Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Stories of Authenticity and Resistance: Popular Music’s Protest Potential

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 17 (1) Sayı: 33, 39 - 68, 01.06.2014

Öz

Turkish governments, whether the governing Justice and Development Party AKP or the oppositional Republican People Party (CHP), have adopted neo-liberal economic policies since the 1980s. However, AKP has embraced these on an unprecedented scale. Many of these discourses are articulated in the media while protest is all but silenced due to close relations between media and politics in Turkey. Popular music is no exception, its content, performance, distribution and broadcasting closely scrutinized and controlled. Despite these conditions, some music videos question government policies. This paper analyses visuals, lyrics and sounds of Mor ve Ötesi’s Şirket to reveal how neo-liberalism is criticised whilst the band is authenticated as legitimate protest musicians. It is argued that protests to neo-liberalism and band authenticity are articulated through abstractions and metaphor. As such, issues are blurred at the expense of more coherent arguments against neo-liberalism, thus questioning the role musical protest has in political debate in Turkey

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, Theodore (1941). “On Popular Music.” Studies in Philosophy and Social Science 9: 17-48.
  • Barış, Ruken (2010). “Media Landscape: Turkey, European Journalism Centre.” www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/turkey/. Erişim tarihi: 19.12.2011.
  • Boas Taylor ve Gansmorse Jordan (2009).“Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan” Studies in Comparative International Development 44(2): 137-161.
  • Brake, Mike (1980). The Sociology of Youth Cultures and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge.
  • Cole, Sheri (1999). “I am the Eye, You are my Victim: The Pornographic Ideology of Music Video” Enculturation 2(2). http://enculturation. gmu.edu/2_2/cole/index.html. Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2012.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
  • Flowerdew, John ve Leong, Solomon (2007). “Metaphors in the Discursive Construction of Patriotism: The Case of Hong Kong’s Constitutional Reform Debate.” Discourse and Society 18 (3):273-294.
  • Frith, Simon (1993). Sound and Vision: Music Video Reader. London: Routledge.
  • Frith, Simon (1988). “Art Ideology and Pop Practice.” Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Grossberg ve Nelson (der.) içinde. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 461-476.
  • Frith, Simon (1981). Sound Effects. New York: Pantheon.
  • Goodwin, Andrew (1993). Dancing in the Distraction Factory: Music Television and Popular Culture. London: Routledge.
  • Grossberg, Lawrence (1987). “Rock and Roll in Search of An Audience.” Popular Music and Communication. Lull (der.) içinde. Beverly Hills: Sage. 175-197.
  • Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Hallin, David ve Mancini, Paulo (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hebdige, Dick (1979). Subculture: The Meaning of Style. Suffolk: Metheun & co.
  • Hesmondhalgh, David ve Negus, Keith (2002). “Popular Music Studies: Meanings, Power and Value.” Popular Music Studies. Hesmondhalgh ve Negus (der.) içinde. London: Arnold. 1-10.
  • Hibbett, Ryan (2005). “What is Indie Rock?” Popular Music and Society 28(1): 55-77.
  • Huq, Rupa (2002). “Raving not Drowning: Authenticity, Pleasure and Politics in the Electronic Dance Scene.” Popular Music Studies. Hesmondhalgh ve Negus (der.) içinde. London: Arnold. 90-101.
  • Hürriyet (2013). “Özgenç, Mehmet, RTÜK’ten Halk Tv ve Ulusal Kanal’a Ceza.” http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/23486445.asp. Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2013.
  • Jenkins, Gareth (2012). “A house Divided Against Itself: the Deteriorating State of Media Freedom in Turkey.” Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program. http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/ turkey/2012/120206A.html. Erişim tarihi: 2.02.2012.
  • Kongar, Emre (2012). ABD’nin Siyasal İslam’la Dansı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Kress, Gunther ve van Leeuwen, Theo (2001). Multimodal Discourse: the Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. London: Hodder Education.
  • Kress, Gunther ve van Leeuwen, Theo (1996). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design, London: Routledge.
  • Kress, Gunther ve Hodge, Robert (1979). Language as Ideology. London: Routledge.
  • Lynskey, Dorian (2010). 33 Revolutions Per Minute: A History of Protest Songs. London: Faber.
  • Machin, David (2010). Analysing Popular Music. London: Sage.
  • Machin, David (2007). Introduction to Multimodal Analysis. London: Hodder Education.
  • Machin, David ve van Leeuwen, Theo (2005). “Computer Games as Political Discourse: The Case of Black Hawk Down.” Journal of Language and Politics 4(1): 119-141.
  • Moore, Allan (2002). “Authenticity as Authentication”. Popular Music 21 (2): 209-223.
  • Özguneş, Neslihan Ve Terzis, Georgios (2000). “Constraints and Remedies for Journalists Reporting National Conflict: The Case of Greece and Turkey.” Journalism Studies 1(3): 405 – 426.
  • Philo, Greg (2007). “Can Discourse Analysis Successfully Explain the Content of Media and Journalistic Practice?.” Journalism Studies 8 (2): 175-196.
  • Railton, Diane ve Watson, Paul (2011). Music Video and the Politics of Representation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Reiss, Steve ve Feineman, Neil (2000). Thirty Frames Per Second: The Visionary Art of the Music Video. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
  • Richardson, John E. (2007). Analysing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Seidman, Steven (1999). “Revisiting Sex Role Stereotyping in MTV Videos.” International Journal of Instructional Media 6(1): 11-22.
  • Shuker, Roy (2001). Understanding Popular Music. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Son Dakika (2013). “Mor ve Ötesi’yle İlgili Haberler.” http://www. sondakika.com/mor-ve-otesi/. Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2013.
  • Street, John (1986). Rebel Rock: The Politics of Popular Music. Oxford: Basil Blackwood.
  • Sümer, Çağdaş ve Yaşlı, Fatih (2010). Hegemonyadan Diktoryaya AKP ve Liberal-Muhafazakar İttifak. Ankara: Tan.
  • Tagg, Philip (1999). Introductory Notes to the Semiotics of Music. http://tagg. org/xpdfs/semiotug.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2012.
  • Tagg, Philip (1990). “Music in Mass Media Studies. Reading Sounds for Example”. Popular Music Research Roe ve Carlsson (der.) içinde. Göteborg: Nordicom-Sweden (2). 103-115.
  • Tagg, Philip (1983). Nature as a Musical Mood Category. Göteborg: IASPM Internal Publications.
  • Way, Lyndon (2013). “Discourses of Popular Politics, War and Authenticity in Turkish Pop Music.” Social Semiotics DOI: 10.1080/10350330.2013.819723.
  • Way, Lyndon (2012). “Turkish Popular Music Videos as a Multi-modal site of Resistance.” Multimodal Communication 1(3): 251-275.
  • Yanık, Hayrullah (2013). “2002-2013 Yılları Arasında Siyasal İktidar Medya İlişkisi: Medya İle İlgili Yasal Düzenlemeler.” www.academia.edu. Erişim tarihi: 7.12.2013.

