Xîret kirineke teswîrî li ser rêjeyên bêdadî yên Osmaniyan û Êzîdiyan: Têkiliyek li bin sîbera xurtîyê

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 5, 1 - 20, 30.11.2021

Oral Orpak

Öz

Ev gotar nasdaneke teswîrî li ser rêbazên Osmaniyan ên dijminkar dijî Ezidiyan dide nasîn. Ev rêbazên Osmaniyan ji salên 1500’an heta salên 1900’an li taxên Êzîdiyan devam kir. Di çarçova gotarê de, rêbazên sedsalên 1600’an û 1700’an ên veguherandina dînê Ezidiyan û serbazkirina wan a di sersalên 1800’an de hatine dahûrîndin. Ev dahûrîn di saya hinek jêderkên yekemin, bo mînak, hinek belgexaneyên Osmaniyan yên der heqê Êzîdiyan, hinek destnivîsên rêbûwaranên fileh û misilman ên di taxa Ezidiyan de hatine nivîsandin, û xebatên tekstnivîsên şagirt de hatiye kirin. Li gorî lêkolînên di bin deste me de mirovek dikarî/e îdîa bike ku rêbazên Osmaniyan yên serbazkirina Êzidiyan veguherandina dînê wan, ji hemû aliyan civaka Êzîdiyan hilweşand. Zêdetir, yek dikarî qal bike ku ew rêbazên Osmaniyan bi şeklekê sedemeke mezin e ji bo tecrûbeyên Êzidiyan ên îro di çerçoveya zextê de çê dibin.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Êzîdî, Osmanî, veguherandina dîni, serbazkirin

A DESCRIPTIVE EFFORT ON THE OTTOMANS-YEZIDIS’ UNJUST RELATIONS: A RELATIONSHIP IN THE SHADE OF VIOLENCE

Öz

The paper aims to provide a descriptive introduction to the Ottomans’ aggressive policies towards Yezidis as of invasion of Yezidis’ districts starting from the 1500s. Throughout the study, the Ottomans’ policies of the 17th and 18th centuries to convert Yezidis to Islam and the conscription policies of the 19th century taking Yezidis to army service have been analyzed with the help of a set of primary sources, such as the Ottomans’ archives about Yezidis, Christian and Muslim travelers’ field works and current academic textual materials. In the light of evailable sources one can claim that the converting and concription policies that were adopted by the Ottomans versus Yezidis were destructive for every aspects of the Yezidi community. Moreover, it is can be calimed that the impact of these policies is somehow lying behind Yezidis’ contemporary experiences of violance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yezidis, the Ottomans, conversion, conscription

A DESCRIPTIVE EFFORT ON THE OTTOMANS-YEZIDIS’ UNJUST RELATIONS: A RELATIONSHIP IN THE SHADE OF VIOLENCE

Öz

Ev gotar nasdaneke teswîrî li ser rêbazên Osmaniyan ên dijminkar dijî Ezidiyan dide nasîn. Ev rêbazên Osmaniyan ji salên 1500’an heta salên 1900’an li taxên Êzîdiyan devam kir. Di çarçova gotarê de, rêbazên sedsalên 1600’an û 1700’an ên veguherandina dînê Ezidiyan û serbazkirina wan a di sersalên 1800’an de hatine dahûrîndin. Ev dahûrîn di saya hinek jêderkên yekemin, bo mînak, hinek belgexaneyên Osmaniyan yên der heqê Êzîdiyan, hinek destnivîsên rêbûwaranên fileh û misilman ên di taxa Ezidiyan de hatine nivîsandin, û xebatên tekstnivîsên şagirt de hatiye kirin. Li gorî lêkolînên di bin deste me de mirovek dikarî/e îdîa bike ku rêbazên Osmaniyan yên serbazkirina Êzidiyan veguherandina dînê wan, ji hemû aliyan civaka Êzîdiyan hilweşand. Zêdetir, yek dikarî qal bike ku ew rêbazên Osmaniyan bi şeklekê sedemeke mezin e ji bo tecrûbeyên Êzidiyan ên îro di çerçoveya zextê de çê dibin.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Êzîdî, Osmanî, veguhartin, serbazkirin

