Aklimatizasyona Genel Bir Bakış Açısı ve Aklimatizasyon Sırasında Bitkilerde Meydana Gelen Morfolojik ve Anatomik Değişiklikler

Öz

Doku kültürü ile elde edilen bitkiler, laboratuvar ortamında uygun besin ortamı içeren kültür kaplarında (in vitro) kontrollü bir şekilde yetiştirilirler ve ex vitro (laboratuvar dışı) koşullara aktarıldıklarında değişken çevresel faktörlere uyum sağlamakta zorlanabilirler. Ticari ölçekte mikroçoğaltımın nihai başarısı, rejenere edilen bitkilerin ex vitro ortama düşük maliyetle ve yüksek hayatta kalma oranı ile aktarılmalarına bağlıdır. Bu açıdan, doku kültürü ile elde edilen bitkilerin ex vitro koşullara aklimatizasyonu önemli bir konudur. İn vitro kültür koşulları bitkilerin morfolojisi, anatomisi ve fizyolojinde değişikliklere sebep olur. İn vitro koşullarda rejenere edilen bitkilerin kütikula kalınlığı ve klorofil içeriği daha az, stoma sayısı ve boyutu daha yüksektir. Aklimatizasyon aşamasında bitkiciklerde büyümeyi artırmak ve ölüm oranını azaltmak için, hem fiziksel hem de kimyasal ortamın kontrolü ve mikroçoğaltılan bitkiciklerin biyolojik olarak kuvvetlendirilmesine odaklanılmaktadır. Genel olarak aklimatizasyon sürecinde kültür ortamından nazikçe çıkarılan bitki kökleri besin ortamı kalıntılarından arındırmak için yıkanır. Ardından belirli oranlarda substrat karışımları içeren saksılara aktarılırlar. Bazı bitki türleri için optimum nem, ışık, sıcaklık ve CO2 konsantrasyonu değişiklik gösterebilir. Bu derleme kapsamında aklimatizasyon konusundaki son literatürler incelenmiş ve genel bir bakış açısı oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Klasik aklimatizasyon süreci ve bu aşamada bitkilerin karşılaştığı abiyotik ve biyotik stres faktörleri ve bitkilerde meydana gelen morfolojik ve anatomik değişiklikler rapor edilmiştir. Ayrıca aklimatizasyon sürecini ve yöntemlerini içeren 2000-2023 yılları arasındaki patentler listelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• abiyotik stres
• aklimatizasyon
• biyotik stres
• ex vitro
• klorofil
• kütikula
• patent
• stoma

A Current Perspective on Acclimatization and Morphological and Anatomical Changes Occurring in Plants During Acclimatization

Öz

Plants regenerated by tissue culture are grown in a controlled manner in culture vessels containing appropriate nutrient media in a laboratory environment (in vitro), and they may have difficulty adapting to variable environmental factors when transferred to ex vitro (non-laboratory) conditions. The ultimate success of commercial-scale micropropagation depends on the transfer of regenerated plants into the ex vitro environment at low cost and with a high survival rate. In this respect, acclimatization of plants obtained by tissue culture to ex vitro conditions is an important issue. In vitro culture conditions cause changes in the morphology, anatomy and physiology of plants. Plants regenerated under in vitro conditions have less cuticle thickness and chlorophyll content, and higher stomatal number and size. In the acclimatization phase, the focus is on controlling both the physical and chemical environment and biological strengthening of micropropagated plantlets in order to increase growth and reduce mortality in plantlets. In general, during the acclimatization process, plant roots are gently removed from the culture medium and washed to remove nutrient medium residues. They are then transferred to pots containing substrate mixtures in certain proportions. For some plant species, optimum humidity, light, temperature and CO2 concentration may vary. Within the scope of this review, the latest literature on acclimatization has been examined and an up-to-date perspective has been tried to be created. The classical acclimatization process and the abiotic and biotic stress factors encountered by plants at this stage and the morphological and anatomical changes occurring in plants are reported. Additionally, patents between 2000 and 2023 involving acclimatization processes and methods are listed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• abiotic stress
• acclimatization
• biotic stress
• ex vitro
• chlorophyll
• cuticula
• patent
• stoma

Kaynakça

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