Ulusaşırı Aşk – Almanya’ya Evlilik Göçü Bağlamında Kadınlık ve Erkekliklerin Yeniden İnşası-Transnational Love-Reconstruction of Womanhood and Manhood in the Context of Spousal Migration to Germany

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 122 - 156, 23.11.2018

Anıl Al-rebholz

Öz

Aşk ve mahrem ilişki pratikleri ve
bunların dönüşümü üzerine yazan birçok toplumbilimci; aşk, modernite ve
modernitenin kültürel kurumları arasında doğrudan bir bağlantı kurarlar. Modern
dünyaya özgü romantik aşk kültürel modeli hem erkekler hem kadınlar için benlik
kurgularında ve cinsiyetlendirilmiş özne pratiklerinde önemli hâle gelir fakat
özellikle kadınların hayatında temel bir anlam kaynağı olarak öne çıkar. Bu
makalede farklı kuramsal yaklaşımlar ışığında modernite ve romantik aşk
arasındaki bağlantı irdelenerek ulusaşırı alanda gerçekleşen evlilik göçü
vakalarına uygulanacaktır. Bu çerçevede Faslı (Berberi-Berberi) ve Türkiyeli
(Sünni Kürt-Acem kökenli Türkiye’li) iki evli çiftle yapılan özyaşamöyküsel
mülakatlar makaleye temel alınmaktadır. Mülakatlar; Frankfurt Goethe
Üniversitesi’nde, 2012 - 2013 yılları arasında yürütülen “Toplumsal Cinsiyet
Düzeninin Tersine Dönmesi mi? Kuzey Afrikalı ve Türkiyeli Erkeklerin Almanya’ya
Evlilik Göçü” başlıklı saha araştırması çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ulusaşırı Göç, Dünya Aileleri, Yaşamöyküsel Araştırma Metotları, Evlilik Göçü, Cinsiyet

Transnational Love-Reconstruction of Womanhood and Manhood in the Context of Spousal Migration to Germany

Öz

Social scientists, who write
about love and intimacy practices and their transformation in the modern world,
set these practices in direct relation to modernity and its cultural
institutions. Specific to modern era, the cultural model of romantic love
becomes important both for women and men in the construction of their selves and
in the construction of gendered subject practices, but especially for women’s
lives it becomes a fundamental reference of meaning. In this article, drawing
on the theoretical approaches pertaining to the relationship between modernity
and its prevailing notion of romantic love, reconstruction and negotiation of
womanhood and manhood in the context of spousal migration to Germany will be
examined. The article is based on the analysis of four biographical interviews
conducted with a married pair of Moroccan origin (Berber and Berber) and a
married pair of Turkish origin (Persian and Sunnite Kurd) living in Germany.
The Interviews have been realized during the field work of the third-party fund project
“Reversal of the Gender Order? Marriage Migration by North African and
Turkish/Kurdish Men to Germany”, conducted between 2012 and 2013 at Frankfurt
Goethe University in Germany. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Transnational Migration, World Families, Biographical Research Methods, Spousal Migration, Gender

