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Newborn Screening

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 193 - 199, 03.07.2019

Öz

Abstract

The aim of the National Neonatal Screening Program is to detect diseases that do not have symptoms in the early neonatal program but may lead to severe disabilities if not diagnosed and treated early. If at least 95% of the population is screened, complications due to these diseases may be prevented. Screening for metabolic, endocrinologic and genetic diseases is performed by obtaining capillary blood samples 36-72 hours after birth in every infant. In this way, phenylketonuria, hypothyroidism, biotinidase deficiency and cystic fibrosis may be diagnosed early. On the other hand, every infant undergoes hearing screening by automated brainstem reflexes and referred to an appropriate center if needed. Although it is not compulsory, screening for congenital heart disease may be performed by an non-invazive, cheap and effective method. Infants are evaluated for developmental hip dysplasia before discharge and screening is performed by hip ultrasonography at 3-6 weeks. Red reflex test is a part of physical examination of the newborn and may give clues for cataracts, corneal opacities, retinablostoma and retinal detachment.

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar 1. Waller DK, Anderson JL, Lorey F, Cunningham GC. Risk fac-tors for congenital hypothyroidism: an investigation of infant’sbirth weight, ethnicity, and gender in California, 1990–1998.Teratology. 2000; 62:36–41. 2.https://dosyaism.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/11173,259822214447pdf.pdf?0 3. Porta F, Pagliardini V, Celestino I, Pavanello E. Neonatal scree-ning for biotinidase deficiency: A 30-year single center expe-rience. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2017 Dec; 13: 80–82. Publis-hed online 2017 Sep 20. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.08.005. 4. Baykal T, Hüner G, Sarbat G, Demirkol M. Incidence of bio-tinidase deficiency in Turkish newborns. Acta Paediatr. 1998Oct;87(10):1102-3. 5. Paracchini V, SeiaM, Raimondi S, et al. Cystic fibrosis new-born screening: distribution 3Q265 of blood immunoreacti-ve trypsinogen concentrations in hypertrypsinemic neonates.326 JIMD Rep 2012;4:17–23. 6. Kosorok MR, Wei WH, Farrell PM. The incidence of cystic fib-rosis. Stat Med 1996; 328 15(5):449–62. 7. Grosse SD, Rosenfeld M, Devine OJ, et al. Potential impactof newborn screening for cystic fibrosis on child survival: asystematic review and analysis. J Pediatr 2006; 149:362. 8. Dijk FN, McKay K, Barzi F, et al. Improved survival in cysticfibrosis patients diagnosed by newborn screening comparedto a historical cohort from the same centre. Arch Dis Child2011; 96:1118. 9. Siret D, Bretaudeau G, Branger B, et al. Comparing the cli-nical evolution of cystic fibrosis screened neonatally to thatof cystic fibrosis diagnosed from clinical symptoms: a 10-yearretrospective study in a French region (Brittany). Pediatr Pul-monol 2003; 35:342. 10. Sims EJ, Clark A, McCormick J, et al. Cystic fibrosis diag-nosed after 2 months of age leads to worse outcomes and re-quires more therapy. Pediatrics 2007; 119:19. 11. Koscik RL, Lai HJ, Laxova A, et al. Preventing early, prolon-ged vitamin E deficiency: an opportunity for better cogniti-ve outcomes via early diagnosis through neonatal screening.J Pediatr 2005; 147:S5 12. Wagener JS, Sontag MK, Sagel SD, Accurso FJ. Update onnewborn screening for cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med2004; 10:500. 13. Durie PR, Forstner GG, Gaskin KJ, et al. Age-related alte-rations of immunoreactive pancreatic cationic trypsinogen insera from cystic fibrosis patients with and without pancrea-tic insufficiency. Pediatr Res 1986; 20:209. 14. Fritz A, Farrell P. Estimating the annual number of false ne-gative cystic fibrosis newborn screening tests. Pediatr Pulmo-nol 2012; 47:207. 15. Bauça JM, Morell-Garcia D, Vila M, Pérez G, Heine-SuñerD, Figuerola J. Assessing the improvements in the newbornscreening strategy for cystic fibrosis in the Balearic Islands.Clin Biochem. 2015 Feb 11. 16. Wells J, Rosenberg M, Hoffman G, et al. A decision-tree app-roach to cost comparison of newborn screening strategies forcystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 2012; 129:e339. 17. Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, et al. Guidelines for di-agnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults:Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report. J Pediatr2008; 153:S4. 18. Altiaylik Ozer P, Kabatas EU, Ertugrul GT, Kurtul BE, Kay-gusuz U, Karatayli Ozgursoy S. Ocular Disorders in TurkishChildren with Sensorineural Hearıng Loss: A Cross-Sectio-nal Study and Literature Review. Semin Ophthalmol.2018;33(2):155-160. Doi:10.1080/08820538.2016.1182560.Epub 2016 Sep 14. 19. Martínez-Cruz CF, Poblano A, García-Alonso Themann P.Changes in tonal audiometry in children with progressive sen-sorineural hearing loss and history of Neonatal Intensive CareUnit discharge. A 20 year long-term follow-up. Int J PediatrOtorhinolaryngol. 2017 Oct;101:235-240. doi: 10.1016/j.ij-porl.2017.08.022. Epub 2017 Aug 29. 20. Kennedy CR, McCann DC, Campbell MJ, et al. Language abi-lity after early detection of permanent childhood hearing im-pairment. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:21313. 21. Erenberg A, Lemons J, Sia C, et al. Newborn and infant hea-ring loss: detection and intervention.American Academy of Pe-diatrics. Task Force on Newborn and Infant Hearing, 1998-1999. Pediatrics 1999; 103:527. 22. Hall JW 3rd. Development of the ear and hearing. J Perina-tol 2000; 20:S12. 23. Bielecki I, Horbulewicz A, Wolan T. Risk factors associatedwith hearing loss in infants: an analysis of 5282 referred neo-nates. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:925. 24. Bird TM, Hobbs CA, Cleves MA, Tilford JM, Robbins JM. Na-tional rates of birth defects among hospitalized newborns BirthDefects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006;76(11):762. 25. Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ, et al. Congenital heartdisease: prevalence at livebirth. The Baltimore WashingtonInfant Study. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:31. 26. Tanner K, Sabrine N, Wren C. Cardiovascular malformationsamong preterm infants. Pediatrics 2005; 116:e833. 27.Reller MD, Strickland MJ, Riehle-Colarusso T, et al. Preva-lence of congenital heart defects in metropolitan Atlanta, 1998-2005. J Pediatr 2008; 153:807. 28. Ishikawa T, Iwashima S, Ohishi A, et al. Prevalence of con-genital heart disease assessed by echocardiography in 2067 consecutive newborns. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:e55. 29. Khoshnood B, Lelong N, Houyel L, et al. Prevalence, timingof diagnosis and mortality of newborns with congenital heartdefects: a population-based study. Heart 2012; 98:1667. 30. Rosano A, Botto LD, Botting B, Mastroiacovo P. Infant mor-tality and congenital anomalies from 1950 to 1994: an inter-national perspective. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:660. 31. Talner CN. Report of the New England Regional Infant Car-diac Program, by Donald C. Fyler, MD, Pediatrics,1980;65(suppl):375-461. Pediatrics 1998; 102:258. 32. Kuehl KS, Loffredo CA, Ferencz C. Failure to diagnose con-genital heart disease in infancy. Pediatrics 1999; 103:743. 33. Hoffman JI. It is time for routine neonatal screening by pul-se oximetry. Neonatology 2011; 99:1. 34. Liberman RF, Getz KD, Lin AE, et al. Delayed diagnosis ofcritical congenital heart defects: trends and associated fac-tors. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e373. 35. Wren C, Reinhardt Z, Khawaja K. Twenty-year trends in di-agnosis of life-threatening neonatal cardiovascular malforma-tions. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008; 93:F33. 36. Mahle WT, Martin GR, Beekman RH 3rd, et al. Endorsementof Health and Human Services recommendation for pulse oxi-metry screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediat-rics 2012; 129:190. 37. Meberg A, Brügmann-Pieper S, Due R Jr, et al. First day oflife pulse oximetry screening to detect congenital heart defects.J Pediatr 2008; 152:761. 38. Riede FT, Wörner C, Dähnert I, et al. Effectiveness of neo-natal pulse oximetry screening for detection of critical con-genital heart disease in daily clinical routine--results from aprospective multicenter study. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:975. 39. Peterson C, Ailes E, Riehle-Colarusso T, et al. Late detecti-on of critical congenital heart disease among US infants: es-timation of the potential impact of proposed universal scree-ning using pulse oximetry. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168:361. 40. Romano-Zelekha O, Hirsh R, Blieden L, et al. The risk for con-genital heart defects in offspring of individuals with conge-nital heart defects. Clin Genet 2001; 59:325. 41. Oster ME, Riehle-Colarusso T, Alverson CJ, Correa A. Asso-ciations between maternal fever and influenza and congeni-tal heart defects. J Pediatr 2011; 158:990 42. Duff FD, McNamara DG. History and physical examinationof the cardiovascular system. In: The Science and Practice ofPediatric Cardiology, Garson A, Bricker JT, Fisher DJ, Ne-ish SR (Eds), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1998. p.693. 43. Alverson CJ, Strickland MJ, Gilboa SM, Correa A. Maternalsmoking and congenital heart defects in the Baltimore-Was-hington Infant Study. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e647. 44. Tararbit K, Houyel L, Bonnet D, et al. Risk of congenital he-art defects associated with assisted reproductive technologi-es: a population-based evaluation. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:500. 45. Thangaratinam S, Brown K, Zamora J, et al. Pulse oximetryscreening for critical congenital heart defects in asymptoma-tic newborn babies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet 2012; 379:2459. 46. Zhao QM, Ma XJ, Ge XL, et al. Pulse oximetry with clinicalassessment to screen for congenital heart disease in neona-tes in China: a prospective study. Lancet 2014; 384:747. 47. O'Donnell CP, Kamlin CO, Davis PG, Carlin JB, Morley CJ.Clinical assessment of infant colour at delivery. Arch Dis ChildFetal Neonatal Ed. 2007 Nov; 92 (6):F465-7. Epub 2007 Jul. 48. Peterson C, Grosse SD, Oster ME, et al. Cost-effectivenessof routine screening for critical congenital heart disease in USnewborns. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e595. 49. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Im-provement, Subcommittee on Developmental Dysplasia of theHip. Clinical practice guideline: early detection of develop-mental dysplasia of the hip. Pediatrics 2000; 105(4 Pt1):896–905. 50. Witt C. Detecting developmental dysplasia of the hip. Adv Neo-natal Care 2003;3: 65–75. 51. Garvey M, Donoghue VB, Gorman WA, et al. Radiographicscreening at four months of infants at risk for congenital hipdislocation. J Bone Jt Surg [Br] 1992;74:704–7. 52. Shipman SA, Helfand M, Moyer VA, Yawn BP. Screening fordevelopmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic literature re-view for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics2006; 117:e557. 53. Eventov-Friedman S, Leiba H, Flidel-Rimon O, Juster-Reic-her A, Shinwell ES. The red reflex examination in neonates:an efficient tool for early diagnosis of congenital ocular di-seases. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010 May; 12 (5):259-61. 54. American Academy of pediatrics; section on Ophthalmology;American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology And Stra-bismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology; American As-sosiation of Certified Orthoptists. Red reflex examination in neo-nates, infants, and children. Pediatrics 2008; 122:1401-4. 55. McLaughlin C, Levin AV.The red reflex. Pediatr Emerg Care.2006 Feb; 22 (2):137-40.

