis. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9:86. doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0559-y.
Keske Ş, Gümüş T, Köymen T, Sandıkçı S, Tabak L, Ergönül Ö. Human metapneumovirus infection: Diagnostic impact of radiologic imaging. J Med Virol. 2019;91:958-62. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25402.
Loubet P, Mathieu P, Lenzi N, Galtier F, Laine F, Lesieur Z, et al. Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in adults hospitalized for community-acquired influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2018: a retrospective observational study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27:1271-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.005.
Perez A, Montoro J, Chorao P, Gomez D, Guerreiro M, Gimenez E, et al. Outcome of Human Parainfluenza Virus infection in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients: possible impact of ribavirin therapy. Infection. 2024;52:1941-52. doi: 10.1007/s15010-024-02213-0.
Kitanovski L, Kopriva S, Pokorn M, Dolnicar MB, Rajic V, Stefanovic M, et al. Treatment of severe human metapneumovirus (hMPV) pneumonia in an immunocompromised child with oral ribavirin and IVIG. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013;35:311-3. doi: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e3182915d2d.
De Zwart A, Riezebos-Brilman A, Lunter G, Vonk J, Glanville AR, Gottlieb J, et al. Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, and Parainfluenza Virus Infections in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Treatment Strategies. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;74:2252-60. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab969.
Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, Lau CC, Tsang AK, Lau JH, et al. Discovery of seven novel mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J Virol. 2012;86:3995-4008. doi: 10.1128/JVI.06540-11.
Kim T, Choi H, Shin TR, Ko Y, Park YB, Kim HI, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of common community human coronavirus disease. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13:2288-99. doi: 10.21037/jtd-20-3190.
Al Hazmi A. Challenges presented by MERS coronavirus, and SARS coronavirus to global health. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2016;23:507-11. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.02.019.
Wong ACP, Li X, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Global epidemiology of bat coronaviruses. Viruses. 2019;11:174. doi: 10.3390/v11020174.
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395:565-74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
World Health Organization Data, WHO Health Emergencies Programme. WHO COVID-19 dashboard. [online]. WHO: Geneva; 2020 [Accessed 21 November 2024]. Available from: https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases.
Açıkgöz Ö, Günay A. Short-term impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global and Turkish economy. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51:3182-93. doi: 10.3906/sag-2106-271.
Beladiya J, Kumar A, Vasava Y, Parmar K, Patel D, Patel S, et al. Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and randomized clinical trials. Rev Med Virol. 2024;34(1):e2507. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2507.
Lin DY, Abi Fadel F, Huang S, Milinovich AT, Sacha GL, Bartley P, et al. Nirmatrelvir or Molnupiravir Use and Severe Outcomes From Omicron Infections. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(9):e2335077. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.35077.
Veronese N, Di Gennaro F, Frallonardo L, Ciriminna S, Papagni R, Carruba L, et al. Real life experience on the use of Remdesivir in patients admitted to COVID-19 in two referral Italian hospital: a propensity score matched analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:9303. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59957-w.
Han YJ, Lee KH, Yoon S, Nam SW, Ryu S, Seong D, et al. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. Theranostics. 2021;11:1207-31. doi: 10.7150/thno.48342.
Schmidt P, Li Y, Popejoy M. Immunobridging for Pemivibart, a Monoclonal Antibody for Prevention of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1860-2. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2404555.
Moustsen-Helms IR, Bager P, Larsen TG, Møller FT, Vestergaard LS, Rasmussen M, et al. Relative vaccine protection, disease severity, and symptoms associated with the SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariant BA.2.86 and descendant JN.1 in Denmark: a nationwide observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24:964-73. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00220-2.
Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron Eras. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:515-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2403211.
An TJ, Lee J, Shin M, Yoo KH, Hwang YI, Min KH, et al. Similarity analyses of causative viruses for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma exacerbations. BMC Pulm Med. 2024;24:474. doi: 10.1186/s12890-024-03298-x.
Jackson DJ, Makrinioti H, Rana BMJ, Shamji BWH, Trujillo-Torralbo M, Footitt J, et al. IL-33-dependent type 2 inflammation during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:1373-82. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201406-1039OC.
Sardinha DM, Silva MJA, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. Factors associated with outcome in a national cohort of rhinovirus hospitalized patients in Brazil in 2022. Sci Rep. 2024;14:27413. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78628-4.
Palmenberg AC, Rathe JA, Liggett SB. Analysis of the complete genome sequences of human rhinovirus. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:1190-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.010.
Lacroix C, Laconi S, Angius F, Coluccia A, Silvestri R, Pompei R, et al. In vitro characterisation of a pleconaril/pirodavir-like compound with potent activity against rhinoviruses. Virol J. 2015;12:106. doi: 10.1186/s12985-015-0330-4.
Kang H, Kim C, Kim D, Song J, Choi M, Choi K, et al. Synergistic antiviral activity of gemcitabine and ribavirin against enteroviruses. Antiviral Res. 2015;124:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.011.
Watson A, Spalluto CM, McCrae C, Cellura D, Burke H, Cunoosamy D, et al. Dynamics of IFN-β responses during respiratory viral infection. Insights for therapeutic strategies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:83-94. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201901-0214OC.
Mengual-Chulia B, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Mira-Iglesias A, Cano L, Garcia-Esteban S, Ferrus ML, et al. Enterovirus D68 disease burden and epidemiology in hospital-admitted influenza-like illness, Valencia region of Spain, 2014-2020 influenza seasons. J Med Virol. 2024;96:e29810. doi: 10.1002/jmv.29810.