Özgünlük ve Direniş Hikâyeleri: Popüler Müzikte Protesto Potansiyeli

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 17 (1) Sayı: 33, 39 - 68, 01.06.2014

Öz

1980’li yıllardan itibaren Türkiye siyasetinde baskın olan siyasal partiler nasıl tanımlandıklarına bakılmaksızın neo-liberal ekonomi politikalarını benimsemiştir. Bu ekonomik program 2002 yılından bu yana iktidarda bulunan Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP) zamanında oldukça büyük bir ivme kazanmıştır. Ayrıca medya ve siyaset arasındaki yakın ilişkilerden dolayı hükümet söylemlerinin çoğu medyada yansıtılırken, protestolar da susturulmuştur. Pop müzik de gerek içeriği ve performansı, gerekse dağıtım ve yayınlanması açısından sıkı bir kontrol altında tutulmakta ve dolayısıyla istisna olmaksızın söz edilen medya unsurları arasında yerini almaktadır. Buna rağmen, bazı müzik videoları hükümet politikalarını eleştirmekten kaçınmamıştır. Bu çalışma, Mor ve Ötesi’nin Şirket adlı klibini görsel öğeler, şarkı sözleri ve ses özelliklerine göre değerlendirerek grubun neo-liberalizmi eleştirme biçimini açığa çıkarmayı amaçlamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, Theodore (1941). “On Popular Music.” Studies in Philosophy and Social Science 9: 17-48.
  • Barış, Ruken (2010). “Media Landscape: Turkey, European Journalism Centre.” www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/turkey/. Erişim tarihi: 19.12.2011.
  • Boas Taylor ve Gansmorse Jordan (2009).“Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan” Studies in Comparative International Development 44(2): 137-161.
  • Brake, Mike (1980). The Sociology of Youth Cultures and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge.
  • Cole, Sheri (1999). “I am the Eye, You are my Victim: The Pornographic Ideology of Music Video” Enculturation 2(2). http://enculturation. gmu.edu/2_2/cole/index.html. Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2012.
  • Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
  • Flowerdew, John ve Leong, Solomon (2007). “Metaphors in the Discursive Construction of Patriotism: The Case of Hong Kong’s Constitutional Reform Debate.” Discourse and Society 18 (3):273-294.
  • Frith, Simon (1993). Sound and Vision: Music Video Reader. London: Routledge.
  • Frith, Simon (1988). “Art Ideology and Pop Practice.” Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Grossberg ve Nelson (der.) içinde. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 461-476.
  • Frith, Simon (1981). Sound Effects. New York: Pantheon.
  • Goodwin, Andrew (1993). Dancing in the Distraction Factory: Music Television and Popular Culture. London: Routledge.
  • Grossberg, Lawrence (1987). “Rock and Roll in Search of An Audience.” Popular Music and Communication. Lull (der.) içinde. Beverly Hills: Sage. 175-197.
  • Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Hallin, David ve Mancini, Paulo (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hebdige, Dick (1979). Subculture: The Meaning of Style. Suffolk: Metheun & co.
  • Hesmondhalgh, David ve Negus, Keith (2002). “Popular Music Studies: Meanings, Power and Value.” Popular Music Studies. Hesmondhalgh ve Negus (der.) içinde. London: Arnold. 1-10.
  • Hibbett, Ryan (2005). “What is Indie Rock?” Popular Music and Society 28(1): 55-77.
  • Huq, Rupa (2002). “Raving not Drowning: Authenticity, Pleasure and Politics in the Electronic Dance Scene.” Popular Music Studies. Hesmondhalgh ve Negus (der.) içinde. London: Arnold. 90-101.
  • Hürriyet (2013). “Özgenç, Mehmet, RTÜK’ten Halk Tv ve Ulusal Kanal’a Ceza.” http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/23486445.asp. Erişim tarihi: 24.06.2013.
