Doğal Afetler ve Ruh Sağlığı İlişkisi

Yıl 2023, , 265 - 273, 26.09.2023

Arzu Bulut

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.09

Öz

Afetler dünyada karmaşık bir küresel sorun olup, hayatımızın kaçınılmaz bir gerçeğidir. Dünya genelinde her yıl meydana gelen afetler bireyleri, toplumları ve ülkeleri etkilemektedir. Gelişmemiş ülkeler başta olmak üzere tüm dünyada afetlerin neden olduğu ruh sağlığı sorunları en çok ihmal edilen konular arasındadır. Bundan dolayı konuya dikkat çekmek ve alandaki boşluğu doldurmak için bu literatür çalışmasının anlaşılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu araştırma doğal afetler ile ruhsal sağlığı arasındaki ilişki kapsamında ulusal ve uluslararası literatürün gözden geçirilmesini amaçlamıştır. Çalışmamızda halk sağlığı/tıp, insan ve toplum bilimi literatürüne ilişkin disiplinler arası sistematik olmayan bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Literatür taramasında 2011-2021 yılları arasında PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Science Direct, Scopus, Google scholar elektronik akademik veri tabanlarında tam metinli yayınlanan afetlerin ruh sağlığı üzerine etkileri ve müdahaleleri içeren çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Literatür arama sürecinde “natural disasters”, “natural disasters+mental health”, “natural disasters+psychological health”, “natural disasters+early interventions” İngilizce anahtar sözcükler ve bunların Türkçe dilde karşılıkları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamızda afet ve ruh sağlığı ile ilgili mevcut literatür incelenerek, afet ve ruh sağlığı bütüncül bir kavram olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmamızda afet ve çeşitleri, ruh sağlığı, afet ve ruh sağlığı ilişkisi ve erken müdahaleler çalışmamızın kavramsal çerçevesi oluşturmaktadır. Afetlerin insanlar üzerindeki psikolojik etkilerini anlamak, müdahaleleri en uygun hale getirmeye yardımcı olabilir. Afetlerde kanıta dayalı müdahalelerin kullanılması, sıkıntıyı azaltabilir, refahı artırabilir ve etkilenen bireyler ve topluluklar için işleyişi iyileştirebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afetler, Doğal afetler, Mental sağlık, Psikolojik sağlık, Erken müdahaleler

The Relationship between Natural Disasters and Mental Health

Öz

Disasters are a complex global problem and an inevitable fact of our lives. Disasters that occur every year worldwide affect individuals, societies, and countries. Mental health problems caused by disasters are among the most neglected issues worldwide, especially in underdeveloped countries. Therefore, it is necessary to understand this literature study to draw attention to the subject and fill the gap in the field. This research aimed to review the national and international literature on the relationship between natural disasters and mental health. Our study conducted an interdisciplinary non-systematic literature review on public health/medicine human and social science literature. Studies including the effects of disasters on mental health and interventions published in full text in PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Science Direct, Scopus, Google scholar electronic academic databases between 2011-2021 were examined in the literature review. During the literature search, “natural disasters,” “natural disasters+mental health,” “natural disasters+psychological health,” “natural disasters+early interventions,” the English keywords and their Turkish equivalents were used. In our study, the existing literature on disaster and mental health has been read, and disaster and mental health have been discussed as a holistic concept. In our research, disaster and its types, mental health, the relationship between tragedy and mental health, and early interventions constitute the conceptual framework of our study. Understanding the psychological effects of disasters on people can help optimize responses. Using evidence-based interventions in disasters can reduce distress, increase well-being and improve functioning for affected individuals and communities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Disasters, Natural disasters, Mental health, Psychological health, Early intervention

