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Ebola Virus İnfeksiyonları

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 0 - 0, 14.10.2016

Ekrem Kireçci , Ali Jalak Muhialdin Dlshad Abdalla Dewana Hayam Nori Awad

Öz

Ebola, Filoviridae ailesinden, zarflı, segmentsiz, negative polariteli bir RNA virusudur. Ebola virus ilk kez 1976 yılında Sudan ve Zaire’de, kanamalı ateşle seyreden iki salgınla ilişkili olarak tanımlanmıştır. Son zamanlarda, Uganda, Gabon ve Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyetinde (eski ismi; Zaire) kanamalı ateş ile seyreden büyük epidemiler yaşandı. Bu infeksiyon, genellikle ateş, titreme, halsizlik, yorgunluk, bitkinlik ve kas ağrıları ile karakterizedir. Ebola virusu ile infekte hastalarda, başlangıçta non-spesifik grip benzeri semptomlar görülmekle birlikte, çoklu organ yetmezliği ve septik şok gelişebilmektedir. Virusun bulaşması, direk olarak hastaların vücut sıvıları yada infekte sekresyonlarla kontamine nesneler ile temas sonucu olmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance for environmental infection control in hospitals for Ebola virus. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/environmental-infection-html (Acceses on October 09, 2014).
  • Geisbert TW, Hensley LE. 2004. Ebola virus: new insights into disease aetiopathology and possible therapeutic interventions.1st ed. Cambridge University Press;2004. p.21.
  • Baize S., Pannetier D, Oestereich L, Rieger T, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, Soropogui B, Sow MS, et al. Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus Disease in Guinea–preliminary report. N Engl J Med 2014;9:1418-25.
  • Khan AS , Tshioko FK, Heymann DL, Le Guenno B, Nabeth P, Kerstiëns B, et al. The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo,1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit. J Infect Dis 1999;1:76-86.
  • Baron RC, Mccormick J, Zubeir OA, Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and interfamilial spread. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1983; 61(6):997-1003.
  • Cox NJ, McCormick JB, Johnson KM, Kiley MP. Evidence for two subtypes of Ebola virus based on oligonucleotide mapping of RNA. J Infect Dis 1983;147:272–275.
  • Feldman H, Slenczka W, Klenk HD. Emerging and reemerging of filoviruses. Arch Virol 1996;11:77-100.
  • Georges-Courbot MC, Sanchez A, Lu CY, Baize S, Leroy E, Lansout-Soukate J, et al. Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3:59-62.
  • Geisbert TW, Jahrling P. Towards a vaccine against Ebola virus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2003; 2(6):777-89.
  • Grard G, Biek R, Tamfum JM, Fair J, Wolfe N, Formenty P, Paweska J, Leroy E. Emergence of Divergent Zaire Ebola virus Strains in Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2007 and 2008. J Infec Dis 2011; 204:776-84.
  • Suzuki Y, Gojobori T. The origin and evolution of Ebola and Marburg viruses. Mol Bio Evol 1997; 14(8): 800–806.
  • Fausther-Bovendo H, Mulangu S, Sullivan NJ. Ebolavirus Vaccines for Humans and Apes. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2(3): 324–329.
  • Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;377:849-862.
  • Sanchez A, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. In: Knipe, DM.; Howley, PM., 1 st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.p. 1409-48.
  • Muhlberger E, Weik M, Volchkov VE, Klenk HD, Becker S. Comparison of the transcription and replication strategies of marburg virus and Ebola virus by using artificial replication systems. J Virol 1999;73 (3):2333–2342.
  • Takada A, Robison C, Goto H, Sanchez A, Murti KG, Whitt MA, Kawaoka Y. A system for functional analysis of Ebola virus glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1997; 94 (26):14764-769.
  • Ito H, Watanabe S, Sanchez A, Whitt MA, Kawaoka Y. Mutational analysis of the putative fusion domain of Ebola virus glycoprotein. J Virol 1999;73:8907-12.
  • Sanchez A, Trappier SG, Mahy BW, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. The virion glycoproteins of Ebola viruses are encoded in two reading frames and are expressed through transcriptional editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996;93:3602-07.
  • Volchkov VE, Becker S, Volchkova VA, Ternovoj VA, Kotov AN, Netesov SV, Klenk HD. GP mRNA of Ebola virus is edited by the Ebola virus polymerase and by T7 and vaccinia virus polymerases. Virology 1995; 214(2):421-430.
  • Nanbo A, Watanabe S, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y. The spatio-temporal distribution dynamics of Ebola virus proteins and RNA in infected cells. Scientific reports, 2012;3: 1206, DOI: 10.1038/srep01206.
  • Groseth A, Feldmann H, Strong JE. The ecology of Ebola virus. Trends Microbiol 2007;15:408–416.
  • Breman JG, Johnson KM, Groen G, Robbins CB, Szczeniowski MV, Ruti K, et al. A search for Ebola virus in animals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon: ecologic, virologic, and serologic surveys, 1979-1980. Ebola virus Study Teams. J Infect Dis 1999;179 (1):139-47.
  • Health Communications and Public Relations Working Group.WHO-led collaborative study in Cote D′Ivoire to identify the natural host reservoir of the Ebola virus, in Press Release, WHO/93. 1995.
  • Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Pourrut X, Rouquet P, Hassanin A, Yaba P, et al. Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 2005;438:575-576.
  • Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Burt FJ, Zachariades NA, Braack LE, Ksiazek TG et al. Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus. Emerg Infect Dis 1996; 2 (4): 321-25.
  • World Health Organziation. Travel and transport risk assessment: Recommendations for public health authorities and transport sector. http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/ (Accessed on August 12, 2014).
  • Peters CJ, Jahrling PB, Khan AS. Patients infected with high-hazard viruses:scientific basis for infection control. Arch Virol 1996;11:141.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ebola virus Disease Information for Clinicians in U.S. Healthcare Settings, http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/clinician information-us-healthcare-settings.html (Accessed on August 11, 2014).
  • Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, De Roo A, Guimard Y, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis 1999:179(1):1-7.
  • Isaacson M, Sureau P, Courteille G, Pattyn SR. Clinical aspects of Ebola virus disease at the Ngaliema Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire. In: Ebola virus Haemorrhagic Fever, Pattyn S. 1st ed. Elsevier/North-Holland:Amsterdam;1978.p.22.
  • Sanchez AG, Trappier SG, Mahy BW, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. Marburg and Ebola viruses. In Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia; 2001. p. 1279-1304.
  • Geisbert TW, Young HA, Jahrling PB, Davis KJ, Larsen T, Kagan E, Hensley LE. Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection. Am J Pathol 2003;163(6):2371-382.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ebola virus Disease Information for Clinicians in U.S. Healthcare Settings, http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/clinician-information-us-healthcare.
  • Bray M, Hirsch MS, Mitty J. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of Ebola and Marburg virus disease. Up To Date, Inc.2014 http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Baize S, Leroy EM, Georges-Courbot MC, Capron M, Lansoud-Soukate J, Debré P, et al. Defective humeral responses and intravascular apoptosis are associated with fatal outcome in Ebola virus-infected patients. Nature Med 1999; 5(4):423-426.
  • Mahanty S, Bray M. Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:487.
  • Bray M, Geisbert TW. Ebola virus: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:1560.
  • Baize S, Leroy EM, Georges AJ, Georges-Courbot MC, Capron M, Bedjabaga I et al. Inflammatory responses in Ebola virus infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;128(1):163-168.
  • Villinger F, Rollin PE, Brar SS, Chikkala NF, Winter J, Sundstrom JB, et al. Markedly elevated levels of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α associated with fatal Ebola virus infection. J Infect Dis 1999;179(1):188-191.
  • Sullivan N, Yang Z, Nabel GJ. Ebola virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies. J Virol 2003;77:18.
  • Jahrling PB, Geisbert JR, Swearengen GP, Jaax T, Lewis JW, Huggins JJ, et al. Passive immunization of Ebola virus-infected cynomolgus monkeys with immunoglobulin from hyperimmune horses. Arch Virol 1996;11:135–140.
  • World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bull World Health Organ, 1967;56:271-293.
  • Isaacson M, Sureau P, Courteille G, Pattyn SR. Evola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever Clinical aspects of Ebola virus disease at the Ngaliema hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire. 1978.p. 15-20.
  • Geisbert TW, Young HA, Jahrling PB, Davis KJ, Kagan E, Hensley LE.Mechanisms underlying coagulation abnormalities in Ebola haemorrhagic fever: overexpression of tissue factor in primate monocytes/macrophages is a key event. J Infect Dis 2003;188:1618-1629.
  • Strong JE, Grolla A, Jahrling PB, Feldmann H. Filoviruses and Arenaviruses. In: Detrick B, Hamilton RG, Folds JD, editors. Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology. 7st ed. Herndon, Virginia: ASM Press; 2006. p. 774-790.
  • Rowe AK, Bertolli J, Khan AS, Mukunu R, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Bressler D, et al. Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola haemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Infect Dis 1999;179(1):28-35.
  • Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 2011;204(3):810.
  • World Health Organization.What we know about transmission of the Ebola virus among humans.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/06-october-2014/en/.(Accessed on Octo-ber 07,2014).
  • World Health Organization: Ebola response roadmap situation report: 8 October 2014. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136020/1/roadmapsitrep_8Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed on October 09, 2014).
  • Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Peters CJ. Transmission of Ebola haemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis 1999;179(1):87-91.
  • Lloyd ES, Zaki SR, Rollin PE, Tshioko K, Bwaka MA, Ksiazek TG, et al. Long-term disease surveillance in Bandundu region, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a model for early detection and prevention of Ebola haemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 1999; 179(1): 274-280

