The Rise of China’s Media Supermarket: An Appraisal of Cultural Imperialism’s Relevance to the Chinese TV Industry

Öz

The Rise of China’s Media Supermarket: An Appraisal of Cultural Imperialism’s Relevance to the Chinese TV Industry

Abstract

Meanwhile, foreign capital is restricted from investing in and operating news media, broadcasting networks, and other core communication venues. See Zhao 2008, p. 178 for details. Strategies used include: 1 acquiring landing rights in some provinces, but rebroadcasting from there to restricted areas with the help of local agents; 2 becoming joint venture content producers and packaging foreign content into “time-blocks” with the help of local production partners. The time-blocks are then sold to a particular channel from where they are further syndicated across a number of affiliated channels in various TV markets; and 3 leasing airtime, through a majority-owned advertising company, on a satellite channel in a certain province from where the block is syndicated across other provinces. Pietro Ventani is a Hong Kong-based consultant providing strategic solutions to transnational media investors in the Asian-Pacific region

Kaynakça

1. Ang, I. (1985). Watching Dallas: Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination. London: Methuen.
2. Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy. In M. Featherstone (Ed.), Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (pp. 295–310). London: Sage.
3. Artz, L. (2003). Globalization, media hegemony and social class. In L. Artz and Y. Kamalipour. (Eds.), The Globalization of Corporate Media Hegemony (pp. 3-32). New York: State University of New York Press.
4. Beltran, L. R. (1978). TV etchings in the minds of Latin Americans: Conservatism, materialism, and conformism. Gazette: The International Journal of Communication Studies 24(1): 61-65.
5. Biltereyst, P., & Meers, P. (2000). The international telenovela debate and the contra-flow argument: A reappraisal. Media, Culture & Society 22: 393-413.
6. Boyd-Barrett, O. (1980). The international news agencies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
7. Boyd-Barrett, O. & Xie, S. (2008). Al-Jazeera, Phoenix Satellite Television and the Return of the State: Case studies in Market Liberalization, Public Sphere and Media Imperialism, International Journal of Communication 2: 206-222.
8. Chadha, K., & Kavoori, A. (2000). Media Imperialism Revisited: Some Findings from Asian Case. Media, Culture & Society 22(4): 415–32.

