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Shouldn’t Stage 4 And 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Use Metformin?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 126 - 132, 12.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1181458

Öz

Metformin is the first place anti-diabetic agent recommended with life style changes in many guidelines for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus (DM). The mechanism of effect of the drug is to increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue and reduce glucose secretion from the liver. Metformin
is a low cost, effective and safe drug. Although its frequent side effects are gastrointestinal side effects and the most feared side effect is lactic acidosis.
Due to this side effect, its use is limited in many guidelines in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this article, we examined the use of metformin
in all stages of CKD. We investigated the incidence of metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA). Shouldn’t stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease patients
use metformin? We sought an answer to question. As a result, we decided that side effects like MALA are extremely rare. We observed that these side effects
occur mostly in the presence of diseases in which tissue perfusion is impaired such as infections, serious cardiovascular events, and hypotension. Therefore
we concluded that the use of metformin may contraindicated in cases where the clinical condition of the patient is unstable rather than side effects such as
MALA and especially in stage 5 patients due to the increased risk of accumulation of the drug.

Kaynakça

  • Bailey CJ, Day C. Metformin: its botanical background. Pract Diabetes Int. 2004;21(3):115–117.
  • Bailey CJ. Metformin: historical overview. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1566-1576.
  • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854-865.
  • Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği. Diabetes mellitus ve komplikasyonlarının tanı, tedavi ve izlem kılavuzu 2020:81.
  • Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1577-1585.
  • Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M, Day RO, Doogue MP, Duong JK et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50(2):81-98.
  • Bailey CJ, Wilcock C, Scarpello JH. Metformin and the intestine. Diabetologia. 2008;51(8):1552-1553.
  • Sharma LK, Lu J, Bai Y. Mitochondrial respiratory complex I: structure, function and implication in human diseases, Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(10):1266-1277.
  • Matsuzaki S, Humphries KM. Selective inhibition of deactivated mitochondrial complex I by biguanides. Biochemistry. 2015;54(11):2011-2021.
  • Vazirian M, Nabavi SM, Jafari S, Manayi A. Natural activators of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and their pharmacological activities. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;122:69-79.
  • Stephenne X, Foretz M, Taleux N, van der Zon GC, Sokal E, Hue L et al. Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase in primary human hepatocytes by decreasing cellular energy status. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3101-3110.
  • Jeon SM. Regulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2016;48(7):e245.
  • Madiraju AK, Qiu Y, Perry RJ, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Zhang D et al. Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis via a redox-dependent mechanism in vivo. Nat Med. 2018;24(9):1384-1394.
  • Hunter RW, Hughey CC, Lantier L, Sundelin EI, Peggie M, Zeqiraj E et al. Metformin reduces liver glucose production by inhibition of fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase. Nat Med. 2018;24(9):1395-1406.
  • McCreight LJ, Bailey CJ, Pearson ER. Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract. Diabetologia. 2016;59(3):426-435.
  • Han TK, Proctor WR, Costales CL, Cai H, Everett RS, Thakker DR. Four cation-selective transporters contribute to apical uptake and accumulation of metformin in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015;352(3):519-528.
  • Gontier E, Fourme E, Wartski M, Blondet C, Bonardel G, Le Stanc E et al. High and typical 18F-FDG bowel uptake in patients treated with metformin. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(1):95-99.
  • Cho YM, Kieffer TJ. New aspects of an old drug: Metformin as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) enhancer and sensitiser. Diabetologia. 2011;54(2):219-222.
  • Allin KH, Nielsen T, Pedersen O. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(4):167-177.
  • Wu H, Esteve E, Tremaroli V, Khan MT, Caesar R, Mannerås-Holm L et al. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nat Med. 2017;23(7):850-858.
  • Zulian A, Cancello R, Girola A, Gilardini L, Alberti L, Croci M et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of metformin on human adipose tissue adiponectin. Obes Facts. 2011;4(1):27-33.