Ebola Virus İnfeksiyonları

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 0 - 0, 14.10.2016

Ekrem Kireçci , Ali Jalak Muhialdin Dlshad Abdalla Dewana Hayam Nori Awad

Öz

Ebola, Filoviridae ailesinden, zarflı, segmentsiz, negative polariteli bir RNA virusudur. Ebola virus ilk kez 1976 yılında Sudan ve Zaire’de, kanamalı ateşle seyreden iki salgınla ilişkili olarak tanımlanmıştır. Son zamanlarda, Uganda, Gabon ve Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyetinde (eski ismi; Zaire) kanamalı ateş ile seyreden büyük epidemiler yaşandı. Bu infeksiyon, genellikle ateş, titreme, halsizlik, yorgunluk, bitkinlik ve kas ağrıları ile karakterizedir. Ebola virusu ile infekte hastalarda, başlangıçta non-spesifik grip benzeri semptomlar görülmekle birlikte, çoklu organ yetmezliği ve septik şok gelişebilmektedir. Virusun bulaşması, direk olarak hastaların vücut sıvıları yada infekte sekresyonlarla kontamine nesneler ile temas sonucu olmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance for environmental infection control in hospitals for Ebola virus. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/environmental-infection-html (Acceses on October 09, 2014).
  • Geisbert TW, Hensley LE. 2004. Ebola virus: new insights into disease aetiopathology and possible therapeutic interventions.1st ed. Cambridge University Press;2004. p.21.
  • Baize S., Pannetier D, Oestereich L, Rieger T, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, Soropogui B, Sow MS, et al. Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus Disease in Guinea–preliminary report. N Engl J Med 2014;9:1418-25.
  • Khan AS , Tshioko FK, Heymann DL, Le Guenno B, Nabeth P, Kerstiëns B, et al. The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo,1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit. J Infect Dis 1999;1:76-86.
  • Baron RC, Mccormick J, Zubeir OA, Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and interfamilial spread. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1983; 61(6):997-1003.
  • Cox NJ, McCormick JB, Johnson KM, Kiley MP. Evidence for two subtypes of Ebola virus based on oligonucleotide mapping of RNA. J Infect Dis 1983;147:272–275.
  • Feldman H, Slenczka W, Klenk HD. Emerging and reemerging of filoviruses. Arch Virol 1996;11:77-100.
  • Georges-Courbot MC, Sanchez A, Lu CY, Baize S, Leroy E, Lansout-Soukate J, et al. Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3:59-62.
  • Geisbert TW, Jahrling P. Towards a vaccine against Ebola virus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2003; 2(6):777-89.
  • Grard G, Biek R, Tamfum JM, Fair J, Wolfe N, Formenty P, Paweska J, Leroy E. Emergence of Divergent Zaire Ebola virus Strains in Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2007 and 2008. J Infec Dis 2011; 204:776-84.
  • Suzuki Y, Gojobori T. The origin and evolution of Ebola and Marburg viruses. Mol Bio Evol 1997; 14(8): 800–806.
  • Fausther-Bovendo H, Mulangu S, Sullivan NJ. Ebolavirus Vaccines for Humans and Apes. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2(3): 324–329.
  • Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;377:849-862.
  • Sanchez A, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. In: Knipe, DM.; Howley, PM., 1 st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.p. 1409-48.
  • Muhlberger E, Weik M, Volchkov VE, Klenk HD, Becker S. Comparison of the transcription and replication strategies of marburg virus and Ebola virus by using artificial replication systems. J Virol 1999;73 (3):2333–2342.
  • Takada A, Robison C, Goto H, Sanchez A, Murti KG, Whitt MA, Kawaoka Y. A system for functional analysis of Ebola virus glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1997; 94 (26):14764-769.