Sütçü M, Kara M, Yıldız F, Kılıç Ö, Tural Kara T, Akkoc G, et al. Hand, foot, and mouth disease: could EPs® 7630 be a treatment option? A prospective randomized open-label multicenter clinical study. Front Pediatr. 2024;12:1274010. doi: 10.3389/fped.2024.1274010.
Tataranu E, Galos F, Anchidin-Norocel L, Axinte R, Filip F, Axinte S, et al. Life-Threatening Conditions in Children with Bocavirus Infection—Case Series and Mini Review of the Literature. Viruses. 2024;16:1347. doi: 10.3390/v16091347.
Jaya-Lakshmi SS, Nisha V, Leela KV, Harsha-Vardhini N, Subash S. Uncovering the Presentation and Diagnosis of Human Bocavirus in a Patient at a Tertiary Care Center: A Case Report. Cureus. 2024;16:e66550. doi: 10.7759/cureus.66550.
Del Rosal T, Garcia-Garcia ML, Calvo C, Gozalo F, Pozo F, Casas I. Recurrent wheezing and asthma after bocavirus bronchiolitis. Allergol Immunopathol. 2016;44:410-4. doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.07.004.
Tustiu I, Woods S, Lee J, Buckley O, Moore D. Acute myocarditis and haemoptysis in an adult with human bocavirus monoinfection: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2024;8:ytae480. doi: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytae480.
Hanalioglu D, Cetin S, Cetin M, Dinc B, Akcan-Yildiz L, Kaynak MO, et al. Unmasking bocavirus: is it a co-infectious agent or an actual respiratory pathogen? Postgrad Med. 2024;136:864-74. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2024.2412972.
Kampenusa I, Niedre-Otomere B, Trofimova J, Pole I, Pakarna G, Savicka O, et al. Circulation and Codetections of Influenza Virus, SARS-CoV-2, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, Bocavirus, and Other Respiratory Viruses During 2022-2023 Season in Latvia. Viruses. 2024;16:1650. doi: 10.3390/v16111650.
Cooper RJ, Hallett R, Tullo AB, Klapper PE. The epidemiology of adenovirus infections in Greater Manchester, UK 1982-96. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;125:333-45. doi: 10.1017/s0950268899004550.
Lynch JP, Kajon AE. Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;37:586-602. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1584923.
Cederwall S, Pahlman LI. Respiratory adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised adult patients. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;147:e328. doi: 10.1017/S0950268819002176.
Vezir D, Alkan O, Cankaya NM, Odabası Z, Eryuksel SE. Adenovirus pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient: A case report. Marmara Med J. 2024;37:379-83. doi: 10.5472/marumj.1572504.
Padin DS, Faix D, Brodine S, Lemus H, Hawksworth A, Putnam S, et al. Retrospective analysis of demographic and clinical factors associated with etiology of febrile respiratory illness among US military basic trainees. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:576. doi: 10.1186/s12879-014-0576-2.
Radin JM, Hawksworth AW, Blair PJ, Faix DJ, Raman R, Russell KL, et al. Dramatic decline of respiratory illness among US military recruits after the renewed use of adenovirus vaccines. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:962-8. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu507.
Matthes-Martin S, Feuchtinger T, Shaw PJ, Engelhard D, Hirsch HH, Cordonnier C, et al. European guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of adenovirus infection in leukemia and stem cell transplantation: summary of ECIL-4 (2011). Transpl Infect Dis. 2012;14:555-63. doi: 10.1111/tid.12022.
Gonzalez-Vicent M, Verna M, Pochon C, Chandak A, Vainorius E, Brundage T, et al. Current practices in the management of adenovirus infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in Europe: The AdVance study. Eur J Haematol. 2019;102:210-7. doi: 10.1111/ejh.13194.
Florescu DF, Schaenman JM. Adenovirus in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019;33:e13527. doi: 10.1111/ctr.13527.
Zhao J, Yap A, Wu E, Low CY, Yap J. Severe community acquired adenovirus pneumonia in an immunocompetent host successfully treated with IV Cidofovir. Respir Med Case Rep. 2020;30:101037. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101037.
Yoon H, Cho H, Ryu YJ. Adenovirus pneumonia treated with Cidofovir in an immunocompetent high school senior. Respir Med Case Rep. 2019;26:215-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.01.015.
Londeree J, Winterberg PD, Garro R, George RP, Shin S, Liverman R, et al. Brincidofovir for the treatment of human adenovirus infection in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients: A case series. Pediatr Transplant. 2020;24:e13769. doi: 10.1111/petr.13769.
Çelik İ, Saatçi E, Eyüboğlu FÖ. Emerging and reemerging respiratory viral infections up to Covid-19. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50:557-62. doi: 10.3906/sag-2004-126.
Gray GC, Abdelgadir A. While We Endure This Pandemic, What New Respiratory Virus Threats Are We Missing. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8:ofab078. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab078.
Vinod A, Karthiga V, Chakraborty SV, Palanisamy S, Rathod S. Association between maternal vitamin D status during late pregnancy and acute lower respiratory tract infections and acute diarrheal disease during infancy - A cohort study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2024;64:411-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.10.157.
Jolliffe DA, Camargo CA, Sluyter JD, Aglipay M, Aloia JF, Ganmaa D, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:276-92. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00051-6.
Manning J, Mitchell B, Appadurai DA, Shakya A, Pierce LJ, Wang H, et al. Vitamin C Promotes Maturation of T-Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;19:2054-67. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4988.
Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C reduces the severity of common colds: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:2468. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-17229-8.
Cardinale F, Barattini DF, Martinucci V, Bordea MM, Barattini L, Rosu S. The Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement with Honey, Propolis, Pelargonium sidoides Extract, and Zinc in Children Affected by Acute Tonsillopharyngitis: An Open, Randomized, and Controlled Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(6):804. doi: 10.3390/ph17060804.
Zimniak M, Kirschner L, Hilpert H, Geiger N, Danov O, Oberwinkler H, et al. The serotonin reuptake inhibitor Fluoxetine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human lung tissue. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5890. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85049-0.
Branda F, Scarpa F, Petrosillo N, Ciccozzi M. A One Health Platform for Future Epidemic Preparedness. Infect Dis Rep. 2024;16:281-8. doi: 10.3390/idr16020023.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)