  • Jenkins, Gareth (2012). “A house Divided Against Itself: the Deteriorating State of Media Freedom in Turkey.” Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program. http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/ turkey/2012/120206A.html. Erişim tarihi: 2.02.2012.
  • Kongar, Emre (2012). ABD’nin Siyasal İslam’la Dansı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Kress, Gunther ve van Leeuwen, Theo (2001). Multimodal Discourse: the Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. London: Hodder Education.
  • Kress, Gunther ve van Leeuwen, Theo (1996). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design, London: Routledge.
  • Kress, Gunther ve Hodge, Robert (1979). Language as Ideology. London: Routledge.
  • Lynskey, Dorian (2010). 33 Revolutions Per Minute: A History of Protest Songs. London: Faber.
  • Machin, David (2010). Analysing Popular Music. London: Sage.
  • Machin, David (2007). Introduction to Multimodal Analysis. London: Hodder Education.
  • Machin, David ve van Leeuwen, Theo (2005). “Computer Games as Political Discourse: The Case of Black Hawk Down.” Journal of Language and Politics 4(1): 119-141.
  • Moore, Allan (2002). “Authenticity as Authentication”. Popular Music 21 (2): 209-223.
  • Özguneş, Neslihan Ve Terzis, Georgios (2000). “Constraints and Remedies for Journalists Reporting National Conflict: The Case of Greece and Turkey.” Journalism Studies 1(3): 405 – 426.
  • Philo, Greg (2007). “Can Discourse Analysis Successfully Explain the Content of Media and Journalistic Practice?.” Journalism Studies 8 (2): 175-196.
  • Railton, Diane ve Watson, Paul (2011). Music Video and the Politics of Representation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Reiss, Steve ve Feineman, Neil (2000). Thirty Frames Per Second: The Visionary Art of the Music Video. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
  • Richardson, John E. (2007). Analysing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Seidman, Steven (1999). “Revisiting Sex Role Stereotyping in MTV Videos.” International Journal of Instructional Media 6(1): 11-22.
  • Shuker, Roy (2001). Understanding Popular Music. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Son Dakika (2013). “Mor ve Ötesi’yle İlgili Haberler.” http://www. sondakika.com/mor-ve-otesi/. Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2013.
  • Street, John (1986). Rebel Rock: The Politics of Popular Music. Oxford: Basil Blackwood.
  • Sümer, Çağdaş ve Yaşlı, Fatih (2010). Hegemonyadan Diktoryaya AKP ve Liberal-Muhafazakar İttifak. Ankara: Tan.
  • Tagg, Philip (1999). Introductory Notes to the Semiotics of Music. http://tagg. org/xpdfs/semiotug.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 20.01.2012.
  • Tagg, Philip (1990). “Music in Mass Media Studies. Reading Sounds for Example”. Popular Music Research Roe ve Carlsson (der.) içinde. Göteborg: Nordicom-Sweden (2). 103-115.
  • Tagg, Philip (1983). Nature as a Musical Mood Category. Göteborg: IASPM Internal Publications.
  • Way, Lyndon (2013). “Discourses of Popular Politics, War and Authenticity in Turkish Pop Music.” Social Semiotics DOI: 10.1080/10350330.2013.819723.
  • Way, Lyndon (2012). “Turkish Popular Music Videos as a Multi-modal site of Resistance.” Multimodal Communication 1(3): 251-275.
  • Yanık, Hayrullah (2013). “2002-2013 Yılları Arasında Siyasal İktidar Medya İlişkisi: Medya İle İlgili Yasal Düzenlemeler.” www.academia.edu. Erişim tarihi: 7.12.2013.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Radyo-Televizyon, Kültürel çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Lyndon C. S. Way Bu kişi benim

Cansu Süer Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 17 (1) Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA Way, L. C. S., & Süer, C. (2014). Özgünlük ve Direniş Hikâyeleri: Popüler Müzikte Protesto Potansiyeli. Kültür Ve İletişim, 17 (1)(33), 39-68.