Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Retrospective Evaluation Of Patients With Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: Six Year Data

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 8 - 16, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1172690

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the demographic characteristics, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) agents, and prognosis of VAP cases followed in the intensive care unit and to determine the relationship between these features and mortality.

Materials and Methods: The study was retrospectively and single-centered between January 2012 and December 2017. 533 patients with ≥18 years of age and mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours were included in the study. The data were evaluated by examining the hospital data system and patient files. Data were recorded including age, sex, clinical status, culture antibiogram results, comorbidity status, length of hospital stay, and patient status (discharge/death).

Results: Of the patients included in the study, 337 (63.2%) were male 196 (36.8%) were female and the mean age was 63.8 ± 20.4 years. Of the patients, 93.1% had Gram-negative bacteria, 6.4% had Gram-positive bacteria and 0.6% had fungal agents. The most common agents were Acinetobacter baumannii (42.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.3%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.2%). 66.2% of VAP cases resulted in mortality. When the risk factors affecting the prognosis and the effect of accompanying diseases on mortality are examined; It was determined that the presence of cerebrovascular diseases and immunosuppression (OR: 1.20, 1.67, respectively) increased mortality. C-reactive protein value at the time of diagnosis was found to be effective in predicting mortality. C-reactive protein (CRP) (AUC:0.588 p=0.001), procalcitonin (PCT) (AUC:0.658, p<0.0001), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (AUC:0.598 p<0.0001) and thrombocytopenia (AUC:0.356 p<0.0001) at the time of diagnosis was found to be effective in predicting mortality.

Conclusion: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a disease that is often associated with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and has a high morbidity and mortality. We believe that mortality increases especially in those with comorbidities such as cerebrovascular diseases and the presence of immunosuppression, therefore it would be beneficial to follow up on the cases with these diseases more closely. We think that close monitoring of biomarkers such as PCT, CRP, and NLR in the follow-up of patients diagnosed with VAP will be beneficial in reducing morbidity and mortality.