  • Luo T, Nocon A, Fry J, Sherban A, Rui X, Jiang B et al. AMPK Activation by Metformin suppresses abnormal extracellular matrix remodeling in adipose tissue and ameliorates ınsulin resistance in obesity. Diabetes. 2016;65(8):2295-2310.
  • Lee JO, Lee SK, Kim JH, Kim N, You GY, Moon JW et al. Metformin regulates glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated Cbl/CAP signaling in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(53):44121-44129.
  • Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E, Holman RR, Sherwin R et al. American Diabetes Association; European Association for Study of Diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):193-203.
  • Lin SH, Cheng PC, Tu ST, Hsu SR, Cheng YC, Liu YH. Effect of metformin monotherapy on serum lipid profile in statin-naïve individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4578.
  • Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Christophi CA, Hoffman HJ, Brenneman AT et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1677-1686.
  • Libman IM, Miller KM, DiMeglio LA, Bethin KE, Katz ML, Shah A et al. T1D Exchange clinic network metformin rct study group. effect of metformin added to ınsulin on glycemic control among overweight/obese adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A Randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(21):2241-2250.
  • De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Massaro MG, Morgante G, Petraglia F. Genetic, hormonal and metabolic aspects of PCOS: an update. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2016;14(1):38.
  • Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The therapeutic potential of metformin in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:400.
  • Campbell JM, Bellman SM, Stephenson MD, Lisy K. Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of ageing independent of its effect on diabetes control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;40:31-44.
  • Adak T, Samadi A, Ünal AZ, Sabuncuoğlu S. A reappraisal on metformin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018;92:324-332.
  • Bouchoucha M, Uzzan B, Cohen R. Metformin and digestive disorders. Diabetes Metab. 2011;37(2):90-96.
  • Thomas I, Gregg B. Metformin; a review of its history and future: from lilac to longevity. Pediatr Diabetes. 2017;18(1):10-16.
  • Bonnet F, Scheen A. Understanding and overcoming metformin gastrointestinal intolerance. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(4):473-481.
  • Aroda VR, Edelstein SL, Goldberg RB, Knowler WC, Marcovina SM, Orchard TJ et al. Diabetes prevention program research group. long-term metformin use and Vitamin B12 deficiency in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1754-1761.
  • Bauman WA, Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Spungen AM, Herbert V. Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1227-1231.
  • Langan RC, Goodbred AJ. Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Recognition and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(6):384-389.
  • Lalau JD, Arnouts P, Sharif A, De Broe ME. Metformin and other antidiabetic agents in renal failure patients. Kidney Int. 2015;87(2):308-322.
  • Owen MR, Doran E, Halestrap AP. Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Biochem J. 2000;348 Pt 3(Pt 3):607-614.
  • Bailey CJ, Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(9):574-579.
  • Waters AK, Morgan DB, Wales JK. Blood lactate and pyruvate levels in diabetic patients treated with biguanides with and without sulphonylureas. Diabetologia. 1978;14(2):95-98.
  • Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(4):CD002967.
  • Misbin RI, Green L, Stadel BV, Gueriguian JL, Gubbi A, Fleming GA. Lactic acidosis in patients with diabetes treated with metformin. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(4):265-266.
  • Visconti L, Cernaro V, Ferrara D, Costantino G, Aloisi C, Amico L et al. Metformin-related lactic acidosis: is it a myth or an underestimated reality? Ren Fail. 2016;38(9):1560-1565.
  • Lalau JD, Lacroix C, Compagnon P, de Cagny B, Rigaud JP, Bleichner G et al. Role of metformin accumulation in metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(6):779-784.
  • Lalau JD, Race JM. Metformin and lactic acidosis in diabetic humans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2000;2(3):131-137.
  • Kajbaf F, Lalau JD. The prognostic value of blood pH and lactate and metformin concentrations in severe metformin-associated lactic acidosis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;14:22.
  • Berns JS. New FDA Recommendations for Metformin Use in Patients With Reduced Renal Function. Medscape; 2016: 20.
  • Lipscombe L, Booth G, Butalia S, Dasgupta K, Eurich DT, Goldenberg R et al. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Pharmacologic Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42 Suppl 1:88-103.
