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Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 17, 25 - 48, 10.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1242159

Öz

The 19th century represents a crucial epoch in the nascent field of animal studies, garnering the interest of scholars and writers from a variety of disciplines. The Victorian era initiated a discussion regarding the status of animals, a topic that endures in modern times. Anne Bronte, a prominent English Victorian author, presents her perspective on the contentious issue of animal rights in her literary works. The extent to which Bronte's characters respect, sympathize with, and look out for the well-being of animals is most evident in her novels. Through her straightforward portrayal of animals and their connections to people's social status, she shows how middle-class culture emerges in her novels. Anne Bronte's two novels, The Tenant of Widfell Hall and Agnes Grey, both feature animal writing, highlighting the vital part that an animal-centric worldview plays in the formation and maintenance of middle-class identities and traditions. Bronte’s protagonists come from the upper and middle classes, and these two socioeconomic groups clearly contrast in their treatment of animals. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to further our understanding of Anne Bronte's animal writing by analyzing its role in the formation of middle-class culture.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Carol J. (1993). “The Feminist Traffic in Animals”. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Gaard, Greta. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 195-218.
  • Adams, Carol J. (1994). “Bringing Peace Home: A Feminist Philosophical Perspective on the Abuse of Women, Children, and Pet Animals.” Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (Special Issue on Feminism and Peace), 9(2): 63-84.
  • Adams, Carol J. (1999) “Woman-Battering and Harms to Animals.” Animals and Women. Eds. Adams, Carol J., Donovan, Josephine. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 65-92.
  • Adams, Carol J. (2010). The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York and London: Continuum.
  • Amato, Sarah (2015). Beastly Possessions: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Ayres, Brenda (2019). “Introduction: Beast on a Leash”. Victorians and Their Animals: Beast on a Leash. Ed. Ayres, Brenda. New York: Routledge, 1-22.
  • Baldridge, Cates (1993). “‘Agnes Grey’: Bronte’s ‘Bildungsroman’ That Isn’t.” The Journal of Narrative Technique, 23(1): 31-45.
  • Berg, Maggie (2002). “‘Hapless Dependents’: Women and Animals in Anne Bronte’s ‘Agnes Grey.’” Studies in the Novel, 34(2): 177-197.
  • Berg, Maggie (2010). “‘Let Me have Its Bowels Then’: Violence, Sacrificial Structure, and Anne Bronte’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall”. Literature Interpretation Theory, 21(1): 20-40.
  • Bronte, Anne (1988). Agnes Grey. London: Penguin Books.
  • Bronte, Anne (1992). The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Donovan, Josephine (1993). “Animal Rights and Feminist Theory”. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Gaard, Greta. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 167-194.
  • Eagleton, Terry (2005). Myths of Power: A Marxist Study of the Brontes. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Falvey, J. Lindsay (1985). An Introduction to Working Animals. Melbourne: MPW Australia.
  • Gruen, Lori (1993). “Dismantling Oppression: An Analysis of the Connection Between Women and Animals”. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Gaard, Greta. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 60-90.
  • Haraway, Donna (2003). The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
  • Harner, Christie (2020). “Animal and Social Ecologies in Anne Bronte’s Agnes Grey”. Victorian Literature and Culture, 48(3): 577-599.
  • Kean, Hilda (1998). Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Kheel, Marti (1999). “License to Kill: An Ecofeminist Critique of Hunter’s Discourse”. Animals and Women. Eds. Adams, Carol J., Donovan, Josephine. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 93-133.
  • King, Elizabeth (2017). Created for Our Convenience: Human Use of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte. Master’s Thesis. Sydney: Macquarie University.
  • Kocatürk, Önder (2022). Poverty and the Poor in Victorian Britain (1837-1901). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
  • Newman, Hilary (2013). “Animals in Agnes Grey”. Bronte Society Transactions, 21(6): 237-242.
  • Perkin, Joan (1989). Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England. Chicago, Illinois: Lyceum Books, Inc.
  • Regan, Tom (2004). Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  • Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Singer, Peter (2002). Animal Liberation. New York: Ecco.
  • Stevens, Valerie L. (2021). “Embodied Violence Towards Nonhuman Animals in Anne Bronte’s Agnes Grey”. Society and Animals, 29: 679-694.
  • Strange, Julie-Marie (2021). “When John Met Benny: Class, Pets and Family Life in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain”. The History of Family, 26(2): 214-235.
  • Surridge, Lisa (1994). “Dog’s/Bodies, Women’s Bodies: Wives as Pets in Mid-nineteenth-century Narratives of Domestic Violence.” Victorian Review, 20(1): 1-34.
  • Wilson, Edward O. (2003). Biophilia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Anne Bronte’nin Romanlarında Hayvanlara Sınıfsal Davranışlar

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 17, 25 - 48, 10.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1242159