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

  • Nair GB, Niederman MS. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: present understanding and ongoing debates. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41: 34-48.
  • Chastre J, Fagon JY. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 867-903.
  • Türk Toraks Derneği Erişkinlerde Hastanede Gelişen Pnömoni Tanı ve Tedavi Uzlaşı Raporu. Türk Toraks Dergisi, 2018;1-19.
  • Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB, et al. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016 Sep 1; 63(5): e61-e111.
  • Lewis SC, Li L, Murphy MV, Klompas M; et al. CDC Prevention Epicenters. Risk factors for ventilator-associated events: a case-control multivariable analysis. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 1839-48.
  • Koulanti D, Tsigou E, Rello J. Nosocomial pneumonia in 27 ICUs in Europe: perspectives from EU-VAP/CAP study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017;36:1999-2006.
  • Bonten MJM, Gaillard CA, Ramsay G. The pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. In: Vincent JL (Ed). Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; Berlin: Springer Verlag: 1995;711.
  • Meyancı G, Öz H, Torun MM. Mekanik ventilasyon uygulaması sırasında gelişen pnömoniler. Cerrahpaşa J Med 1999;30:214-20.
  • Savas L, Onlen Y, Duran N, Savas N. Causes of nosocomial pneumonia and evaluation of risk factors in a university hospital in Turkey. Saudi Med J 2007; 28: 114-2.
  • Pawar M, Mehta Y, Khurana P, Chaudhary A, Kulkarni V, Trehan N. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Incidence, risk factors, outcome, and microbiology. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003; 17: 22-8.
  • Chastre J, Fagon J-Y. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:867 – 903.
  • Kollef MH, Hamilton CW, Ernst FR. Economicimpact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large matched cohort. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33:250 – 256.
  • Bekaert M, Timsit J-F, Vansteelandt S, Depuydt P, Vésin A, Garrouste-Orgeas M, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a reappraisalusing causal analysis. Am J Respir Crit CareMed 2011; 184:1133 – 1139.
  • Magret M, Amaya-Villar R, Garnacho J, Lisboa T, Díaz E, Dewaele J, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in traumapatients is associated with lower mortality: results from EU-VAP study. J Trauma 2010; 69:849 – 854.
  • Safdar N, Dezfulian C, Collard HR, Saint S. Clinical and economic consequences of ventilator associated pneumonia: a systematicreview. CritCareMed 2005; 33:2184 – 21
  • Kumari M, Rastogi N, Malhotra R, Mathur P. Clinico-microbiological profile of healthcare associated pneumonia in critically ill patients at level-I trauma centre of India. Journal of Laboratory Physicians 2018; 10(4), 406.
  • Öcal N, Öcal R, Özer S, Taskin G, Dogan D, Yamanel HL. Ventilatör Iliskili Pnömonide Degistirilemeyen Risk Faktörleri ve Radyolojik Skorlamanin Prognostik Degeri/Prognostic Value of Unchangeable Risk Factors for and the Radiologic Scoring System in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Dahili ve Cerrahi Bilimler Yogun Bakim Dergisi 2016;7(2), 44.
  • Palabıyık O, Öğütlü A, Toptaş Y. Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Ventilatör İlişkili Pnömoni ve Etken Mikroorganizmalar: İki Yıllık Retrospektif Analiz. Journal of the Turkish Society of Intensive Care/Türk Yogun Bakim Dernegi Dergisi 2016; 14(3).
  • Kundakci A, Özkalayci Ö, Zeyneloglu P, Arslan H, Pirat A. Bir Cerrahi Yogun Bakim Ünitesinde Nozokomiyal Enfeksiyonlarin Risk Faktörleri/Risk Factors for Nosocomial Infections in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit. Turk Yogun Bakim Dernegi Dergisi 2014; 12(1), 25.
  • Karakuzu Z, Iscimen R, Akalin H, Kelebek Girgin N, Kahveci F, Sinirtas M. Prognostic Risk Factors in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Med Sci Monit. 2018 Mar 5;24:1321-1328.
  • De Miguel-Díez J, López-de-Andrés A, Hernández-Barrera V, Jiménez-Trujillo I, Méndez-Bailón M, Miguel-Yanes JM, et al. Decreasing incidence and mortality among hospitalized patients suffering a ventilator-associated pneumonia: Analysis of the Spanish national hospital discharge database from 2010 to 2014. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jul;96(30):e7625.
  • Póvoa P, Martin-Loeches I, Ramirez P, Bos LD, Esperatti M, Silvestre J, et al. Biomarkers kinetics in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia response to antibiotics - results from the BioVAP study. J Crit Care. 2017 Oct;41:91-97.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Mikrobiyoloji Referans Laboratuarı Daire Başkanlığı Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar Sürveyans Ağı Özet Raporu 2017, Temmuz 2018, 1-26
  • Zubair S, Ali H, Zafar F, Raza SF, Ashraf I, Warind J et al. Ventılator-Assocıated Pneumonıa. The Professional Medical Journal 2018; 25(09), 1356-1363.
  • Genç Y, Gürkan Y, Mumcuoğlu İ, Kanyılmaz D, Aksoy A, Aksu N. Yoğun bakım hastalarında hastane kaynaklı pnömoni olgularının değerlendirilmesi ve sık görülen bakteriyel etkenlerin antimikrobiyallere dirençlerinin araştırılması. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2016; 73(4), 355-364.
  • Inchai J, Pothirat C, Liwsrisakun C, Deesomchok A, Kositsakulchai W, Chalermpanchai N. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology and prognostic indicators of 30-day mortality. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2015;68(3):181-6.
  • American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseasee Society of America Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital acquired, ventilator associated, and health care associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:388-416.
  • Mathai AS, Phillips A, Kaur P, Isaac R. Incidence and attributable costs of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a tertiary-level intensive care unit(ICU) in northern India. J Infect Public Health. 2015 Mar-Apr;8(2):127-35.
  • Póvoa P, Martin-Loeches I, Ramirez P, Bos LD, Esperatti M, Silvestre J, et al. Biomarkers kinetics in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia response to antibiotics - results from the BioVAP study. J Crit Care. 2017 Oct;41:91-97.
  • Bhadade R, Harde M, deSouza R, More A, Bharmal R. Emerging trends of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit of a tertiary care public teaching hospital in Western India. Ann Afr Med. 2017 Jul-Sep;16(3):107-113.
  • Song X, Chen Y, Li X. Differences in incidence and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical and medical ICUs in a tertiary hospital in China. Clin Respir J. 2014 Jul;8(3):262-8.
  • Mirsaeidi M, Peyrani P, Ramirez JA; Improving Medicine through Pathway Assessment of Critical Therapy of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (IMPACT-HAP) Investigators. Predicting mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: The APACHE II score versus the new IBMP-10 score. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1;49(1):72-7.
  • Şengül A, Şengül E, Barış SA, Hayırlıoğlu N. Ventilatörle İlişkili Çok İlaca Dirençli Acinetobacter Baumannii Pnömonisinde Mortalite İle İlişkili Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi. Kocaeli Tıp Dergisi. 2013; 2(1), 1-6.
  • Blot S, Koulenti D, Dimopoulos G, Martin C, Komnos A, Krueger WA, et al. EU-VAP Study Investigators. Prevalence, risk factors, and mortality for ventilator-associated pneumonia in middle-aged, old, and very old critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2014 Mar;42(3):601-9.
  • Inchai J, Pothirat C, Liwsrisakun C, Deesomchok A, Kositsakulchai W, Chalermpanchai N. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology and prognostic indicators of 30-day mortality. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2015;68(3):181-6.

Ventilatör İlişkili Pnömonili Hastaların Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi: Altı Yıllık Veri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 8 - 16, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.1172690

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada yoğun bakım ünitesinde takip edilen ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni (VİP) olgularının demografik özelliklerinin, VİP etkenlerinin ve prognozunun değerlendirilmesi ve bu özelliklerin mortalite ile olan ilişkisinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma retrospektif ve tek merkezli olarak Ocak 2012-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında yapılmıştır. Hastanemizde VİP tanısı ile yatan ≥18 yaş hastalar ve 48 saatten uzun süre mekanik ventilasyon altında olan 533 hasta çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Veriler, hastane veri sistemi ve hasta dosyaları incelenerek değerlendirildi. Hastalara ait yaş, cinsiyet, yattığı klinik, kültür antibiyogram sonuçları, komorbidite durumu, hastanede kalış süresi ve hastanın son durumu (taburcu/eksitus) gibi veriler kaydedildi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen olguların 337’si (%63.2) erkek, 196’sı (%36.8) kadın cinsiyette olup yaş ortalaması 63.8±20.4 yıldı. Hastaların %93.1’ inde Gram negatif bakteri, %6.4’ünde Gram pozitif bakteri ve %0.6’sında mantar üremesi saptandı. En sık saptanan etkenler Acinetobacter baumannii (%42.2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (%19.3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (%12.2) idi. VİP olgularının % 66.2’si mortalite ile sonuçlandı. Prognozu etkileyen risk faktörleri ve eşlik eden hastalıkların mortalite üzerindeki etkisi incelendiğinde; serebrovasküler hastalıklar ve immünsupresyon varlığının (sırasıyla OR:1.20, 1.67) mortaliteyi arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Hastaların tanı anındaki C-reaktif protein (CRP) (AUC:0.588 p=0,001), prokalsitonin (PCT) (AUC:0.658 p<0.0001), nötrofil lenfosit oranı (NLO) (AUC:0.598 p<0.0001) ve platelet düşüklüğünün (AUC:0.356 p<0.0001) mortaliteyi öngörmede etkili olduğu bulunmuştur.
Sonuçlar: Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni sıklıkla çok ilaca dirençli Gram negatif bakterilere bağlı gelişen mortalitesi ve morbiditesi yüksek bir hastalıktır. Özellikle serebrovasküler hastalıklar ve immünsupresyon varlığı gibi komorbiditesi olanlarda mortalitenin arttığı bu nedenle bu hastalıklara sahip olguların daha yakından takip edilmesinin faydalı olacağı kanaatindeyiz. VİP tanısı alan hastaların takibinde özellikle PCT, CRP ve NLO gibi biyobelirteçlerin yakından takip edilmesinin morbidite ve mortalitenin azaltılmasında faydalı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Teşekkür

