Araştırma Makalesi
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Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi ve Yerli Mücadeleleri

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 16, 179 - 200, 10.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1241056

Öz

Bu yazı Latin Amerika’nın unutulmuş yerli halklarının, Avrupalıların kıtaya ayak basmalarından itibaren karşılaştıkları yenilgilerin, ikilemlerin, dönüşümün ve esaretin izlerini sürmektedir. Yerli halklar Avrupalı istilacılar gelmeden evvel kompleks siyasi yapılar kurmuş olsalar da medeni inkişafları yeni gelenler yüzünden ansızın durmak zorunda kalmıştır. Kıtanın her yerine yayılmış olan yerli halklar kaderlerine razı gelmemiş ve ilk karşılaşmadan itibaren karşı mücadeleye girişmişlerdir. Ancak binek hayvanı eksikliği gibi doğal yetersizlikler ve Avrupalıların taşıdığı bulaşıcı hastalıklara karşı bağışıklık eksikliği gibi nedenlerle bu mücadele çoğu zaman akamete uğramıştır. Bu mücadele sadece yerli halkların mücadelesi değildir. Sömürgecilik döneminde Yeni Dünyaya kitleler halinde gelen ikinci bir grup daha vardır: çoğu Afrika kıtasından sömürgeci Avrupalılar tarafından gemilerle taşınan köleler. Atlantik Köle Ticareti ile yüzyıllar boyunca bu yeni kıtaya zorla getirilen bu talihsiz insanlar zamanla Latin Amerika’da toplumların önemli bir parçası olmuşlardır. Latin Amerika’da İspanyol sömürgeciliği dört temel üzerine kuruludur: kölecilik, kast sistemi, Hristiyanlaştırma ve askeri üstünlük. Bu yazının amacı bu dört ana unsurun tarihsel bağlamını yine tarihsel gelişimi içerisinde sunmaktır. Çalışmada karşılaştırmalı tarihi sosyolojik yöntem kullanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, İnan (2006). Civilian-Military Relations in the Argentinean Democratization (1983-1995). Master's Thesis. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Bellota, Pavel H. V. (2013). “Túpac Amaru II y el Derecho Constitucional Peruano”. Cuadernos de Investigación Universitaria, 01: 119-130.
  • Bonelli, Cristóbal & Vicherat Mattar, Daniela (2017). “Towards a Sociology of Equivocal Connections”. Sociology, 51(1): 60-75.
  • Brown, Jonathan C. (2010). A Brief History of Argentina. New York: Facts on File.
  • Burns, Kathryn (2011). “Unfixing Race”. Histories of Race and Racism: The Andes and Mesoamerica from Colonial Times to the Present. Ed. Laura Gotkowitz. Durham: Duke University Press, 57-71.
  • Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün (2021a). “Coğrafya, Kast ve Etnisite: İki Bolivya Üzerine Bir Deneme”. Sosyoloji Divanı Dergisi, 8(16): 311-324.
  • Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün (2021b). “Mühtediler, Beynamazlar ve Hariciler: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Müslüman Olmak ve İslami Yaşam Deneyimleri-Clifton Camii Örneği”. Din Sosyolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 1(1): 43-62.
  • Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün (2021c). “Mabetler, Müminler ve Tanrılar Üzerine: Birinci Fasıl”. Mahalle Mektebi Dergisi, 10(59): 81-84.
  • Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün (2022). Militarization, Democratization and Concordance: The Role of Citizenry in (Re-) Establishing Democracy in Argentina and Turkey. Konya: Çizgi Yayınevi.
  • Chambers, Sarah C., & Chasteen, John C. (eds.). (2010). Latin American Independence: An Anthology of Sources. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
  • d'Altroy, Terence N. (2014). The Incas, Vol. 13. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Daniels, Roger (2002). Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity of American Life. New York: Harper Collins.
  • de Las Casas, Bartolome (1992). The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. Baltimore, Maryland: JHU Press.
  • Diamond, Jared M. (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Eddins, Crystal N. (2022). Rituals, Runaways, and the Haitian Revolution: Collective Action in the African Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fausto, Boris & Fausto, Sergio (2014). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gill, Lesley (1997). “Creating Citizens, Making Men: The Military and Masculinity in Bolivia”. Cultural Anthropology, 12(4): 527-550.
  • Gomez, Michael A. (2005). Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gotkowitz, Laura (2007). A Revolution for Our Rights: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Justice in Bolivia, 1880-1952. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Gotkowitz, Laura (2011). “Introduction”. Histories of Race and Racism: The Andes and Mesoamerica from Colonial Times to the Present. Ed. Laura Gotkowitz. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Gouda, Frances (2008). “Colonial Encounters, Body Politics, and Flows of Desire”. Journal of Women's History, 20(3): 166–180.
  • Grandin, Greg (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Grandin, Greg (2014). The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Green, Toby (2012). “Policing the Empires: A Comparative Perspective on the Institutional Trajectory of the Inquisition in the Portuguese and Spanish Overseas Territories (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries)”. Hispanic Research Journal, 13(1): 7-25.
  • Hamnett, Brian R. (2004). A Concise History of Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Harari, Yuval N. (2014). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. New York: Random House.
  • Hordge-Freeman, Elizabeth (2015). The Color of Love: Racial Features, Stigma, and Socialization in Black Brazilian Families. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Hunefeldt, Christine (2004). A Brief History of Peru. New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • Mann, Charles C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus. New York: Alfred a Knopf Incorporated.
  • Qamber, Rukhsana (2006). “Inquisition Proceedings against Muslims in 16th Century Latin America”. Islamic Studies, 45(1): 21-57.
  • Shesko, Eizabeth (2011). “Constructing Roads, Washing Feet, and Cutting Cane for the Patria: Building Bolivia with Military Labor, 1900–1975”. International Labor and Working-Class History, 80(1): 6-28.
  • Szeminski, Jan (1974). “La insurrección de Tupac Amaru II: guerra de independencia o revolución”. Estudios Latinoamericanos, 2: 9-60.
  • Thomson, Sinclair (2011). “Was There Race in Colonial Latin America? Identifying Selves and Others in the Insurgent Andes”. Histories of Race and Racism: The Andes and Mesoamerica from Colonial Times to the Present. Ed. Laura Gotkowitz. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Warren, Sarah D. (2009). “How will We Recognize Each Other as Mapuche? Gender and Ethnic Identity Performances in Argentina”. Gender & Society, 23(6): 768-789.