Bölüm

Derleme

Yazarlar

Egemen Özdemir
0000-0003-2890-6392
Türkiye

Esra Kazak ^*
0000-0002-7380-2501
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

22 Temmuz 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

20 Ocak 2025

Kabul Tarihi

12 Haziran 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1623445

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA48ZY79ES

APA

Özdemir, E., & Kazak, E. (2026). Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1623445

AMA

1.Özdemir E, Kazak E. Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. 2026;21(2):119-130. doi:10.17517/ksutfd.1623445

Chicago

Özdemir, Egemen, ve Esra Kazak. 2026. “Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 21 (2): 119-30. https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1623445.

EndNote

Özdemir E, Kazak E (01 Temmuz 2026) Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 21 2 119–130.

IEEE

[1]E. Özdemir ve E. Kazak, “Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler”, KSÜ Tıp Fak Der, c. 21, sy 2, ss. 119–130, Tem. 2026, doi: 10.17517/ksutfd.1623445.

ISNAD

Özdemir, Egemen - Kazak, Esra. “Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 21/2 (01 Temmuz 2026): 119-130. https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1623445.

JAMA

1.Özdemir E, Kazak E. Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. 2026;21:119–130.

MLA

Özdemir, Egemen, ve Esra Kazak. “Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 21, sy 2, Temmuz 2026, ss. 119-30, doi:10.17517/ksutfd.1623445.

Vancouver

1.Egemen Özdemir, Esra Kazak. Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. 01 Temmuz 2026;21(2):119-30. doi:10.17517/ksutfd.1623445

The Respiratory Tract Viruses That Are Gaining Importance and Current Developments

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Önem Kazanan Solunum Yolu Virüsleri ve Güncel Gelişmeler

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster