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4.Dalga Feminizmin Sporda #Metoo Hareketi Üzerinden İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, , 800 - 827, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33708/ktc.1519927

Öz

Feminizm son yıllarda çevrim içi perspektiften ele alınarak dijital feminizm olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Feminizmin bu yeni dijital tarzı 4.dalga feminizm olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Daha önceleri kullanılmış olsa da ABD'de yapımcı Harwey Weinstein’a karşı istismar suçlamasıyla yapılan sosyal medya paylaşımlarında #MeToo'nun etiket olarak kullanılmasıyla hareket popüler hale gelmiştir. Bunun sonucunda değişik alanlarda kullanılmaya başlanan hashtag spor ortamında istenmeyen durumların duyurulması ve kamuoyu yaratılması için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. #MeToo hareketi, dijital platformlar aracılığıyla cinsel taciz ve istismar konularında önemli bir toplumsal farkındalık yaratarak kadın sporcuların yaşadıkları olumsuz deneyimleri paylaşmalarına olanak tanımıştır. Bu hareket, dördüncü dalga feminizmin dijital çağdaki etkisini vurgulayarak, sosyal medya aracılığıyla spor dünyasında cinsel istismar ve tacize karşı küresel bir dayanışma ve eylem alanı yaratmıştır. Sosyal medya ve basın toplumsal olayları duyurma ve kamuoyunu bilgilendirme konularında birbirini tamamlayan iki güçlü araçtır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 4. dalga feminizmin bir yansıması olarak #MeToo hareketinin spor dünyasındaki etkilerini ve dijital feminizmin sosyal medya aracılığıyla feminist hareketlerin dijital medyadaki temsilini ve bu süreçteki rolünü incelemektir. Farklı disiplinlerde #MeToo hareketiyle ilgili dijital feminizm üzerinden ülkemizde çalışmalar yapılmış olsa da spesifik olarak spor içerisinde bu konuyu ele alan bir çalışmaya henüz rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. 2017-2023 yılları arasında dünyada en çok ziyaret edilen dijital olarak yayımlanan 4 gazeteden #MeToo etiketinin kullanıldığı haberler analiz edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda CNN, BBC, The Guardian ve The New York Times dijital haber siteleri taranmıştır. Dört dijital gazetede toplamda 3463 haber incelenmiştir. Haberlerin analizinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Cinsel istismar, tanıdık otorite fail, dijital global kız kardeşlik, feminist domino etkisi temalarına ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, #MeToo hareketinin spor dünyasında cinsiyet eşitsizliğine karşı önemli bir farkındalık oluşturduğu ve dijital feminizmin medya aracılığıyla toplumsal hareketlerin geniş bir etki alanına ulaşabileceğini söylemek mümkündür. İleride yapılacak olan sporda çocuk koruma, sporda psikolojik şiddet ve cinsel istismar çalışmalarında ve spor içerisinde yer alan kişilerin olası durumlara karşı bilinçlendirilmesinde dijital kitlesel hareketlerin etkili bir rol üstleneceği söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

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Examining Fourth Wave Feminism in Sports through the #MeToo Movement

Yıl 2024, , 800 - 827, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33708/ktc.1519927

Öz

In recent years, feminism has been characterized by an online perspective, referred to as digital feminism. This new digital form of feminism is known as the fourth wave feminism. The #MeToo movement has raised significant societal awareness about issues of sexual harassment and abuse through digital platforms, allowing female athletes to share their negative experiences. This movement underscores the impact of fourth-wave feminism in the digital age by creating a global space for solidarity and action against sexual abuse and harassment in the sports world through social media. Social media and the press are two powerful tools that complement each other in reporting social events and informing the public. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the #MeToo movement, as a manifestation of fourth-wave feminism, on the sports world, and to explore the representation and role of feminist movements in digital media through digital feminism. Although there have been studies on digital feminism related to the #MeToo movement in various disciplines within the country, there has yet to be a study specifically addressing this issue within the context of sports. This research has been conducted using document analysis, a qualitative research method. News articles featuring the #MeToo hashtag from four of the most visited digital newspapers worldwide, CNN, BBC, The Guardian, and The New York Times, have been analyzed. A total of 3,463 articles from these four digital newspapers are examined. Content analysis is used to analyze the news, revealing themes such as sexual abuse, familiar authority figures, digital global sisterhood, and feminist domino effect. The results indicate that the #MeToo movement has created significant awareness about gender inequality in the sports world and that digital feminism demonstrates the capacity of media-driven social movements to reach a broad impact. It can be said that in future research on child protection in sports, psychological abuse, and sexual harassment, digital mass movements will play an effective role in raising awareness among individuals involved in sports about potential issues.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, K., Stafford, A., & Lewis, R. (2011). The experiences of children participating in organised sport in the UK. NSPCC Child Protection Research Center.
  • Artuk, M. E., & Alşahin, M. E. (2016). Sarkıntılık fiili. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(4), 3243-3270. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/auhfd/issue/42360/510096
  • Alikılıç, Ö., & Baş, Ş. (2019). Dijital feminizm: Hashtag’in cinsiyeti. Fe Dergi, 11(1), 89-111. Arat, N. (2010). Feminizmin ABC'si. Say Yayınları. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/federgi/ issue/45889/579180
  • Baumgardner, J. (2011). F'em!: Goo goo, gaga, and some thoughts on balls. Seal Press.
  • BBC (2016). ‘Rozina Sini’ How 'MeToo' is exposing the scale of sexual abuse. Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-41633857 (Erişim Tarihi:14/06/2023).
  • BBC (2023). ‘Rudraneil Sengupta’ Wrestling Federation of India: Is Indian sport seeing its #MeToo moment? Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64396084 Erişim tarihi: 11.09.2023.
  • Benn, M. (2013). After post‐feminism: pursuing material equality in a digital age. Juncture, 20(3), 223-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-5876.2013.00757.x
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  • Braithwaite, A. (2002). The personal, the political, third-wave and postfeminisms. Feminist Theory, 3(3), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1177/146470002762492033
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  • CNN (2018a). ‘Eric Levenson’ Larry Nassar sentenced to up to 175 years in prison for decades of sexual abuses. Erişim adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/24/us/larry-nassar-sentencing/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 14/08/2023).
  • CNN (2018b). ‘Flora Charner’ Brazilian sports journalists may be having their #MeToo movement Erişim adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/30/americas/brazilian-sports-journalists-harassment-metoo-letherdoherjob/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15/08/2023).
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  • Dean, J. (2009). Democracy and other neoliberal fantasies: Communicative capitalism and left politics. Duke University Press.
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  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C., & Knorre, N. (2010). Performance level and sexual harassment prevalence among female athletes in the Czech Republic. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 19(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.19.1.26
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C., & Walseth, K. (2007). Women athletes’ personal responses to sexual harassment in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(4), 419–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200701599165
  • Fotopoulou, A. (2016). Digital and networked by default? Women’s organisations and the social imaginary of networked feminism. New Media & Society, 18(6), 989-1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814 552264
  • Görgün Baran, A. (2021). Feminizmin gelişim serüveni: dalga yerine kuşak diyelim mi? Erişim Adresi: https://kockam.ku.edu.tr/feminizmin-gelisim-seruveni-dalga-yerine-kusak-diyelim-mi-aylin-gorgun-baran/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2023).