Kaynakça

• Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD) (2014). Açıklamalı Afet Yönetimi Terimleri Sözlüğü. https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2022)
• Alexander, D. (2018). Natural disasters. Routledge.
• Altun, F. (2018). Afetlerin ekonomik ve sosyal etkileri: Türkiye örneği üzerinden bir değerlendirme. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, 2(1), 1-15.
• Aşkin, R., Bozkurt, Y., Zeybek, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 304-318.
• B. Tang, X. Liu, Y. Liu, C. Xue and L. Zhang. (2014). Fault diagnosis for a wind turbine transmission system based on manifold learning and Shannon wavelet support vector machine. BMC Public Health, 14 (1), p. 1
• Belleville, G., Ouellet, M. C., Lebel, J., Ghosh, S., Morin, C. M., Bouchard, S., ... & MacMaster, F. P. (2021). Psychological symptoms among evacuees from the 2016 Fort
• McMurray wildfires: a population-based survey one year later. Frontiers in public health, 9, 444.
• Benevolenza, M. A., & DeRigne, L. (2019). The impact of climate change and natural disasters on vulnerable populations: A systematic review of literature. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(2), 266-281.
• Berkowitz, S. J., Stover, C. S., & Marans, S. R. (2011). The child and family traumatic stress intervention: secondary prevention for youth at risk of developing PTSD. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 52, 676–685. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02321.x
• Brown L. A., Fernandez C. A., Kohn R., Saldivia S., & Vicente B. (2018). Pre-disaster PTSD as a moderator of the relationship between natural disaster and suicidal ideation over time. J Affect Disord. Apr 1;230:7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.096
• Chen, S., Bagrodia, R., Pfeffer, C. C., Meli, L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020). Anxiety and resilience in the face of natural disasters associated with climate change: a review and methodological critique. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 102297.
• Chen, Y. E., Li, C., Chang, C. P., & Zheng, M. (2021). Identifying the influence of natural disasters on technological innovation. Economic Analysis and Policy, 70, 22-36.
• Danese, A., Smith, P., Chitsabesan, P., & Dubicka, B. (2020). Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 159-162.
• Demir, B. (2020). Sağlığın kavramsallaştırılması ve insan odaklı sağlık hizmetlerinde kalite ve akreditasyon perspektifi. İnsan ve İnsan, 7(24), 62-83.
• Durmuş, E., Dölek, İ. & Kuruyer, D. (2021). Views on disasters and biologic disasters during Covid-19. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 44, 338-358.
• EMDAT, (2017). The EM-DAT Glossary, https://www.emdat.be/guidelines (Erişim Tarihi: 09.02.2022)
• Erdoğan Ö. (2018). Afet Hemşireliği Eğitimi, Türkiye Klinikleri Afet Eğitimi, 115-120.
• Gökçeku, G.H., Barlas, C., Almuhisen, M., & Eyni, N. (2018). Doğal ve İnsan Kaynaklı Afetler, Sonuçları ve Afet Yönetimi.
• Gu, D. (2021). Exposure and vulnerability to natural disasters for world's cities.
• Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004). SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1206-1212.
• Hoeppe P. (2016). Trends in weather related disasters–consequences for insurers and society. Weather Clim Extrem, 11: 70–79
• Hsieh, K. Y., Kao, W. T., Li, D. J., Lu, W. C., Tsai, K. Y., Chen, W. J., ... & Chou, F. H. C. (2021). Mental health in biological disasters: from SARS to COVID-19. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(5), 576-586.
• Indah, R. (2021). Valuing subaltern and grieving patients: Power issues in doctor-patient interactions in post-disaster Aceh, Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 61, 102326.
• Insaniy, R. F., Jatimi, A., Heru, M. J. A., & Munir, Z. (2021). Depression in Post Disaster Societies: A Systematic Review. Journal of Health Sciences, 14(3), 227-233.
• Ivbijaro, G., Kolkiewicz, L., Goldberg, D., N'jie, I. N., Edwards, T., Riba, M. B., ... & Enum, Y. (2021). Suicide prevention and COVID‐19. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, 13(3), e12482.
• Kadıoğlu, M. (2009). Türkiye Katılım Öncesi Destek Amaçlı Ülke İhtiyaçları Değerlendirme Raporu, UNDP, WMO.
• Kandemir, H., Karatas ̧, H., Çeri, V., Solmaz, F., Kandemir, S.B., & Solmaz, A., (2018). Prevalence of war-related adverse events, depression and anxiety among Syrian refugee children settled in Turkey. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. 27 (11), 1513–1517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1178-0.
• Kaya, B. (2020). Pandeminin ruh sağlığına etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(2), 123-124.
• Koçak, Z., ve Harmancı, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde ailede ruh sağlığı. Karatay Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, (5), 183-207.
• Koçkan, Ç. (2015). Doğal Afet Risk Yönetimi. 3. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Burdur, 14-16.
• Kurniasari, N., Candrasari, S., & Delliana, S. (2021). Mental Health Communication in Indonesian Natural Disaster Victims Trauma Recovery. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 6(2), 265-277
• Lau, J. T., Yang, X., Pang, E., Tsui, H. Y., Wong, E., & Wing, Y. K. (2005). SARS-related perceptions in Hong Kong. Emerging infectious diseases, 11(3), 417.
• Lian, P., Zhuo, Z., Qi, Y., Xu, D., & Deng, X. (2021). The impacts of training on farmers’ preparedness behaviors of earthquake disaster—evidence from earthquake-prone settlements in rural China. Agriculture, 11(8), 726. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080726