Yenidoğan Taramaları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 193 - 199, 03.07.2019

Öz

Öz

Ulusal yenidoğan tarama programı (UYTP) ile yenidoğan döneminde klinik bulgu vermeyen ancak tanıda gecikildiğinde ciddi morbidite ve mortaliteye yol açan hastalıkların erken tanınıp, tedavisine başlanabilmesi için popülasyonun en az %95’inin taranması ve bu şekilde komplikasyonların önüne geçilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Metabolik, endokrinolojik veya genetik bozuklukların tanınması için postnatal 36-72. saatte her bebekten kapiller kuru kan ile hipotiroidi, feniketonüri (FKU), biyotidinaz eksikliği ve kistik fibroz (KF) taraması yapılmaktadır. Ülkemizde taburculuk öncesi her bebeğe uyarılmış beyin sapı cevabı (ABR)  ile  işitme taraması yapılmakta ve gereklilik durumunda bir referans merkeze yönlendirilmektedir. Yenidoğan tarama programına henüz da-hil olmasa da, basit ve noninvaziv bir yöntemle uygulanabilen, maliyeti düşük ve etkin bir tarama yöntemi olan nabız oksimetri ile kritik konjenital kalp hastalığı (KKKH) taraması da giderek artan sıklıkla uygulanmaktadır. Gelişimsel kalça displazisinin (GKD) erken tanı ve tedavisi için bebekler taburculuk öncesi muayene ile değerlendirilmekte, takiben kalça ultrasonografisi (USG) ve ortopedist muayenesi için ilk 3-6 hafta içinde yönlendirilmektedir.  Kırmızı refle testi yenidoğan muayenesinin zorunlu bir parçası olup görme aksında yer alabilecek katarakt, korneal opasite, retinablastom ve retina dekolmanı da dahil pek çok patolojinin belirlenmesinde kullanılır.