  • Davies MJ, D'Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2018;61(12):2461-2498.
  • Lalau JD, Vermersch A, Hary L, Andrejak M, Isnard F, Quichaud J. Type 2 diabetes in the elderly: an assessment of metformin (metformin in the elderly). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1990;28(8):329-332.
  • Lalau JD, Kajbaf F, Bennis Y, Hurtel-Lemaire AS, Belpaire F, De Broe ME. Metformin Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3A, 3B, or 4. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(3):547-553.
  • Duong JK, Roberts DM, Furlong TJ, Kumar SS, Greenfield JR, Kirkpatrick CM et al. Metformin therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(10):963-965.
  • Rachmani R, Slavachevski I, Levi Z, Zadok B, Kedar Y, Ravid M. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: reconsideration of traditional contraindications. Eur J Intern Med. 2002;13(7):428.
  • Frid A, Sterner GN, Löndahl M, Wiklander C, Cato A, Vinge E et al. Novel assay of metformin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and varying levels of renal function: clinical recommendations. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(6):1291-1293.
  • Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(4):CD002967.
  • Mani MK. Metformin in renal failure--weigh the evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(7):2287-2288.
  • Lazarus B, Wu A, Shin JI, Sang Y, Alexander GC, Secora A et al. Association of metformin use with risk of lactic acidosis across the range of kidney function: A community-based cohort study. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(7):903-910.
  • Ekström N, Schiöler L, Svensson AM, Eeg-Olofsson K, Miao Jonasson J, Zethelius B et al. Effectiveness and safety of metformin in 51675 patients with type 2 diabetes and different levels of renal function: A cohort study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. BMJ Open. 2012;2(4):e001076.
  • Eppenga WL, Lalmohamed A, Geerts AF, Derijks HJ, Wensing M, Egberts A et al. Risk of lactic acidosis or elevated lactate concentrations in metformin users with renal impairment: A population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(8):2218-2224.
  • Sipahi S, Solak Y, Acikgoz SB, Genc AB, Yildirim M, Yilmaz U et al. Retrospective analysis of lactic acidosis-related parameters upon and after metformin discontinuation in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48(8):1305-1312.
  • Kwon S, Kim YC, Park JY, Lee J, An JN, Kim CT et al. The Long-term effects of metformin on patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Care 2020;43(5):948–955.
  • Marc E. De Broe1 and Franc¸ois Jouret. Does metformin do more benefit or harm in chronic kidney disease patients? Kidney International 2020;98,1098–1101.
  • Al-Hwiesh AK, Abdul-Rahman IS, El-Deen MA, Larbi E, Divino-Filho JC, Al-Mohanna FA et al. Metformin in peritoneal dialysis: A pilot experience. Perit Dial Int. 2014;34(4):368-375.
  • Al-Hwiesh AK, Abdul-Rahman IS, Noor AS, Nasr-El-Deen MA, Abdelrahman A, El-Salamoni TS et al. The phantom of metformin-ınduced lactic acidosis in end-stage renal disease patients: Time to reconsider with peritoneal dialysis treatment. Perit Dial Int. 2017 1-2;37(1):56-62.
  • Al‐Hwiesh AK, Abdul‐Rahman IS, El‐Salamony T, Nasr El-Din MA, Abdelrahman A, Al-Audah N et al. Safety of metformin in diabetic hemodialysis patients between fact and fiction: a multi center observational study. Int J Sci Res. 2017;6(12):463‐467.