• Lieber, M. (2017). Assessing the mental health impact of the 2011 Great Japan earthquake, Tsunami, and radiation disaster on elementary and middle school children in the Fukushima Prefecture of Japan. PLoS One 12 (1), e0170402. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0170402.
• Man, R. X. G., Lack, D. A., Wyatt, C. E., & Murray, V. (2018). The effect of natural disasters on cancer care: a systematic review. The Lancet Oncology, 19(9), e482-e499.
• Matsubayashi, T., & Kamada, T. (2021). The Great East Japan Earthquake and suicide: The long-term consequences and underlying mechanisms. Preventive medicine, 153, 106755.
• Maya, İ. ve Çalışkan, C. (2016). Dünyada lisans derecesi düzeyinde afet eğitimi ve öğretimi yapan programların değerlendirilmesi ve türkiye örneği. Turkish Studies, 11/9, 579-604. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.9761
• Mayou, R. A, Ehlers A., & Hobbs, M. (2000). Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims: Three-year follow-up of a randomised con- trolled trial. Br J Psychiatry 176:589 –593.
• McFarlane, A.C. & Williams R., (2012). Mental health services required after disasters: Learning from the lasting effects of disasters, Depression Research And Treatment, 2012:970194, doi: 10.1155/2012/970194
• Montanya, C. N., & Valera, P. (2016). Climate change and its impact on the incarcerated population: A descriptive review. Social Work in Public Health, 31, 348–357.
• Morganstein, J. C., & Ursano, R. J. (2020). Ecological disasters and mental health: causes, consequences, and interventions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1.
• Narayanan, N., Lacy, C. R., Cruz, J. E., Nahass, M., Karp, J., Barone, J. A., & Hermes DeSantis, E. R. (2018). Disaster preparedness: biological threats and treatment options.
• Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 38(2), 217-234. NIMH- National Institute of Mental Health (2022), Health Topics, Mental Disorders and Related Topics. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics (Erşim Tarihi: 13.02.2022)
• North C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters: a systematic review. JAMA. 310:507–18. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.107799
• Novianty, A. (2011). Penyesuaian Dusun Jangka Panjang Ditinjau dari Resiliensi Komunitas Pasca Gempa. Jurnal Psikologi, 38(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.7662
• Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., Idoiaga- Mondragon, N., (2020). Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad. Saúde Pública 36, e00054020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020.
• Özşahin, E. (2013). Türkiye’de Yaşanmış (1970-2012) Doğal Afetler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. 2. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı.
• Parida, Y., Dash, D. P., Bhardwaj, P., & Chowdhury, J. R. (2018). Effects of drought and flood on farmer suicides in Indian States: An empirical analysis. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 2(2), 159-180
• Rahmatika, N. I., Sakti, S. K., & Boediarto, A. (2021). Women empowerment in post-disaster recovery after 2018 tsunami in Sumur Regency Pandeglang District. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 708, No. 1, p. 012072). IOP Publishing. Related Perceptions in Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1103.040675
• Rothbaum, B. O., Kearns, M. C., Price, M., Malcoun, E., Davis, M., Ressler, K. J., ... & Houry, D. (2012). Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure. Biological Psychiatry, 72(11), 957-963.
• Saruç, S., & Kılıç, A. K. (2015). Toplum ruh sağlığı merkezinden hizmet alan hastaların sosyal profili ve merkezde verilen hizmetler. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 26(2), 53-72.
• Tercan, B. (2020). Biyolojik afetler ve COVID-19. Paramedik ve Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 1(1), 41-50.
• Tsuboya, T., Aida, J., Hikichi, H., Subramanian, S.V., Kondo, K., Osaka, K., Kawachi, I., (2016). Predictors of depressive symptoms following the Great East Japan earthquake: a prospective study. Soc. Sci. Med. 161, 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2016.05.026.
• Wang, C. W., Chan, C. L. W., & Ho, R. T. H. (2013). Prevalence and trajectory of psychopathology among child and adolescent survivors of disasters: a systematic review of epidemiological studies across 1987-2011. Soc. Psychiatry. Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 48, 1697–1720. doi: 10.1007/s00127-013-0731-x
• WHO (2015), Western Pacific Regional Framework for Action for Disaster Risk Management for Health, World Health Organization. (Erişim: 11 Ocak 2022)
• WHO (2018), Mental health: strengthening our response. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response (Erişim Tarihi:12.01.2022).
• WHO (2021), Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (Erişim: 11 Ocak 2022)
• Yazıcı, Ö., ve Kalın, Ö. U. (2018). “Doğal Afet” için kavramsal metaforların karşılaştırmalı analizi. E-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 25-40.
• Yılmaz, M. (2019). Adölesanda ruh sağlığının korunması ve geliştirilmesi. Çelebioğlu A, editör. Adölesan Sağlığı ve Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri, 18-22.
• Yorulmaz, D. S., & Karadeniz, H. (2021). Afetlerin mental sağlığa etkileri. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 7(2), 392-398.
• Yuan, G., Shi, W., Lowe, S., Chang, K., Jackson, T., & Hall, B. J. (2021). Associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms, perceived social support and psychological distress among disaster-exposed Chinese young adults: A three-wave longitudinal mediation model. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 491-49