9. Chakravartty, P., & Zhao, Y. (2008). Toward a transcultural political economy of global communications. In P. Chakravartty and Y. Zhao (Eds.), Global Communications: Toward a Transcutural Political Economy (pp. 1-19). New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
10. Chalaby, J. K. (2006). American Cultural Primacy in a New Media Order: A European Perspective. International Communication Gazette 68(1): 33-51.
11. Chan, J., & Ma, E. (1996). Asian television: Global trends and local processes International Communication Gazette (58): 45-60.
12. Chin, Y.C. (2003). The nation-state in a globalizing media environment: China’s regulatory policies on transborder TV drama. Javnost-The Public 10(4): 75-92.
13. Fox, E. (1997). Latin American Broadcasting: From Tango to Telenovela. Luton: John Libbey.
14. Fung, A. (2006). Think globally, act locally: China’s rendezvous with MTV. Global Media and Communication 2(1): 71–88.
15. Guback, T. (1984). International circulation of U.S. theatrical films and television programming. In G. Gerbner & M. Siefert (Eds.), World Communications (pp. 153-163). New York: Lingman.
16. Herman, E. S., & McChesney, R.W. (1997). The Global Media: The Missionaries of Global Capitalism. London: Cassell.
17. Hu, Z. (2003). The post-WTO restructuring of the Chinese media industries and the consequences of capitalization. Javnost-The Public 10(4): 19-36.
18. Jin, D. Y. (2007). Reinterpretation of cultural imperialism: emerging domestic market vs. continuing US dominance. Media, Culture & Society 29(5): 753–771.
19. Katz, E., & Liebes, T. (1986). Mutual Aid in the Decoding of Dallas: Preliminary Notes from a Cross- Cultural Study. In P. Drummond and R. Paterson (Eds.), Television in Transition: Papers from the First International Television Studies Conference (pp. 187–98). London: British Film Institute.
20. Kraidy, M. (2002). Hybridity in Cultural Globalization. Communication Theory 12(3): 316-339.
21. Kraidy, M. (2005). Hybridity or the cultural logic of globalization. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
22. Lee, C. (1980). Media imperialism reconsidered. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
23. Lee, C., He, Z., & Huang,Y. (2006). Chinese Party Publicity Inc. conglomerated: the case of the Shenzhen Press Group. Media, Culture & Society 28(4): 581–602.
24. Lopez, A. M. (1995). Our welcome guests: Telenovelas in Latin America. In R. C. Allen (Ed.), To Be Continued . . . Soap Operas Around the World (pp. 256-275). London: Routledge.
25. McGregor, R. (2007, October 11). More powerful than ever. Financial Times. Retrieved October 20, 2008 at: http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto101120071446467897
26. Morley, David. (2006). Unanswered questions in audience research. The Communication Review 9(2): 101-121.
27. Morris, N. (2002). The myth of unadulterated culture meets the threat of imported media. Media, Culture & Society 24: 278–289.
28. Nordenstreng, K., & Varis,T. (1974). Television traffic: A one way street. Paris: UNESCO.
29. Oliveira, O.S. (1993). Brazilian soaps outshine Hollywood: Is cultural imperialism fading out? In K. Nordenstreng and H. Schiller (Eds.), Beyond national sovereignty: International communication in the 1990s (pp. 116-131). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
30. Pan, Z. (2005). Media change through bounded innovations: Journalism in China's media reforms. Conference Papers, International Communication Association 2005 Annual Meeting. NY: New York.
31. Pan, Z., & Lu, Y. (2003). Localizing professionalism: Discursive practices in China's media reforms. In C. C. Lee (Ed.), Chinese Media, Global Context (pp. 215-236). London: Routledge.
32. Pashupati, K., Sun, H., & McDowell, S. D. (2003). Guardians of culture, development communicators, or state capitalists?: A comparative analysis of Indian and Chinese policy responses to broadcast, cable and satellite television. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies 65(3): 251–271.
33. Schiller, D. (1996). Theorizing Communication: A History. New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Schiller, D. (2005). Poles of market growth?: Open questions about China, information and the world economy. Global Media and Communication 1(1): 79–103.
35. Schiller, D. (2008). An update on China in the political economy of information and communications. Chinese Journal of Communication 1(1): 109–116.
36. Schiller, H. (1991). Not yet the Post-imperialist Era. Critical Studies In Mass Communication 8(2): 13-28.
37. Shi, Anbin. (2005). The taming of the shrew: global media in a Chinese perspective. Global Media and Communication (1): 33-36.
38. Shi, Changshun. (2005). Innovation: The driving force of the development of China’s TV industry. South China Television Journal (4).
39. Shim, D. (2006). Hybridity and the rise of Korean popular culture in Asia. Media, Culture & Society 28(1): 25–44.
40. Sinclair, J. (1990). Neither west nor third world: The Mexican television industry within the NWICO debate. Media, Culture, and Society 24: 343-360.
41. Sinclair, J., Jacka, E., & Cunningham, S. (1996). Peripheral Vision. In J. Sinclair, E. Jacka and S. Cunningham. (Eds.), New Patterns in Global Television: Peripheral Vision (pp. 1–32). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1997). The Many Cultural Faces of Imperialism, In P. Golding and P. Harris (Eds.), Beyond Cultural Imperialism (pp. 49–68). London: Sage.
43. Straubhaar, J. (1991). Beyond Media Imperialism: Asymmetrical Interdependence and Cultural Proximity. Critical Studies in Mass Communication 8(1): 39–59.
44. Straubhaar, J. (2007). World Television: From Global to Local. Los Angeles: Sage.
45. Sun, W. (2007). Dancing with chains: Significant moments on China Central Television. International Journal of Cultural Studies 10(2): 187–204.
46. Thussu, D. (2007). The ‘Murdochization’ of news? The case of Star TV in India. Media, Culture & Society 29(4): 593–611.
47. Tomlinson, J. (1991). Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction. London: Continuum.
48. Tracey, M. (1985). The Poisoned Chalice? International Television and the Idea of Dominance, Daedalus 114(4): 17–56.
49. Tunstall, J. (1977). The media are American. New York: Columbia University Press.
50. Ventani, P. (2005). Sex and the City (and China’s Media Crackdown). Asia Times. Retrieved January 2008 at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/GH27Ad02.html
51. Wang, L. (Ed.). (2007). China TV Rating Yearbook and Directory. Beijing: Communication University of China Press.
52. Ward, A. (2002). Seoul Music Strives for a Global Audience. Financial Times 8:12.
53. Yan, L. (2000). ‘China.’ In S.A. Gunaratne (Ed.), Handbook of the Media in Asia (pp. 497–526). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
54. Yin, H. & Ran, R. (2001). The concept and strategies of brand-name TV shows in the media supermarket. South China Television Journal (5).
55. Xie, Y. & Tang, H. (2006). The 2006 Report of Chinese TV Entertainment. Modern Communication 6.
56. Xu, J. (2007). Brand-new lifestyle: consumer-oriented programmes on Chinese television. Media, Culture & Society 29(3): 363–376.
57. Zhao, Y. (2003). Transnational capital, the Chinese state, and China’s communication industries in a fractured society. Javnost-the Public 10(4): 53-74.
58. Zhao, Y. (2008). Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict. London and Toronto: Rowman and Littlefield.
59. Zhao, Y., & Schiller, D. (2001). Dances with wolves?: China’s integration into digital capitalism. Info 3(2): 137-151.
60. Zhou, X. P. (2006). New technology and strategies of media management. Presentation at The Third National Symposium of Media and Agriculture. Retrieved January 2008 at http://mediaforum.aweb.com.cn/2006/6/27/16331681.htm