Kaynakça

• Ackermann, A. (2004). A Double Minority: Notes on the Emerging Yezidi Diaspora, Kokot, W.& C. Alfonso, C. (Eds.), Diaspora, Identity and Religion, Routledge, London: 158-169
• Açıkyıldız, B. (2010). The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion. I.B. Tauris. London
• Ali, M. H. (2019). Genocidal campaigns during the ottoman era: The firman of Mir-i-Kura against the Yazidi Religious minority in 1832-1834. Genocide Studies International, 13(1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.13.1.05
• Allison, C. (2013). Addressivity and the monument: Memorials, publics and the yezidis of Armenia. History and Memory, 25(1), 145–181. https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.25.1.145
• Allison, C. (2001). The Yezidi Oral Tradition in Iraqi Kurdistan. Curzon Press. Great Britain
• Agoston, G & Masters, B. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts On File. New York
• Arkelova, V., & Asatrian, S.G. (2014). The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spiritual World. Routledge, London and New York
• Avcı, R. (2020). Travel Notes and the Production of Orientalist Knowledge: The Case of Eduard Sachau (1845-1930). Diyalog 2020(1): 29-47. https://doi.org/10.37583/diyalog.759411
• Bruinessen, M. (1992). Agha, Shaikh and State: The social and Poltical Structures of Kurdistan. Zed Books Ltd, London & New Jersey
• Bruinessen, M., & Boeschoten, H. (1988). Evliya Çelebi in Diyarbekir: The Relevant Section of Seyahatname Edited with Translation, Commentary and Introduction. E.J. Brill. Köln
• Bochenska, J. (2018). (Ed.). Rediscovering Kurdistan’s Cultures and Identities. The Nation of Sur: The Yezidi Identity Between Modern and Ancient Myth. Palgrave Macmillan. Poland, Krakow
• Çelebi, E. (1978). Seyahatname Cilt 4, (Ed.) Mehmed Zillioğlu, Üçdal Neşriyat, İstanbul
• Develioğlu, F. (Ed.). (2008). Osmanlı-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat. Aydın Kitapevi, Ankara
• Forbes, F. (1839). A Visit to the Sinjár Hills in 1838, with Some Account of the Sect of Yezídís, and of Various Places in the Mesopotamian Desert, between the Rivers Tigris and Khábúr. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 9(1839), 409–430. https://doi.org/10.2307/1797732
• Fuccaro, N. (1997). Ethnicity, State Formation, and Conscription in Postcolonial Iraq: The Case of the Yazidi Kurds of Jabal Sinjar. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29(4), 559–580. http://www.jstor.org/stable/164402
• Guest, S. J. (2010). Survival Among the Kurds; A history of the Yezidis, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, London and New York
• Gölbaşı, E. (2008). The Yezidis and the Ottoman State: Modern Power, Military Conscription, and Conversion Polices, 1830-1909. (Master Thesis at Bogazici University https://ata.boun.edu.tr/ma-theses/edip-golbasi), Istanbul
• Gölbaşı, E. (2013). Turning the “Heretics” into Loyal Muslim Subjects: Imperial Anxieties, the Politics of Religious Conversion, and the Yezidis in the Hamidian Era. The Muslim World (Hartford), 103(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2012.01422.x
• Han, Ş. (1971). Şerefname II: Osmanlı-İran Tarihi, (Trans. M. E. Bozarslan), Ant Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Han, Ş. (1971) Şerefname I: Kürt Toplulukları ve Durumları, (Trans. M. E. Bozarslan), Ant Yayınları. İstanbul.
• Heard, W. B. (1911). Notes on the Yezidis, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 41(1911), 200–219. https://doi.org/10.2307/2843340 Inalcik, H. (2013). The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. Phoenix, London.
• Kadivar, J. (2020). Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh’s Media. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 7(3), 259–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347798920921706
• Karpat, K. (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identitiy, State, Faith and Community, in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford University Press. Oxford and New York.
• Kreyenbroek, P. (2009). Yezidism in Europe: Different Generations Speak about their Religion. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
• Kokot, W., Alfonso, C., & Tölölyan, Kh.(Eds). (2004). Diaspora, Identity and Religion. Ackermann, Andreas, “A Double Minority: Notes on the Emerging Yezidi Diaspora. Taylor & Francis Group, London.
• Langer, R. R. (2010). Yezidism between Scholarly Literature and Actual Practice: From “Heterodox” Islam and “Syncretism” to the Formation of a Transnational Yezidi “Orthodoxy.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 37(3), 393–403. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23077034
• Leezenberg, M. (2018). Transformations in Minority Religious Leadership. Sociology of Islam, 6(2), 233–260. https://doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00602005
• Makdisi, U. (2002). Ottoman Orientalism. The American Historical Review, 107(3), 768–796. https://doi.org/10.1086/532495
• McDowall, D. (2004). A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris. London and New York
• Nuh, I. (1715). Van Tarihi, Trans. Zeki Tekin, Ahenk Yayınevi, Van.
• Omarkhali, Kh., Kreyenbroek, P. (2016). Yezidi Spirits? On the question of Yezidi beliefs: A review article. Kurdish Studies, 4(2): 196-208
• Parry, O. H. (1895). Six months in a Syrian monastery. Horace Cox. London, https://archive.org/details/sixmonthsinasyr00parrgoog/page/n24/mode/2up, Acessed: 11.04.2020
• Rodziewicz, A. (2019). The Yezidi Wednesday and the Music of the Spheres. Iranian Studies, 53. 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1654287
• Sachau, E. (1883). Raise in Syrien und Mesopotamien, pp. 330-33, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044022684815&view=1up&seq=400 , Accessed: 03.04.2021
• Salloum, S. (2016). Êzidîs in Iraq: Memory, Beliefs and Current Genocide. CEI. Iraq
• Savelsberg, E., Hajo, S., & Dulz, I. (2010). Effectively Urbanized: Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar. Études Rurales, 186, 101–116. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41403604
• Szkonyi, D. (2007). Ethnic mobilization in post-Soviet Georgia: the case of the Yezidi Kurds. Journal on ethnopolics and minority issue in Europe, 6(2), 1-19
• Tezcür, G.M. (2021). (Ed). Kurds and Yezidis in the Middle East: Shifting Identities, Borders and the Experience Minority Communities. I.B. Tauris. London
• Yaycıoğlu, A. (1997). An Essay on Legal Consultation in the Ottoman Empire. (Thesis for the degree of Master of History, supervisor Prof. Halil İnalcık, The Institute of Economic and Social Sciences, Bilkent University), Ankara.
• “YAZIDIS i. GENERAL,” Encyclopædia Iranica, (online edition), 2004, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1 , Accessed: 19.04.2020