Kaynakça

• Alheit, P. (1992). Biographizität und Struktur. In P. Alheit (et al.), Biographische Konstruktionen. Beiträge zur Biographieforschung (pp.10-36). Bremen: Universität Bremen.
• Al-Rebholz, A. (2016). Globalisierte Familien – transnationale Intimität: Aushandlungen von Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit in der Heiratsmigration. Zeitschrif Migration und Soziale Arbeit. Beltz Juventa Verlag, 38. Jg. (1), 70-78.
• Al-Rebholz, A. (2014). Socialization and Gendered Biographical Agency in a Multicultural Migration Context: the Life History of a Young Moroccan Woman in Germany. In ZQF- Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung, 15. Jg. 1-2/2014, 79-96.
• Al-Rebholz, A. (2014). Diretmek, Çevirmek ve Değiştirmek Arasında Erkeklerin Hikâyeleri (Männergeschichten: Zwischen Beharren, Übersetzen und Verändern). Alman Göç ve Mülteciler Fedaral Ofisi tarafından düzenlenen “Aşk yüzünden Almanya’ya” adlı konferansta sunulan yayınlanmamış bildiri, 23 Eylül 2014. (Nach Deutschland der Liebe wegen. Erkenntnisse und Erklärungsansätze zum Ehegattennachzug bzw. zur Partnerschaftsmigration von Migrantinnen und Migranten nach Deutschland“, Bundestamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge-BAMF).
• Al-Rebholz, A. (2013). Küreselleşmiş Aileler – Ulusaşırı Mahremiyet: Göç bağlamında Erkeklik ve Kadınlık üzerine Pazarlıklar. Alman Toplumsal Cinsiyet Çalışmaları Derneği tarafından düzenlenen “Mahremiyet: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifleri” (14-16 Şubat 2013) adlı konferansta sunulan yayınlanmamış bildiri.
• Apitzsch, U./Bertaux, D./Delcroix, C. & Inowlocki, L. (2014). Joint contributions of the binational colloquium on „Socialisation, family, and gender in the context of migration”, Université de Strasbourg and Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, ZQF- Journal of Qualitative Research. Berlin & Toronto: Verlag Barbara Budrich Opladen.
• Apitzsch, U./Inowlocki, L. (2000). Biographical Analysis: A German School? In P. Chamberlayne /J. Bornat & T. Wendegraf (Eds.), The Turn to Biographical Methods in Social Sciences. Comparative Issues and Examples (pp. 53-71). London & New York: Routledge.
• Apitzsch, U./Inowlocki, L./Kontos, M. (2008). The Method of Biographical Policy Evaluation. In U. Apitzsch & M. Kontos (Eds.), Self-Employment Activities of Women and Minorities. Their Success or Failure in Relation to Social Citizenship Policies (pp. 12-18). Wiesbaden: VS.
• Apitzsch, U. Siouti, I. (2007). Biographical Analysis as an Interdisciplinary Research Perspective in the Field of Migration Studies, 1-30. Erişim: http://www.york.ac.uk/res/researchintegration/ Integrative_Research_Methods/Apitzsch%20Biographical%20Analysis%20April%202007.pdf Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalisation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Atay, Tayfun. (2012). “Erkeklik” en çok erkeği ezer. Çin İşi Japon İşi. Cinsiyet ve Cinsellik Üzerine Antropolojik Değiniler. İstanbul: İletişim, 15-46. Baykara-Krumme, H. & Fuß, D. (2009). Heiratsmigration nach Deutschland: Determinanten der transnationalen Partnerwahl türkeistämmiger Migranten. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 34 (1-2), 135-164.
• Beck, U. & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2011). Aşkın Normal Kaosu. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
• Beck, U. & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2011). Fernliebe. Lebensformen im globalen Zeitalter. Berlin: Suhrkamp.
• Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2011). The Marriage Route to Migration. Of border artistes, transnational matchmaking and imported spouses. Nordic Journal of Migration NJMR, 1(2), 60-68.
• Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2007). Transnational Lives, Transnational Marriages: A Review of the Evidence from Migrant Communities in Europe. Global Networks, 7(3), 271–288.
• Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2006). Transnationale Heiratsmuster und transnationale Heiratsstrategien. Ein Erklärungsansatz zur Partnerwahl von Migranten. SozialeWelt 57, 111-129.
• Bernardi, L. (2011). A Mixed-Methods Social Networks Study Design for Research on Transnational Families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 788 – 803.
• Bourdieu, P. (2002). Pierre Bourdieu on Marriage Strategies. Population and Development Review 28(3), 549-558.
• Boyd, M. (1989). Family and Personal Networks in International Migration. Recent Development and New Agendas. International Migration Review, 23 (3), 638-670.