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar 1. Waller DK, Anderson JL, Lorey F, Cunningham GC. Risk fac-tors for congenital hypothyroidism: an investigation of infant’sbirth weight, ethnicity, and gender in California, 1990–1998.Teratology. 2000; 62:36–41. 2.https://dosyaism.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/11173,259822214447pdf.pdf?0 3. Porta F, Pagliardini V, Celestino I, Pavanello E. Neonatal scree-ning for biotinidase deficiency: A 30-year single center expe-rience. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2017 Dec; 13: 80–82. Publis-hed online 2017 Sep 20. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.08.005. 4. Baykal T, Hüner G, Sarbat G, Demirkol M. Incidence of bio-tinidase deficiency in Turkish newborns. Acta Paediatr. 1998Oct;87(10):1102-3. 5. Paracchini V, SeiaM, Raimondi S, et al. Cystic fibrosis new-born screening: distribution 3Q265 of blood immunoreacti-ve trypsinogen concentrations in hypertrypsinemic neonates.326 JIMD Rep 2012;4:17–23. 6. Kosorok MR, Wei WH, Farrell PM. The incidence of cystic fib-rosis. Stat Med 1996; 328 15(5):449–62. 7. Grosse SD, Rosenfeld M, Devine OJ, et al. Potential impactof newborn screening for cystic fibrosis on child survival: asystematic review and analysis. J Pediatr 2006; 149:362. 8. Dijk FN, McKay K, Barzi F, et al. Improved survival in cysticfibrosis patients diagnosed by newborn screening comparedto a historical cohort from the same centre. Arch Dis Child2011; 96:1118. 9. Siret D, Bretaudeau G, Branger B, et al. Comparing the cli-nical evolution of cystic fibrosis screened neonatally to thatof cystic fibrosis diagnosed from clinical symptoms: a 10-yearretrospective study in a French region (Brittany). Pediatr Pul-monol 2003; 35:342. 10. Sims EJ, Clark A, McCormick J, et al. Cystic fibrosis diag-nosed after 2 months of age leads to worse outcomes and re-quires more therapy. Pediatrics 2007; 119:19. 11. Koscik RL, Lai HJ, Laxova A, et al. Preventing early, prolon-ged vitamin E deficiency: an opportunity for better cogniti-ve outcomes via early diagnosis through neonatal screening.J Pediatr 2005; 147:S5 12. Wagener JS, Sontag MK, Sagel SD, Accurso FJ. Update onnewborn screening for cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med2004; 10:500. 13. Durie PR, Forstner GG, Gaskin KJ, et al. Age-related alte-rations of immunoreactive pancreatic cationic trypsinogen insera from cystic fibrosis patients with and without pancrea-tic insufficiency. Pediatr Res 1986; 20:209. 14. Fritz A, Farrell P. Estimating the annual number of false ne-gative cystic fibrosis newborn screening tests. Pediatr Pulmo-nol 2012; 47:207. 15. Bauça JM, Morell-Garcia D, Vila M, Pérez G, Heine-SuñerD, Figuerola J. Assessing the improvements in the newbornscreening strategy for cystic fibrosis in the Balearic Islands.Clin Biochem. 2015 Feb 11. 16. Wells J, Rosenberg M, Hoffman G, et al. A decision-tree app-roach to cost comparison of newborn screening strategies forcystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 2012; 129:e339. 17. Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, et al. Guidelines for di-agnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults:Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report. J Pediatr2008; 153:S4. 18. Altiaylik Ozer P, Kabatas EU, Ertugrul GT, Kurtul BE, Kay-gusuz U, Karatayli Ozgursoy S. Ocular Disorders in TurkishChildren with Sensorineural Hearıng Loss: A Cross-Sectio-nal Study and Literature Review. Semin Ophthalmol.2018;33(2):155-160. Doi:10.1080/08820538.2016.1182560.Epub 2016 Sep 14. 19. Martínez-Cruz CF, Poblano A, García-Alonso Themann P.Changes in tonal audiometry in children with progressive sen-sorineural hearing loss and history of Neonatal Intensive CareUnit discharge. A 20 year long-term follow-up. Int J PediatrOtorhinolaryngol. 2017 Oct;101:235-240. doi: 10.1016/j.ij-porl.2017.08.022. Epub 2017 Aug 29. 