  • Gunn, C. (2015). Hashtagging from the margins: women of color engaged in feminist consciousness-raising on Twitter. In K. E. Tassie & S. M. B. Givens (Eds.), Women of color and social media multitasking: Blogs, timelines, feeds, and community (pp. 21–34).
  • Hooks, B. (2000). Feminist theory: from margin to center. Pluto Press. Kadir Has Üniversitesi Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Kadın Çalışmaları Araştırma Merkezi. (2017). Cinsel ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı taciz ve saldırı politikalarının analizi: Türkiye’deki üniversiteler için araç seti. Erişim adresi: https://gender.khas.edu.tr/sites/gender.khas. edu.tr/files/inline-files/1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2023).
  • Kantor, J., & Twohey, M. (2021). Kadın dedi ki: #MeToo hareketini başlatan cinsel taciz hikayesinin açığa çıkışı. Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Kaplan, E. (2003). Feminist futures: trauma, the post-9/11 world and a fourth feminism? Journal of International Women's Studies, 4(2), 46-59. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/ vol4/iss2/5
  • Kıral, B. (2020). Nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olarak doküman analizi. Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 170-189. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/susbid/issue/ 54983/727462
  • Kinser, A. E. (2004). Negotiating spaces for/through third-wave feminism. Feminist Formations, 16(3), 124-153. https://doi.org/10.1353/nwsa.2004.0075
  • Kitchenham, B. (2004). Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele, UK, Keele University, 33(2004), 1-26.
  • Knappe, H., & Lang, S. (2014). Between whisper and voice: Online women’s movement outreach in the UK and Germany. European Journal of Women's Studies, 21(4), 361-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814541643
  • Krolokke, C., & Sorensen, A. S. (2006). Gender communication theories and analyses: From silence to performance (No. 50). Sage.
  • Martin, C. E., & Valenti, V. (2013). #FemFuture: online revolution. introduction. In C. E. Martin and V. Valenti (Eds.) (pp. 3–5). Barnard Center for Research on Women, New Feminist Solutions.
  • McMahon, S. (2007). Understanding community-specific rape myths: Exploring student athlete culture. Journal of Women and Social Work, 22(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0886109907306331
  • Millett, K. (2000). Sexual politics. University of Illinois Press. Moscatelli, S., Golfieri, F., Tomasetto, C., & Bigler, R. S. (2021). Women and# MeToo in Italy: Internalized sexualization is associated with tolerance of sexual harassment and negative views of the# MeToo movement. Current Psychology, 40(12), 6199-6211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01350-1
  • Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., Kirby, S., Leahy, T., Marks, S., Martin, K., Starr, K., Tiivas, A., & Budgett, R. (2016). International Olympic Committee consensus statement: harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1019–1029. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096121
  • Nicholson, L. (2010). Feminism in ‘Waves’: Useful Metaphor or Not?. New Politics, 12(4), 34-39.
  • Novkov, J. (2019). Law, policy, and sexual abuse in the #MeToo movement: USA gymnastics and the agency of minor athletes. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 40(1), 42–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2019.1563412.
  • Örnek, S. (2015). ABD’de kadın haklarının gelişimi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (29), 105-129. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kosbed/issue/25690/271123
  • Özveri, D. (2009). Feminist teorinin gelişim sürecinde uluslararası ilişkilere bakışı üzerine kısa bir değerlendirme. H. Çomak (Ed.). Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş: Teorik Bakış. 1. Basım. Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Parent, S.,& Fortier, K. (2018). Comprehensive overview of the problem of violence against athletes in sport. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518759448
  • Parry, D. (Ed.). (2018). Feminisms in leisure studies: advancing a fourth wave (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108476
  • Parry, D. C., & Fullagar, S. (2013). Feminist leisure research in the contemporary era: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(5), 571-582. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i5-4363
  • Parry, D. C., Johnson, C. W., & Wagler, F. A. (2018). Fourth wave feminism: theoretical underpinnings and future directions for leisure research. In Feminisms in Leisure Studies (pp. 1-12). Routledge.
  • PressGazette (2024). Top 50 news websites in the US: All but four sites saw traffic fall in September. Erişim adresi: https://pressgazette.co.uk/media-audience-and-business-data/media_metrics/most-popular-websites-news-us-monthly-3/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2023).
  • Reel, J. J., & Crouch, E. (2019). Harassment and assault in sport. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13, 177-179. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0078
  • Røsok-Dahl H, Orgeret K. (2020). Sports Journalism, Interns and #MeToo – did anything change?. Journalistica, 47-70. https://doi.org/10.7146/journalistica.v14i1.123511
  • Shugart, H. A. (2001). Isn't it ironic?: The intersection of third-wave feminism and generation X. Women's Studies in Communication, 24(2), 131-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 07491409.2001.10162432
  • Simões, S., & Matos, M. (2008). Modern ideas, traditional behaviors, and the persistence of gender inequality in Brazil. International Journal of Sociology, 38(4), 94-110. https://doi.org/10.2753/IJS0020-7659380405