• Büttner, T. & Stichs, A. (2014). Die Integration von zugewanderten Ehegattinnen und Ehegatten in Deutschland – BAMF Heiratsmigrationsstudie. Erişim:http://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Forschungsberichte/fb22-heiratsmigration.pdf;jsessionid=A71182095ADBA39673A0B0431047363D.1_cid286?__blob=publicationFile.
• Conradson, D. & Mckay, D. (2007). Translocal Subjectivities: Mobility, Connection, Emotion. Mobilities, 2(2), 167–174.
• Corsten, M. (1993). Das ich und die Liebe. Subjektivität, Intimität, Vergesellschaftung. Opladen: Leske+ Budrich.
• Eeckhaut, Mieke C. W. / Lievens, J. / Bart van de Putte, B. & Lusyne, P. (2011). Partner Selection and Divorce in Ethnic Minorities: Distinguishing Between Two Types of Ethnic Homogamous Marriages. International Migration Review, 45 (2), 269–296.
• De Haas, H. (2010). The Internal Dynamics of Migration Processes: A Theoretical Inquiry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36 (10), 1587-1617.
• Giddens, A. (1994). Mahremiyetin Dönüşümü. Modern toplumlarda cinsellik, aşk ve erotizm. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
• Hess, S. (2001). Kulturelle Globalisierung und Geschlecht- ein Buchprojekt. In S. Hess & R. Lenz (Eds.), Geschlecht und Globalisierung (pp. 10-33). Königstein: Ulrike Helmer Verlag.
• Illouz, E. (2013). Aşk Neden Acıtır. İstanbul: Jaguar Kitap
• Illouz, E. (1997). Consuming the Romantic Utopia. Love and Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Inowlocki, L. & Lutz, H. (2000). Hard Labour: The ‘Biographical Work’ of a Turkish Migrant Woman in Germany. The European Journal of Women’s Studies, 7, 301–319.
• Kofman, E. (2004). Family-related migration: a critical review of European studies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(2), 243–262.
• Liversage, A. (2012). Transnational Families Breaking Up: Divorce among Turkish immigrants in Denmark. In K. Charsley (Ed.), Transnational Marriage: new perspectives from Europe and beyond, (pp. 146-160). London: Routledge.
• Luhmann, N. (1994). Liebe als symbolisch generalisiertes Kommunikationsmedium. In Liebe als Passion: Zur Codierung von Intimität, (pp.21-39). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag.
• Luhmann, N. (1994). Romantische Liebe. In Liebe als Passion: Zur Codierung von Intimität, (pp.163-182). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag.
• Nauck, В. & Settles, В. H. (2001). Immigrant and ethnic minority families: An introduction. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 32, 461-463.
• Riemann, G. & Schütze, F. (1991). ‘Trajectory’ as a basic theoretical concept for analyzing suffering and disorderly social processes. In D. R. Maines (Ed.), Social organization and social process: essays in honor of Anselm Strauss (pp. 333-357). New York: de Gruyter.
• Rosenthal, G. (2004). Biographical Research. C. Seale/ G. Gobo/ J. F. Gubrium & D. Silverman (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice (pp. 48-64). London: Sage.
• Rosenthal, G. (2010). Die erlebte und erzählte Lebensgeschichte. Zur Wechselwirkung zwischen Erleben, Erinnern und Erzählen. B. Griese (Eds.), Subjekt – Identität – Person? Reflexionen zur Biographieforschung (pp.197-218). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
• Ruokonen-Engler, M.-K. (2012): Unsichtbare Migration. Bielefeld: trancript.
• Schlehe, J. (2001). Globalisierung und Gender in neuen Begegnungsräumen. In. S. Hess & R. Lenz (Eds.), Geschlecht und Globalisierung (pp. 78-100). Königstein: Ulrike Helmer Verlag.
• Schmidt, G. (2011). Migration and Marriage: Examples of border artistry and cultures of migration? Nordic Journal of Migration NJMR, 1(2), 55-59.
• Schmidt, G. (2011b). The Powerful Map of Transnational Families: Marriage, spaces and life trajectories. Nordic Journal of Migration NJMR, 1(2), 80-87.
• Schütze, F. (1984). Kognitive Figuren des Autobiografischen Stegreiferzählens. In M. Kohli & R. Günther (Eds.), Biographie und Soziale Wirklichkeit: neue Beiträge und Forschungsperspektiven (pp. 78-117). Stuttgart: Metzler.
• Schütze, F. (2007). Biography analysis on the empirical base of autobiographical narratives - how to analyse autobiographical narrative interviews. Part 1. Biographical counselling in rehabilitative vocational training. Magdeburg : Univ., 1-63.
• Strassburger, G. (2003). Heiratsverhalten und Partnerwahl im Einwanderungskontext. Eheschließungen der zweiten Migrantengeneration türkischer Herkunft. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.
• West, C. & Zimmermann, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender & Society, 1 (2), 125-151.