Enfeksiyon kontrol komitesinde çalışan tüm ekip arkadaşlarımıza teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Nair GB, Niederman MS. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: present understanding and ongoing debates. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41: 34-48.
  • Chastre J, Fagon JY. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 867-903.
  • Türk Toraks Derneği Erişkinlerde Hastanede Gelişen Pnömoni Tanı ve Tedavi Uzlaşı Raporu. Türk Toraks Dergisi, 2018;1-19.
  • Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB, et al. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016 Sep 1; 63(5): e61-e111.
  • Lewis SC, Li L, Murphy MV, Klompas M; et al. CDC Prevention Epicenters. Risk factors for ventilator-associated events: a case-control multivariable analysis. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 1839-48.
  • Koulanti D, Tsigou E, Rello J. Nosocomial pneumonia in 27 ICUs in Europe: perspectives from EU-VAP/CAP study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017;36:1999-2006.
  • Bonten MJM, Gaillard CA, Ramsay G. The pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. In: Vincent JL (Ed). Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; Berlin: Springer Verlag: 1995;711.
  • Meyancı G, Öz H, Torun MM. Mekanik ventilasyon uygulaması sırasında gelişen pnömoniler. Cerrahpaşa J Med 1999;30:214-20.
  • Savas L, Onlen Y, Duran N, Savas N. Causes of nosocomial pneumonia and evaluation of risk factors in a university hospital in Turkey. Saudi Med J 2007; 28: 114-2.
  • Pawar M, Mehta Y, Khurana P, Chaudhary A, Kulkarni V, Trehan N. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Incidence, risk factors, outcome, and microbiology. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003; 17: 22-8.
  • Chastre J, Fagon J-Y. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:867 – 903.
  • Kollef MH, Hamilton CW, Ernst FR. Economicimpact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large matched cohort. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33:250 – 256.
  • Bekaert M, Timsit J-F, Vansteelandt S, Depuydt P, Vésin A, Garrouste-Orgeas M, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a reappraisalusing causal analysis. Am J Respir Crit CareMed 2011; 184:1133 – 1139.
  • Magret M, Amaya-Villar R, Garnacho J, Lisboa T, Díaz E, Dewaele J, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in traumapatients is associated with lower mortality: results from EU-VAP study. J Trauma 2010; 69:849 – 854.
  • Safdar N, Dezfulian C, Collard HR, Saint S. Clinical and economic consequences of ventilator associated pneumonia: a systematicreview. CritCareMed 2005; 33:2184 – 21
  • Kumari M, Rastogi N, Malhotra R, Mathur P. Clinico-microbiological profile of healthcare associated pneumonia in critically ill patients at level-I trauma centre of India. Journal of Laboratory Physicians 2018; 10(4), 406.
  • Öcal N, Öcal R, Özer S, Taskin G, Dogan D, Yamanel HL. Ventilatör Iliskili Pnömonide Degistirilemeyen Risk Faktörleri ve Radyolojik Skorlamanin Prognostik Degeri/Prognostic Value of Unchangeable Risk Factors for and the Radiologic Scoring System in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Dahili ve Cerrahi Bilimler Yogun Bakim Dergisi 2016;7(2), 44.
  • Palabıyık O, Öğütlü A, Toptaş Y. Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Ventilatör İlişkili Pnömoni ve Etken Mikroorganizmalar: İki Yıllık Retrospektif Analiz. Journal of the Turkish Society of Intensive Care/Türk Yogun Bakim Dernegi Dergisi 2016; 14(3).
  • Kundakci A, Özkalayci Ö, Zeyneloglu P, Arslan H, Pirat A. Bir Cerrahi Yogun Bakim Ünitesinde Nozokomiyal Enfeksiyonlarin Risk Faktörleri/Risk Factors for Nosocomial Infections in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit. Turk Yogun Bakim Dernegi Dergisi 2014; 12(1), 25.
  • Karakuzu Z, Iscimen R, Akalin H, Kelebek Girgin N, Kahveci F, Sinirtas M. Prognostic Risk Factors in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Med Sci Monit. 2018 Mar 5;24:1321-1328.
  • De Miguel-Díez J, López-de-Andrés A, Hernández-Barrera V, Jiménez-Trujillo I, Méndez-Bailón M, Miguel-Yanes JM, et al. Decreasing incidence and mortality among hospitalized patients suffering a ventilator-associated pneumonia: Analysis of the Spanish national hospital discharge database from 2010 to 2014. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jul;96(30):e7625.