  • Ito H, Watanabe S, Sanchez A, Whitt MA, Kawaoka Y. Mutational analysis of the putative fusion domain of Ebola virus glycoprotein. J Virol 1999;73:8907-12.
  • Sanchez A, Trappier SG, Mahy BW, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. The virion glycoproteins of Ebola viruses are encoded in two reading frames and are expressed through transcriptional editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996;93:3602-07.
  • Volchkov VE, Becker S, Volchkova VA, Ternovoj VA, Kotov AN, Netesov SV, Klenk HD. GP mRNA of Ebola virus is edited by the Ebola virus polymerase and by T7 and vaccinia virus polymerases. Virology 1995; 214(2):421-430.
  • Nanbo A, Watanabe S, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y. The spatio-temporal distribution dynamics of Ebola virus proteins and RNA in infected cells. Scientific reports, 2012;3: 1206, DOI: 10.1038/srep01206.
  • Groseth A, Feldmann H, Strong JE. The ecology of Ebola virus. Trends Microbiol 2007;15:408–416.
  • Breman JG, Johnson KM, Groen G, Robbins CB, Szczeniowski MV, Ruti K, et al. A search for Ebola virus in animals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon: ecologic, virologic, and serologic surveys, 1979-1980. Ebola virus Study Teams. J Infect Dis 1999;179 (1):139-47.
  • Health Communications and Public Relations Working Group.WHO-led collaborative study in Cote D′Ivoire to identify the natural host reservoir of the Ebola virus, in Press Release, WHO/93. 1995.
  • Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Pourrut X, Rouquet P, Hassanin A, Yaba P, et al. Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 2005;438:575-576.
  • Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Burt FJ, Zachariades NA, Braack LE, Ksiazek TG et al. Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus. Emerg Infect Dis 1996; 2 (4): 321-25.
  • World Health Organziation. Travel and transport risk assessment: Recommendations for public health authorities and transport sector. http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/ (Accessed on August 12, 2014).
  • Peters CJ, Jahrling PB, Khan AS. Patients infected with high-hazard viruses:scientific basis for infection control. Arch Virol 1996;11:141.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ebola virus Disease Information for Clinicians in U.S. Healthcare Settings, http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/clinician information-us-healthcare-settings.html (Accessed on August 11, 2014).
  • Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, De Roo A, Guimard Y, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis 1999:179(1):1-7.
  • Isaacson M, Sureau P, Courteille G, Pattyn SR. Clinical aspects of Ebola virus disease at the Ngaliema Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire. In: Ebola virus Haemorrhagic Fever, Pattyn S. 1st ed. Elsevier/North-Holland:Amsterdam;1978.p.22.
  • Sanchez AG, Trappier SG, Mahy BW, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. Marburg and Ebola viruses. In Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia; 2001. p. 1279-1304.
  • Geisbert TW, Young HA, Jahrling PB, Davis KJ, Larsen T, Kagan E, Hensley LE. Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection. Am J Pathol 2003;163(6):2371-382.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ebola virus Disease Information for Clinicians in U.S. Healthcare Settings, http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/clinician-information-us-healthcare.
  • Bray M, Hirsch MS, Mitty J. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of Ebola and Marburg virus disease. Up To Date, Inc.2014 http://www.uptodate.com.