Öz

19. yüzyıl, çeşitli disiplinlerden bilim insanlarının ve yazarların ilgisini çeken, dönem içerisinde gelişmekte olan hayvan çalışmaları alanında çok önemli bir dönemi temsil etmektedir. Viktorya dönemi, modern zamanlarda devam eden bir konu olan hayvanların statüsüne ilişkin bir tartışma alanı yaratmıştır. İngiliz Viktorya döneminin önde gelen yazarlarından Anne Bronte, eserlerinde hayvan haklarıyla ilgili tartışmaları ele almaktadır. Bronte'nin karakterlerinin hayvanlara ne kadar saygı duyduğu, onlara sempati duyduğu ve refahını gözettiği en çok romanlarında belirgindir. Hayvanları ve onların insanların sosyal statüsüyle olan bağlantılarını dolaysız tasviriyle, romanlarında orta sınıf kültürünün nasıl ortaya çıktığını gösterir. Anne Bronte'nin iki romanı, Wildfell Konağı Kiracısı ve Agnes Grey, hayvan yazınına yer vererek, orta sınıf kimliklerinin ve geleneklerinin oluşumunda ve sürdürülmesinde hayvan merkezli bir dünya görüşünün oynadığı hayati rolü vurgulamaktadır. Bronte'nin kahramanları üst ve orta sınıftan gelir ve bu iki sosyoekonomik grup, hayvanlara davranışlarında belirgin bir karşıtlık göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı, Anne Bronte'nin hayvan yazınının orta sınıf kültürünün oluşumundaki rolünü analiz ederek bu konudaki kavrayışımızın gelişmesine katkıda bulunmaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, Carol J. (1993). “The Feminist Traffic in Animals”. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Gaard, Greta. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 195-218.
  • Adams, Carol J. (1994). “Bringing Peace Home: A Feminist Philosophical Perspective on the Abuse of Women, Children, and Pet Animals.” Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (Special Issue on Feminism and Peace), 9(2): 63-84.
  • Adams, Carol J. (1999) “Woman-Battering and Harms to Animals.” Animals and Women. Eds. Adams, Carol J., Donovan, Josephine. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 65-92.
  • Adams, Carol J. (2010). The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York and London: Continuum.
  • Amato, Sarah (2015). Beastly Possessions: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Ayres, Brenda (2019). “Introduction: Beast on a Leash”. Victorians and Their Animals: Beast on a Leash. Ed. Ayres, Brenda. New York: Routledge, 1-22.
  • Baldridge, Cates (1993). “‘Agnes Grey’: Bronte’s ‘Bildungsroman’ That Isn’t.” The Journal of Narrative Technique, 23(1): 31-45.
  • Berg, Maggie (2002). “‘Hapless Dependents’: Women and Animals in Anne Bronte’s ‘Agnes Grey.’” Studies in the Novel, 34(2): 177-197.
  • Berg, Maggie (2010). “‘Let Me have Its Bowels Then’: Violence, Sacrificial Structure, and Anne Bronte’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall”. Literature Interpretation Theory, 21(1): 20-40.
  • Bronte, Anne (1988). Agnes Grey. London: Penguin Books.
  • Bronte, Anne (1992). The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Donovan, Josephine (1993). “Animal Rights and Feminist Theory”. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Gaard, Greta. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 167-194.
  • Eagleton, Terry (2005). Myths of Power: A Marxist Study of the Brontes. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Falvey, J. Lindsay (1985). An Introduction to Working Animals. Melbourne: MPW Australia.
  • Gruen, Lori (1993). “Dismantling Oppression: An Analysis of the Connection Between Women and Animals”. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Gaard, Greta. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 60-90.
  • Haraway, Donna (2003). The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
  • Harner, Christie (2020). “Animal and Social Ecologies in Anne Bronte’s Agnes Grey”. Victorian Literature and Culture, 48(3): 577-599.
  • Kean, Hilda (1998). Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Kheel, Marti (1999). “License to Kill: An Ecofeminist Critique of Hunter’s Discourse”. Animals and Women. Eds. Adams, Carol J., Donovan, Josephine. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 93-133.
  • King, Elizabeth (2017). Created for Our Convenience: Human Use of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte. Master’s Thesis. Sydney: Macquarie University.
  • Kocatürk, Önder (2022). Poverty and the Poor in Victorian Britain (1837-1901). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.
  • Newman, Hilary (2013). “Animals in Agnes Grey”. Bronte Society Transactions, 21(6): 237-242.
  • Perkin, Joan (1989). Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England. Chicago, Illinois: Lyceum Books, Inc.
  • Regan, Tom (2004). Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  • Ritvo, Harriet (1987). The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Singer, Peter (2002). Animal Liberation. New York: Ecco.
  • Stevens, Valerie L. (2021). “Embodied Violence Towards Nonhuman Animals in Anne Bronte’s Agnes Grey”. Society and Animals, 29: 679-694.
  • Strange, Julie-Marie (2021). “When John Met Benny: Class, Pets and Family Life in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain”. The History of Family, 26(2): 214-235.
  • Surridge, Lisa (1994). “Dog’s/Bodies, Women’s Bodies: Wives as Pets in Mid-nineteenth-century Narratives of Domestic Violence.” Victorian Review, 20(1): 1-34.
  • Wilson, Edward O. (2003). Biophilia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Barış Ağır 0000-0002-7132-5844

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA Ağır, B. (2023). Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi(17), 25-48. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1242159
AMA Ağır B. Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte. KAD. Haziran 2023;(17):25-48. doi:10.46250/kulturder.1242159
Chicago Ağır, Barış. “Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 17 (Haziran 2023): 25-48. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1242159.
EndNote Ağır B (01 Haziran 2023) Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 17 25–48.
IEEE B. Ağır, “Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte”, KAD, sy. 17, ss. 25–48, Haziran 2023, doi: 10.46250/kulturder.1242159.
ISNAD Ağır, Barış. “Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 17 (Haziran 2023), 25-48. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1242159.
JAMA Ağır B. Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte. KAD. 2023;:25–48.
MLA Ağır, Barış. “Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 17, 2023, ss. 25-48, doi:10.46250/kulturder.1242159.
Vancouver Ağır B. Class Treatment of Animals in the Novels of Anne Bronte. KAD. 2023(17):25-48.