Evre 4 ve 5 Kronik Böbrek Hastaları Metformin Kullanmamalı mı?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 126 - 132, 12.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1181458

Öz

Metformin tip 2 diyabetes mellitus (DM) tanılı hastaların tedavisi için birçok kılavuzda yaşam tarzı değişikliği ile birlikte ilk sırada önerilen anti diyabetik
ajandır. İlacın etki mekanizması periferik dokuda insülin duyarlılığını arttırması ve karaciğerden glukoz salınımını azaltmasıdır. Metformin düşük maliyetli,
etkin ve güvenilir bir ilaçtır. Sık yan etkisi gastrointestinal yan etkiler olması yanında en korkulan yan etkisi laktik asidozdur. Bu yan etkisi nedeniyle
kronik böbrek hastalığı (KBH) tanılı hastalarda birçok klavuzda kullanımı sınırlandırılmıştır. Biz bu yazıda KBH’nin her evresinde metformin kullanımını
inceledik. Metfomin ilişkili laktik asidoz (MALA) gelişim sıklığını araştırdık. Evre 4 ve evre 5 KBH hastaları metformin kullanmamalı mı? Sorusuna cevap
aradık. Sonuç olarak MALA gibi yan etkilerin son derece nadir olduğuna karar verdik. Bu yan etkilerin daha çok enfeksiyon, ciddi kardiyovasküler olay,
hipotansiyon gibi doku perfüzyonunun bozulduğu hastalıklar varlığında ortaya çıktığını gözlemledik. Dolayısıyla metformin kullanımının MALA gibi yan
etkilerden ziyade hastanın klinik durumunun stabil olmadığı durumlarda ve ilacın artmış birikim riski nedeniyle özellikle evre 5 hastalarda kontrendike
olabileceği kanaatine vardık.vre 4 ve evre 5 KBY’li hastalarda çok da korkmadan kar zarar ilişkisi göz önünde bulundurularak kullanılması gerekliliği kanaatine vardık.

Kaynakça

  • Bailey CJ, Day C. Metformin: its botanical background. Pract Diabetes Int. 2004;21(3):115–117.
  • Bailey CJ. Metformin: historical overview. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1566-1576.
  • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854-865.
  • Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği. Diabetes mellitus ve komplikasyonlarının tanı, tedavi ve izlem kılavuzu 2020:81.
  • Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1577-1585.
  • Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M, Day RO, Doogue MP, Duong JK et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50(2):81-98.
  • Bailey CJ, Wilcock C, Scarpello JH. Metformin and the intestine. Diabetologia. 2008;51(8):1552-1553.
  • Sharma LK, Lu J, Bai Y. Mitochondrial respiratory complex I: structure, function and implication in human diseases, Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(10):1266-1277.
  • Matsuzaki S, Humphries KM. Selective inhibition of deactivated mitochondrial complex I by biguanides. Biochemistry. 2015;54(11):2011-2021.
  • Vazirian M, Nabavi SM, Jafari S, Manayi A. Natural activators of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and their pharmacological activities. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;122:69-79.
  • Stephenne X, Foretz M, Taleux N, van der Zon GC, Sokal E, Hue L et al. Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase in primary human hepatocytes by decreasing cellular energy status. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3101-3110.
  • Jeon SM. Regulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2016;48(7):e245.
  • Madiraju AK, Qiu Y, Perry RJ, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Zhang D et al. Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis via a redox-dependent mechanism in vivo. Nat Med. 2018;24(9):1384-1394.
  • Hunter RW, Hughey CC, Lantier L, Sundelin EI, Peggie M, Zeqiraj E et al. Metformin reduces liver glucose production by inhibition of fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase. Nat Med. 2018;24(9):1395-1406.
  • McCreight LJ, Bailey CJ, Pearson ER. Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract. Diabetologia. 2016;59(3):426-435.
  • Han TK, Proctor WR, Costales CL, Cai H, Everett RS, Thakker DR. Four cation-selective transporters contribute to apical uptake and accumulation of metformin in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015;352(3):519-528.
  • Gontier E, Fourme E, Wartski M, Blondet C, Bonardel G, Le Stanc E et al. High and typical 18F-FDG bowel uptake in patients treated with metformin. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(1):95-99.
  • Cho YM, Kieffer TJ. New aspects of an old drug: Metformin as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) enhancer and sensitiser. Diabetologia. 2011;54(2):219-222.
  • Allin KH, Nielsen T, Pedersen O. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(4):167-177.
  • Wu H, Esteve E, Tremaroli V, Khan MT, Caesar R, Mannerås-Holm L et al. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nat Med. 2017;23(7):850-858.
