Yeni Assur Dönemi Kaynaklarında "Nusaybin" Şehri

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 11, 118 - 129, 29.11.2024

Farouk Ismaıl

https://doi.org/10.55106/kurdiname.1483897

Öz

Nusaybin, Türkiye'nin güneydoğusundaki Mardin ilinde yer alan antik bir kenttir. Hıristiyanlığın önemli bir merkezi olduğu ve Süryani alimler yetiştirdiği bilinmektedir. Ancak erken dönem tarihi çok az bilinmektedir.
Başlangıçta M.Ö 10. yüzyılda Timana kabilesi tarafından kurulan bir Arami krallığının merkeziydi, ancak Asur kralları burayı krallıklarının batı sınırları için bir tehdit olarak gördükleri ve kuzey Suriye'yi kontrol etme emellerine ulaşmalarını engelledikleri için bu durum uzun sürmemiştir, bu yüzden M.Ö. 896'da Arami egemenliğine son verene kadar tekrarlanan askeri seferler düzenlediler ve burayı Asur'un bir eyaletinin merkezi haline getirdiler.
Bu araştırma, Nusaybin'in M.Ö. dokuzuncu ve sekizinci yüzyıllardaki Asur egemenliği altındaki tarihini, askeri seferler ve zaferlerin ayrıntılı anlatımlarını içeren Asur kraliyet yıllıklarında ve Asur krallığının resmi arşivinde geçen bilgileri sunmaktadır. Asur kraliyet sarayının şehrin yöneticilerini atadığı ve halka vergiler yüklemiştir. İlginç bir şekilde, M.Ö. yedinci yüzyılda Nusaybin hakkında, Babil-Medya ittifakının Asur krallığını yıkmasını ve yönetici aileden bir grubun Harran'a kaçışını anlatan M.Ö. 612 tarihli bir metinde Nusaybin'e yapılan kısa bir atıf dışında hiçbir bilgi yoktur.
Tarihi kaynakların resmi niteliği nedeniyle, kentin genel iç koşulları hakkında yararlı bilgiler bulamıyoruz ve antik alanının keşfi bunu açıklığa kavuşturmak için yararlı epigrafik kaynaklar sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nusaybin, Turkey, Cuneiform Sources, first millennium BC.

مدينة "نصيبين" في مصادر العصر الآشوري الحديث (912-612 ق.م)

Öz

ِنصيبين مدينة قديمة، في ولاية ماردين، جنوب شرقي تركيا. من المعروف أنه كانت من المراكز المهمة للديانة المسيحية، وبرز فيها علماء باللغة السُّريانية. ولكن تاريخها الأقدم غير معروف بشكل مناسب.
يعتمد البحث على المصادر الكتابية (المسمارية) القديمة لإضاءة ملامح من تاريخ المدينة خلال الألف الأول ق.م؛ فقد كانت في البداية مركز مملكة آرامية أسستها قبيلة تيمانا في القرن العاشر ق.م، ولكنها لم تدم طويلاً، لأن ملوك آشور رأوا أنها تشكل خطراً على الحدود الغربية لمملكتهم، وتمنعها من تحقيق أطماعها في السيطرة على شمالي سوريا، ولذلك قاموا بحملات عسكرية متكررة حتى أنهوا الحكم الآرامي فيها، في 896 ق.م، وجعلوها مركز مقاطعة تابعة لآشور.
يعرض البحث تاريخ نصيبين تحت الحكم الآشوري خلال القرنين التاسع والثامن ق.م، من خلال أخبارها المذكورة في الحوليات الملكية الآشورية، التي تتضمن أخبار حملاتهم العسكرية وانتصاراتهم بشكل مفصل، وكذلك الأرشيف الرسمي للمملكة الآشورية. ويتضح فيها أن القصر الملكي الآشوري كان يعين حكام المدينة، ويتسلم منها الضرائب التي تُفرض على السكان. واللافت للانتباه أنه ليست هناك أخبار عن نصيبين في القرن السابع ق.م، ما عدا إشارة سريعة إليها في نص من سنة 612 ق.م، لدى وصف قضاء التحالف البابلي-الميدي على مملكة آشور، وهروب مجموعة من الأسرة الحاكمة إلى حرّان.
ونظراً للطبيعة الرسمية للمصادر التاريخية؛ فإننا لا نجد فيها معلومات مفيدة عن الأوضاع الداخلية العامة في المدينة، ولعل اكتشاف موقعها القديم يوفر مصادر كتابية تفيد في توضيح ذلك.

Anahtar Kelimeler

نصيبين, تركيا, الكتابات المسمارية, الألف الأول ق.م

The City of "Nusaybin" in the Sources of the Neo-Assyrian Period (912-612 BC)

Öz

Nusaybin (Latin: Nisibis) is an ancient city, in the province of Mardin, southeastern Turkey. It is known that it was one of the important centres of the Christian religion, and many scholars of the Syriac language emerged there. But its earliest history is not properly known.
The research relies on ancient written (cuneiform) sources to illuminate features of the city’s history during the first millennium BC. It was initially the centre of an Aramaic kingdom founded by the Timanna tribe in the tenth century BC, but it did not last long, because the Assyrian kings saw it as a threat to the western borders of their kingdom and preventing it from achieving its ambitions to control northern Syria. Therefore, they launched repeated military campaigns until they ended Aramaic rule there, in 896 BC, and made it the centre of a province belonging to Assyria.
The research presents the history of Nusaybin under Assyrian rule during the ninth and eighth centuries BC, through its news mentioned in the Assyrian Royal Annals, which include news of their military campaigns and victories in detail, as well as the official archive of the Assyrian Kingdom. It is clear, that the Assyrian royal palace appointed the city’s rulers and received from them the taxes imposed on the residents. What is striking is that there is no news about Nusaybin in the seventh century BC, except for a quick reference to it in a text from the year 612 BC, when describing the elimination of the Babylonian-Median alliance over the Kingdom of Assyria, and the flight of a group of the ruling family to Harran.
Given the proprietary and official nature of historical sources; We do not find useful information in it about the internal, social, religious, and public conditions in the city, and perhaps the discovery of its ancient location will provide written sources useful in clarifying this.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nusaybin, Turkey, Cuneiform Sources, first millennium BC.

Kaynakça

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