  • Póvoa P, Martin-Loeches I, Ramirez P, Bos LD, Esperatti M, Silvestre J, et al. Biomarkers kinetics in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia response to antibiotics - results from the BioVAP study. J Crit Care. 2017 Oct;41:91-97.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Mikrobiyoloji Referans Laboratuarı Daire Başkanlığı Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar Sürveyans Ağı Özet Raporu 2017, Temmuz 2018, 1-26
  • Zubair S, Ali H, Zafar F, Raza SF, Ashraf I, Warind J et al. Ventılator-Assocıated Pneumonıa. The Professional Medical Journal 2018; 25(09), 1356-1363.
  • Genç Y, Gürkan Y, Mumcuoğlu İ, Kanyılmaz D, Aksoy A, Aksu N. Yoğun bakım hastalarında hastane kaynaklı pnömoni olgularının değerlendirilmesi ve sık görülen bakteriyel etkenlerin antimikrobiyallere dirençlerinin araştırılması. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2016; 73(4), 355-364.
  • Inchai J, Pothirat C, Liwsrisakun C, Deesomchok A, Kositsakulchai W, Chalermpanchai N. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology and prognostic indicators of 30-day mortality. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2015;68(3):181-6.
  • American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseasee Society of America Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital acquired, ventilator associated, and health care associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:388-416.
  • Mathai AS, Phillips A, Kaur P, Isaac R. Incidence and attributable costs of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a tertiary-level intensive care unit(ICU) in northern India. J Infect Public Health. 2015 Mar-Apr;8(2):127-35.
  • Póvoa P, Martin-Loeches I, Ramirez P, Bos LD, Esperatti M, Silvestre J, et al. Biomarkers kinetics in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia response to antibiotics - results from the BioVAP study. J Crit Care. 2017 Oct;41:91-97.
  • Bhadade R, Harde M, deSouza R, More A, Bharmal R. Emerging trends of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit of a tertiary care public teaching hospital in Western India. Ann Afr Med. 2017 Jul-Sep;16(3):107-113.
  • Song X, Chen Y, Li X. Differences in incidence and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical and medical ICUs in a tertiary hospital in China. Clin Respir J. 2014 Jul;8(3):262-8.
  • Mirsaeidi M, Peyrani P, Ramirez JA; Improving Medicine through Pathway Assessment of Critical Therapy of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (IMPACT-HAP) Investigators. Predicting mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: The APACHE II score versus the new IBMP-10 score. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1;49(1):72-7.
  • Şengül A, Şengül E, Barış SA, Hayırlıoğlu N. Ventilatörle İlişkili Çok İlaca Dirençli Acinetobacter Baumannii Pnömonisinde Mortalite İle İlişkili Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi. Kocaeli Tıp Dergisi. 2013; 2(1), 1-6.
  • Blot S, Koulenti D, Dimopoulos G, Martin C, Komnos A, Krueger WA, et al. EU-VAP Study Investigators. Prevalence, risk factors, and mortality for ventilator-associated pneumonia in middle-aged, old, and very old critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2014 Mar;42(3):601-9.
  • Inchai J, Pothirat C, Liwsrisakun C, Deesomchok A, Kositsakulchai W, Chalermpanchai N. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology and prognostic indicators of 30-day mortality. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2015;68(3):181-6.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sümeyye Kışlak Demircan 0000-0002-5278-1879

Selçuk Nazik 0000-0003-0587-0104

Selma Güler 0000-0002-2515-8758

Esma Cingöz 0000-0002-8344-5245

Proje Numarası yok
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 23 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kışlak Demircan S, Nazik S, Güler S, Cingöz E. Ventilatör İlişkili Pnömonili Hastaların Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi: Altı Yıllık Veri. KSÜ Tıp Fak Der. Mart 2024;19(1):8-16. doi:10.17517/ksutfd.1172690