  • Zulian A, Cancello R, Girola A, Gilardini L, Alberti L, Croci M et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of metformin on human adipose tissue adiponectin. Obes Facts. 2011;4(1):27-33.
  • Luo T, Nocon A, Fry J, Sherban A, Rui X, Jiang B et al. AMPK Activation by Metformin suppresses abnormal extracellular matrix remodeling in adipose tissue and ameliorates ınsulin resistance in obesity. Diabetes. 2016;65(8):2295-2310.
  • Lee JO, Lee SK, Kim JH, Kim N, You GY, Moon JW et al. Metformin regulates glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated Cbl/CAP signaling in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(53):44121-44129.
  • Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E, Holman RR, Sherwin R et al. American Diabetes Association; European Association for Study of Diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):193-203.
  • Lin SH, Cheng PC, Tu ST, Hsu SR, Cheng YC, Liu YH. Effect of metformin monotherapy on serum lipid profile in statin-naïve individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4578.
  • Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Christophi CA, Hoffman HJ, Brenneman AT et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1677-1686.
  • Libman IM, Miller KM, DiMeglio LA, Bethin KE, Katz ML, Shah A et al. T1D Exchange clinic network metformin rct study group. effect of metformin added to ınsulin on glycemic control among overweight/obese adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A Randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(21):2241-2250.
  • De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Massaro MG, Morgante G, Petraglia F. Genetic, hormonal and metabolic aspects of PCOS: an update. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2016;14(1):38.
  • Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The therapeutic potential of metformin in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:400.
  • Campbell JM, Bellman SM, Stephenson MD, Lisy K. Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of ageing independent of its effect on diabetes control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;40:31-44.
  • Adak T, Samadi A, Ünal AZ, Sabuncuoğlu S. A reappraisal on metformin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018;92:324-332.
  • Bouchoucha M, Uzzan B, Cohen R. Metformin and digestive disorders. Diabetes Metab. 2011;37(2):90-96.
  • Thomas I, Gregg B. Metformin; a review of its history and future: from lilac to longevity. Pediatr Diabetes. 2017;18(1):10-16.
  • Bonnet F, Scheen A. Understanding and overcoming metformin gastrointestinal intolerance. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(4):473-481.
  • Aroda VR, Edelstein SL, Goldberg RB, Knowler WC, Marcovina SM, Orchard TJ et al. Diabetes prevention program research group. long-term metformin use and Vitamin B12 deficiency in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1754-1761.
  • Bauman WA, Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Spungen AM, Herbert V. Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1227-1231.
  • Langan RC, Goodbred AJ. Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Recognition and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(6):384-389.
  • Lalau JD, Arnouts P, Sharif A, De Broe ME. Metformin and other antidiabetic agents in renal failure patients. Kidney Int. 2015;87(2):308-322.
  • Owen MR, Doran E, Halestrap AP. Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Biochem J. 2000;348 Pt 3(Pt 3):607-614.
  • Bailey CJ, Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(9):574-579.
  • Waters AK, Morgan DB, Wales JK. Blood lactate and pyruvate levels in diabetic patients treated with biguanides with and without sulphonylureas. Diabetologia. 1978;14(2):95-98.
  • Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(4):CD002967.
  • Misbin RI, Green L, Stadel BV, Gueriguian JL, Gubbi A, Fleming GA. Lactic acidosis in patients with diabetes treated with metformin. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(4):265-266.
  • Visconti L, Cernaro V, Ferrara D, Costantino G, Aloisi C, Amico L et al. Metformin-related lactic acidosis: is it a myth or an underestimated reality? Ren Fail. 2016;38(9):1560-1565.
  • Lalau JD, Lacroix C, Compagnon P, de Cagny B, Rigaud JP, Bleichner G et al. Role of metformin accumulation in metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(6):779-784.
  • Lalau JD, Race JM. Metformin and lactic acidosis in diabetic humans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2000;2(3):131-137.
  • Kajbaf F, Lalau JD. The prognostic value of blood pH and lactate and metformin concentrations in severe metformin-associated lactic acidosis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;14:22.