20. Kennedy CR, McCann DC, Campbell MJ, et al. Language abi-lity after early detection of permanent childhood hearing im-pairment. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:21313. 21. Erenberg A, Lemons J, Sia C, et al. Newborn and infant hea-ring loss: detection and intervention.American Academy of Pe-diatrics. Task Force on Newborn and Infant Hearing, 1998-1999. Pediatrics 1999; 103:527. 22. Hall JW 3rd. Development of the ear and hearing. J Perina-tol 2000; 20:S12. 23. Bielecki I, Horbulewicz A, Wolan T. Risk factors associatedwith hearing loss in infants: an analysis of 5282 referred neo-nates. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:925. 24. Bird TM, Hobbs CA, Cleves MA, Tilford JM, Robbins JM. Na-tional rates of birth defects among hospitalized newborns BirthDefects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006;76(11):762. 25. Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ, et al. Congenital heartdisease: prevalence at livebirth. The Baltimore WashingtonInfant Study. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:31. 26. Tanner K, Sabrine N, Wren C. Cardiovascular malformationsamong preterm infants. Pediatrics 2005; 116:e833. 27.Reller MD, Strickland MJ, Riehle-Colarusso T, et al. Preva-lence of congenital heart defects in metropolitan Atlanta, 1998-2005. J Pediatr 2008; 153:807. 28. Ishikawa T, Iwashima S, Ohishi A, et al. Prevalence of con-genital heart disease assessed by echocardiography in 2067 consecutive newborns. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:e55. 29. Khoshnood B, Lelong N, Houyel L, et al. Prevalence, timingof diagnosis and mortality of newborns with congenital heartdefects: a population-based study. Heart 2012; 98:1667. 30. Rosano A, Botto LD, Botting B, Mastroiacovo P. Infant mor-tality and congenital anomalies from 1950 to 1994: an inter-national perspective. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:660. 31. Talner CN. Report of the New England Regional Infant Car-diac Program, by Donald C. Fyler, MD, Pediatrics,1980;65(suppl):375-461. Pediatrics 1998; 102:258. 32. Kuehl KS, Loffredo CA, Ferencz C. Failure to diagnose con-genital heart disease in infancy. Pediatrics 1999; 103:743. 33. Hoffman JI. It is time for routine neonatal screening by pul-se oximetry. Neonatology 2011; 99:1. 34. Liberman RF, Getz KD, Lin AE, et al. Delayed diagnosis ofcritical congenital heart defects: trends and associated fac-tors. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e373. 35. Wren C, Reinhardt Z, Khawaja K. Twenty-year trends in di-agnosis of life-threatening neonatal cardiovascular malforma-tions. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008; 93:F33. 36. Mahle WT, Martin GR, Beekman RH 3rd, et al. Endorsementof Health and Human Services recommendation for pulse oxi-metry screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediat-rics 2012; 129:190. 37. Meberg A, Brügmann-Pieper S, Due R Jr, et al. First day oflife pulse oximetry screening to detect congenital heart defects.J Pediatr 2008; 152:761. 38. Riede FT, Wörner C, Dähnert I, et al. Effectiveness of neo-natal pulse oximetry screening for detection of critical con-genital heart disease in daily clinical routine--results from aprospective multicenter study. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:975. 39. Peterson C, Ailes E, Riehle-Colarusso T, et al. Late detecti-on of critical congenital heart disease among US infants: es-timation of the potential impact of proposed universal scree-ning using pulse oximetry. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168:361. 40. Romano-Zelekha O, Hirsh R, Blieden L, et al. The risk for con-genital heart defects in offspring of individuals with conge-nital heart defects. Clin Genet 2001; 59:325. 