Conquest, Rebellion, and Death in Latin America: Spanish Administration and Indigenous Resistance in the Age of Colonialism

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 16, 179 - 200, 10.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1241056

Öz

This article traces the defeats, dilemmas, transformations, and captivity that the forgotten indigenous peoples of Latin America have faced since the Europeans set foot on the continent. Although indigenous peoples had established complex political structures before the arrival of European invaders, their civil development had to come to a sudden halt because of the new arrivals. Indigenous peoples spread all over the continent did not accept their fate and started a struggle against it since the first encounter. However, this struggle has often failed due to natural deficiencies such as the lack of riding animals and immunity against the infectious diseases carried by the Europeans. This struggle is not just the indigenous people’s fight. A second group that came to the New World in large numbers during the colonial period: slaves transported by ships from the African continent by colonial Europeans. Forcibly brought to this new continent for centuries through the Atlantic Slave Trade, these unfortunate people eventually became an essential part of Latin America's societies. Spanish colonialism in Latin America is based on four pillars: slavery, caste system, Christianization, and military supremacy. The aim of this article is to present the historical context of these four main elements in their historical development. The comparative historical sociological method was used in the study.

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, İnan (2006). Civilian-Military Relations in the Argentinean Democratization (1983-1995). Master's Thesis. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Bellota, Pavel H. V. (2013). “Túpac Amaru II y el Derecho Constitucional Peruano”. Cuadernos de Investigación Universitaria, 01: 119-130.
  • Bonelli, Cristóbal & Vicherat Mattar, Daniela (2017). “Towards a Sociology of Equivocal Connections”. Sociology, 51(1): 60-75.
  • Brown, Jonathan C. (2010). A Brief History of Argentina. New York: Facts on File.
  • Burns, Kathryn (2011). “Unfixing Race”. Histories of Race and Racism: The Andes and Mesoamerica from Colonial Times to the Present. Ed. Laura Gotkowitz. Durham: Duke University Press, 57-71.
  • Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün (2021a). “Coğrafya, Kast ve Etnisite: İki Bolivya Üzerine Bir Deneme”. Sosyoloji Divanı Dergisi, 8(16): 311-324.
  • Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün (2021b). “Mühtediler, Beynamazlar ve Hariciler: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Müslüman Olmak ve İslami Yaşam Deneyimleri-Clifton Camii Örneği”. Din Sosyolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 1(1): 43-62.
  • Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün (2021c). “Mabetler, Müminler ve Tanrılar Üzerine: Birinci Fasıl”. Mahalle Mektebi Dergisi, 10(59): 81-84.
  • Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün (2022). Militarization, Democratization and Concordance: The Role of Citizenry in (Re-) Establishing Democracy in Argentina and Turkey. Konya: Çizgi Yayınevi.
  • Chambers, Sarah C., & Chasteen, John C. (eds.). (2010). Latin American Independence: An Anthology of Sources. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
  • d'Altroy, Terence N. (2014). The Incas, Vol. 13. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Daniels, Roger (2002). Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity of American Life. New York: Harper Collins.
  • de Las Casas, Bartolome (1992). The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. Baltimore, Maryland: JHU Press.
  • Diamond, Jared M. (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Eddins, Crystal N. (2022). Rituals, Runaways, and the Haitian Revolution: Collective Action in the African Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fausto, Boris & Fausto, Sergio (2014). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gill, Lesley (1997). “Creating Citizens, Making Men: The Military and Masculinity in Bolivia”. Cultural Anthropology, 12(4): 527-550.
  • Gomez, Michael A. (2005). Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gotkowitz, Laura (2007). A Revolution for Our Rights: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Justice in Bolivia, 1880-1952. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Gotkowitz, Laura (2011). “Introduction”. Histories of Race and Racism: The Andes and Mesoamerica from Colonial Times to the Present. Ed. Laura Gotkowitz. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Gouda, Frances (2008). “Colonial Encounters, Body Politics, and Flows of Desire”. Journal of Women's History, 20(3): 166–180.
  • Grandin, Greg (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Grandin, Greg (2014). The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Green, Toby (2012). “Policing the Empires: A Comparative Perspective on the Institutional Trajectory of the Inquisition in the Portuguese and Spanish Overseas Territories (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries)”. Hispanic Research Journal, 13(1): 7-25.
  • Hamnett, Brian R. (2004). A Concise History of Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Harari, Yuval N. (2014). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. New York: Random House.
  • Hordge-Freeman, Elizabeth (2015). The Color of Love: Racial Features, Stigma, and Socialization in Black Brazilian Families. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Hunefeldt, Christine (2004). A Brief History of Peru. New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • Mann, Charles C. (2005). 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus. New York: Alfred a Knopf Incorporated.
  • Qamber, Rukhsana (2006). “Inquisition Proceedings against Muslims in 16th Century Latin America”. Islamic Studies, 45(1): 21-57.
  • Shesko, Eizabeth (2011). “Constructing Roads, Washing Feet, and Cutting Cane for the Patria: Building Bolivia with Military Labor, 1900–1975”. International Labor and Working-Class History, 80(1): 6-28.
  • Szeminski, Jan (1974). “La insurrección de Tupac Amaru II: guerra de independencia o revolución”. Estudios Latinoamericanos, 2: 9-60.
  • Thomson, Sinclair (2011). “Was There Race in Colonial Latin America? Identifying Selves and Others in the Insurgent Andes”. Histories of Race and Racism: The Andes and Mesoamerica from Colonial Times to the Present. Ed. Laura Gotkowitz. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Warren, Sarah D. (2009). “How will We Recognize Each Other as Mapuche? Gender and Ethnic Identity Performances in Argentina”. Gender & Society, 23(6): 768-789.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Antropoloji, Sosyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Adem Üstün Çatalbaş 0000-0002-0870-0883

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

APA Çatalbaş, A. Ü. (2023). Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi ve Yerli Mücadeleleri. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi(16), 179-200. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1241056
AMA Çatalbaş AÜ. Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi ve Yerli Mücadeleleri. KAD. Mart 2023;(16):179-200. doi:10.46250/kulturder.1241056
Chicago Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün. “Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan Ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi Ve Yerli Mücadeleleri”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 16 (Mart 2023): 179-200. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1241056.
EndNote Çatalbaş AÜ (01 Mart 2023) Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi ve Yerli Mücadeleleri. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 16 179–200.
IEEE A. Ü. Çatalbaş, “Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi ve Yerli Mücadeleleri”, KAD, sy. 16, ss. 179–200, Mart 2023, doi: 10.46250/kulturder.1241056.
ISNAD Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün. “Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan Ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi Ve Yerli Mücadeleleri”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 16 (Mart 2023), 179-200. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1241056.
JAMA Çatalbaş AÜ. Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi ve Yerli Mücadeleleri. KAD. 2023;:179–200.
MLA Çatalbaş, Adem Üstün. “Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan Ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi Ve Yerli Mücadeleleri”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 16, 2023, ss. 179-00, doi:10.46250/kulturder.1241056.
Vancouver Çatalbaş AÜ. Latin Amerika’da Fetih, İsyan ve Ölüm: Sömürgecilik Döneminde İspanyol Yönetimi ve Yerli Mücadeleleri. KAD. 2023(16):179-200.