  • Berns JS. New FDA Recommendations for Metformin Use in Patients With Reduced Renal Function. Medscape; 2016: 20.
  • Lipscombe L, Booth G, Butalia S, Dasgupta K, Eurich DT, Goldenberg R et al. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Pharmacologic Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42 Suppl 1:88-103.
  • Davies MJ, D'Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2018;61(12):2461-2498.
  • Lalau JD, Vermersch A, Hary L, Andrejak M, Isnard F, Quichaud J. Type 2 diabetes in the elderly: an assessment of metformin (metformin in the elderly). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1990;28(8):329-332.
  • Lalau JD, Kajbaf F, Bennis Y, Hurtel-Lemaire AS, Belpaire F, De Broe ME. Metformin Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3A, 3B, or 4. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(3):547-553.
  • Duong JK, Roberts DM, Furlong TJ, Kumar SS, Greenfield JR, Kirkpatrick CM et al. Metformin therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(10):963-965.
  • Rachmani R, Slavachevski I, Levi Z, Zadok B, Kedar Y, Ravid M. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: reconsideration of traditional contraindications. Eur J Intern Med. 2002;13(7):428.
  • Frid A, Sterner GN, Löndahl M, Wiklander C, Cato A, Vinge E et al. Novel assay of metformin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and varying levels of renal function: clinical recommendations. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(6):1291-1293.
  • Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(4):CD002967.
  • Mani MK. Metformin in renal failure--weigh the evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(7):2287-2288.
  • Lazarus B, Wu A, Shin JI, Sang Y, Alexander GC, Secora A et al. Association of metformin use with risk of lactic acidosis across the range of kidney function: A community-based cohort study. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(7):903-910.
  • Ekström N, Schiöler L, Svensson AM, Eeg-Olofsson K, Miao Jonasson J, Zethelius B et al. Effectiveness and safety of metformin in 51675 patients with type 2 diabetes and different levels of renal function: A cohort study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. BMJ Open. 2012;2(4):e001076.
  • Eppenga WL, Lalmohamed A, Geerts AF, Derijks HJ, Wensing M, Egberts A et al. Risk of lactic acidosis or elevated lactate concentrations in metformin users with renal impairment: A population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(8):2218-2224.
  • Sipahi S, Solak Y, Acikgoz SB, Genc AB, Yildirim M, Yilmaz U et al. Retrospective analysis of lactic acidosis-related parameters upon and after metformin discontinuation in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48(8):1305-1312.
  • Kwon S, Kim YC, Park JY, Lee J, An JN, Kim CT et al. The Long-term effects of metformin on patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Care 2020;43(5):948–955.
  • Marc E. De Broe1 and Franc¸ois Jouret. Does metformin do more benefit or harm in chronic kidney disease patients? Kidney International 2020;98,1098–1101.
  • Al-Hwiesh AK, Abdul-Rahman IS, El-Deen MA, Larbi E, Divino-Filho JC, Al-Mohanna FA et al. Metformin in peritoneal dialysis: A pilot experience. Perit Dial Int. 2014;34(4):368-375.
  • Al-Hwiesh AK, Abdul-Rahman IS, Noor AS, Nasr-El-Deen MA, Abdelrahman A, El-Salamoni TS et al. The phantom of metformin-ınduced lactic acidosis in end-stage renal disease patients: Time to reconsider with peritoneal dialysis treatment. Perit Dial Int. 2017 1-2;37(1):56-62.
  • Al‐Hwiesh AK, Abdul‐Rahman IS, El‐Salamony T, Nasr El-Din MA, Abdelrahman A, Al-Audah N et al. Safety of metformin in diabetic hemodialysis patients between fact and fiction: a multi center observational study. Int J Sci Res. 2017;6(12):463‐467.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Muhammed Çiftçioğlu 0000-0002-8017-6502

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 21 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Çiftçioğlu M. Evre 4 ve 5 Kronik Böbrek Hastaları Metformin Kullanmamalı mı?. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. Temmuz 2023;18(2):126-132. doi:10.17517/ksutfd.1181458