41. Oster ME, Riehle-Colarusso T, Alverson CJ, Correa A. Asso-ciations between maternal fever and influenza and congeni-tal heart defects. J Pediatr 2011; 158:990 42. Duff FD, McNamara DG. History and physical examinationof the cardiovascular system. In: The Science and Practice ofPediatric Cardiology, Garson A, Bricker JT, Fisher DJ, Ne-ish SR (Eds), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1998. p.693. 43. Alverson CJ, Strickland MJ, Gilboa SM, Correa A. Maternalsmoking and congenital heart defects in the Baltimore-Was-hington Infant Study. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e647. 44. Tararbit K, Houyel L, Bonnet D, et al. Risk of congenital he-art defects associated with assisted reproductive technologi-es: a population-based evaluation. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:500. 45. Thangaratinam S, Brown K, Zamora J, et al. Pulse oximetryscreening for critical congenital heart defects in asymptoma-tic newborn babies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet 2012; 379:2459. 46. Zhao QM, Ma XJ, Ge XL, et al. Pulse oximetry with clinicalassessment to screen for congenital heart disease in neona-tes in China: a prospective study. Lancet 2014; 384:747. 47. O'Donnell CP, Kamlin CO, Davis PG, Carlin JB, Morley CJ.Clinical assessment of infant colour at delivery. Arch Dis ChildFetal Neonatal Ed. 2007 Nov; 92 (6):F465-7. Epub 2007 Jul. 48. Peterson C, Grosse SD, Oster ME, et al. Cost-effectivenessof routine screening for critical congenital heart disease in USnewborns. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e595. 49. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Im-provement, Subcommittee on Developmental Dysplasia of theHip. Clinical practice guideline: early detection of develop-mental dysplasia of the hip. Pediatrics 2000; 105(4 Pt1):896–905. 50. Witt C. Detecting developmental dysplasia of the hip. Adv Neo-natal Care 2003;3: 65–75. 51. Garvey M, Donoghue VB, Gorman WA, et al. Radiographicscreening at four months of infants at risk for congenital hipdislocation. J Bone Jt Surg [Br] 1992;74:704–7. 52. Shipman SA, Helfand M, Moyer VA, Yawn BP. Screening fordevelopmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic literature re-view for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics2006; 117:e557. 53. Eventov-Friedman S, Leiba H, Flidel-Rimon O, Juster-Reic-her A, Shinwell ES. The red reflex examination in neonates:an efficient tool for early diagnosis of congenital ocular di-seases. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010 May; 12 (5):259-61. 54. American Academy of pediatrics; section on Ophthalmology;American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology And Stra-bismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology; American As-sosiation of Certified Orthoptists. Red reflex examination in neo-nates, infants, and children. Pediatrics 2008; 122:1401-4. 55. McLaughlin C, Levin AV.The red reflex. Pediatr Emerg Care.2006 Feb; 22 (2):137-40.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm makale
Yazarlar

Prof. Dr. Fahri Ovalı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Ovalı, P. D. F. (2019). Yenidoğan Taramaları. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, 11(4), 193-199.
AMA Ovalı PDF. Yenidoğan Taramaları. Pediatri. Temmuz 2019;11(4):193-199.
Chicago Ovalı, Prof. Dr. Fahri. “Yenidoğan Taramaları”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 11, sy. 4 (Temmuz 2019): 193-99.
EndNote Ovalı PDF (01 Temmuz 2019) Yenidoğan Taramaları. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 11 4 193–199.
IEEE P. D. F. Ovalı, “Yenidoğan Taramaları”, Pediatri, c. 11, sy. 4, ss. 193–199, 2019.
ISNAD Ovalı, Prof. Dr. Fahri. “Yenidoğan Taramaları”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 11/4 (Temmuz 2019), 193-199.
JAMA Ovalı PDF. Yenidoğan Taramaları. Pediatri. 2019;11:193–199.
MLA Ovalı, Prof. Dr. Fahri. “Yenidoğan Taramaları”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 4, 2019, ss. 193-9.
Vancouver Ovalı PDF. Yenidoğan Taramaları. Pediatri. 2019;11(4):193-9.