  • Baize S, Leroy EM, Georges-Courbot MC, Capron M, Lansoud-Soukate J, Debré P, et al. Defective humeral responses and intravascular apoptosis are associated with fatal outcome in Ebola virus-infected patients. Nature Med 1999; 5(4):423-426.
  • Mahanty S, Bray M. Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:487.
  • Bray M, Geisbert TW. Ebola virus: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:1560.
  • Baize S, Leroy EM, Georges AJ, Georges-Courbot MC, Capron M, Bedjabaga I et al. Inflammatory responses in Ebola virus infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2002;128(1):163-168.
  • Villinger F, Rollin PE, Brar SS, Chikkala NF, Winter J, Sundstrom JB, et al. Markedly elevated levels of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α associated with fatal Ebola virus infection. J Infect Dis 1999;179(1):188-191.
  • Sullivan N, Yang Z, Nabel GJ. Ebola virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies. J Virol 2003;77:18.
  • Jahrling PB, Geisbert JR, Swearengen GP, Jaax T, Lewis JW, Huggins JJ, et al. Passive immunization of Ebola virus-infected cynomolgus monkeys with immunoglobulin from hyperimmune horses. Arch Virol 1996;11:135–140.
  • World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bull World Health Organ, 1967;56:271-293.
  • Isaacson M, Sureau P, Courteille G, Pattyn SR. Evola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever Clinical aspects of Ebola virus disease at the Ngaliema hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire. 1978.p. 15-20.
  • Geisbert TW, Young HA, Jahrling PB, Davis KJ, Kagan E, Hensley LE.Mechanisms underlying coagulation abnormalities in Ebola haemorrhagic fever: overexpression of tissue factor in primate monocytes/macrophages is a key event. J Infect Dis 2003;188:1618-1629.
  • Strong JE, Grolla A, Jahrling PB, Feldmann H. Filoviruses and Arenaviruses. In: Detrick B, Hamilton RG, Folds JD, editors. Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology. 7st ed. Herndon, Virginia: ASM Press; 2006. p. 774-790.
  • Rowe AK, Bertolli J, Khan AS, Mukunu R, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Bressler D, et al. Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola haemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Infect Dis 1999;179(1):28-35.
  • Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 2011;204(3):810.
  • World Health Organization.What we know about transmission of the Ebola virus among humans.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/06-october-2014/en/.(Accessed on Octo-ber 07,2014).
  • World Health Organization: Ebola response roadmap situation report: 8 October 2014. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136020/1/roadmapsitrep_8Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1 (Accessed on October 09, 2014).
  • Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, Khan AS, Rollin PE, Peters CJ. Transmission of Ebola haemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis 1999;179(1):87-91.
  • Lloyd ES, Zaki SR, Rollin PE, Tshioko K, Bwaka MA, Ksiazek TG, et al. Long-term disease surveillance in Bandundu region, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a model for early detection and prevention of Ebola haemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 1999; 179(1): 274-280
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ekrem Kireçci

Ali Jalak Muhialdin Bu kişi benim

Dlshad Abdalla Dewana Bu kişi benim

Hayam Nori Awad Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Ekim 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ekim 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kireçci E, Muhialdin AJ, Dewana DA, Awad HN. Ebola Virus İnfeksiyonları. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. Ekim 2016;10(3).
 Kapak Resmi İndir