  • Snyder, R. C. (2008). What is third-wave feminism? A new directions essay. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 34(1), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1086/588436
  • Snyder-Hall, R. C. (2010). Third-wave feminism and the defense of “choice”. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709992842
  • Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.
  • Stirling, A. E. (2009). Definition and constituents of maltreatment in sport: Establishing a conceptual framework for research practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(14), 1091-1099. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.051433
  • Tam, A., Kerr, G., & Stirling, A. (2020). Influence of the #MeToo movement on coaches’ practices and relations with athletes. International Sport Coaching Journal, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2019-0081
  • Taş, G. (2016). Feminizm üzerine genel bir değerlendirme: Kavramsal analizi, tarihsel süreçleri ve dönüşümleri. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 3(5), 163-175. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ akademik-hassasiyetler/issue/27268/287075
  • Taylor, E., & Hardin, R. (2017). A gap in the sport management curriculum: An analysis of sexual harassment and sexual assault education in the United States. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 20, 65–75. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jhlste.2017.04.004
  • The Guardian (2006). ‘Kim Wilsher’ The pushy tennis dad and the drugs in the drink.Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/01/france.mainsection (Erişim Tarihi: 15/08/2023).
  • The Guardian (2015). #Distractinglysexy Twitter campaign mocks Tim Hunt's sexist comments. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/ 2015/jun/11/distractinglysexy-twitter-campaign-mocks-tim-hunts-sexist-comments (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2023).
  • The Guardian (2019). South Korea unveils biggest ever investigation into abuse in sport. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/23/south-korea-biggest-sexual-abuse-sport-investigation (Erişim Tarihi: 15/08/2023).
  • The Guardian (2023). ‘Matthew Hall’Ciara McCormack: the Canadian whistleblower turned soccer CEO. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/oct/18/ciara-mccormack-treaty-united-ceo-canada-soccer (Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2023)
  • The Guardian (2020). ‘Suzanne Wrack’ Carolina Rozo:’It started with words. He would tell me I was pretty. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jun/28/ carolina-rozo-colombia-under-17-women-didier-luna (Erişim Tarihi: 17/08/2023).
  • The Guardian (2021). ‘Sean Ingle’ British Gymnastics faces group-claim lawsuit from 17 alleging abuse. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/feb/26/british-gymnastics-faces-class-action-lawsuit-from-17-alleging-abuse-jennifer-pinches (Erişim Tarihi: 20/08/2023).
  • The Independent (2015). #DistractinglySexy: Female scientists take to Twitter to mock Sir Tim Hunt's sexist remarks. Erişim adresi: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/distractinglysexy-female-scientists-mock-sir-tim-hunt-s-sexist-remarks-on-twitter-10313435.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2023).
  • The Newyork Times (2021). ‘İleNiki Kitsantonis’ Olympic Athlete Speaks of Assault and Breaks a Bigger Silence in Greece. Erişim adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/ 23/world/europe/greece-metoo-sofia-bekatorou-cyprus.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17/08/2023).
  • Timpka, T., Finch, C. F., Goulet, C., Noakes, T., & Yammine, K. (2008). Meeting the global demand of sports safety: the intersection of science and policy in sports safety. Sports Medicine, 38, 795-805. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838100-00001
  • TÜİK (2022). Güvenlik birimine gelen veya getirilen çocuk istatistikleri. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Guvenlik-Birimine-Gelen-veya-Getirilen-Cocuk-Istatistikleri-2021-45586 (Erişim Tarihi: 1009.2023)
  • Wach, E. (2013). Learning about qualitative document analysis. Ids Practice Paper in Brief. We Are Social (2023). Digital 2023. Erişim adresi: https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2023/ 01/digital-2023/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2024).
  • Vertommen, T., Schipper-van Veldhoven, N. H., Hartill, M. J., & Van Den Eede, F. (2015). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: The NOC* NSF helpline. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(7), 822-839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690213498079
  • Yaşar, İ. H. (2003). Sosyal medya psikolojisi. Ş. Özdemir ve G. D Türk (Ed.), Sosyal medya ve değişen iletişim biçimleri (1. baskı) içinde (s. 129-153). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R.K. (2014). Case study methods: Design and methods (5. Baskı). Sage Publications.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sinem Parlakyıldız 0000-0002-3961-8153

Funda Koçak 0000-0001-5029-3006

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Kasım 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Parlakyıldız, S., & Koçak, F. (2024). 4.Dalga Feminizmin Sporda #Metoo Hareketi Üzerinden İncelenmesi. Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları Ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, 7(2), 800-827. https://doi.org/10.33708/ktc.1519927

Dergide yayımlanan tüm çalışmalar, kamu ve tüzel kişilerce, gerekli atıflar verilmek koşuluyla kullanıma açık olup dergide yayımlanmış çalışmaların tüm sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir.