Radio for All? An Intercultural Study on The Web Radio User Experiences of Turkish and Dutch Students
Yıl 2009,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 66 - 85, 01.10.2009
Kerem Rızvanoğlu
H Serhat Güney
M Emre Köksalan
Öz
This research investigates the intercultural web radio user experience of university students from Turkey and Netherlands. It is based on an original conceptual framework which combines a set of cultural value orientations derived from the literature of cultural anthropology and factors that determine the formation of radio cultures in these countries. The proposed conceptual framework is used to explicate the data provided by a three-step qualitative analysis of user experience: pre-experience, experience and post-experience. Different data collection instruments such as background questionnaire, think-aloud procedure, post-experience questionnaire and semi-structured interview are employed in the study. Findings suggest the notion that though some differentiating practices are observed at user experience level, the understanding and use of the web radio seems to be transformed towards a standardized listening practice
Kaynakça
- Ahıska, M. (2005). Radyonun Sihirli Kapısı, Garbiyatçılık ve Politik Öznellik. İstanbul: Metis.
- Blumler, J.G. (1992). Public Service Broadcasting before the Commercial Deluge. In Jay G.
- Blumler (Ed.). Television and the Public Interest, pp. 63-82, London: Sage.
- Bourges-Waldegg, P., Scrivener S. A. R. (2000). Applying and Testing an Approach to Design for Culturally Diverse User Groups. Interacting with Computers, Elsevier, 13(2): 111- 126.
- BridgeRatings LLC. (2007). Digital Media Growth Projections. http://www.bridgeratings.com/press_08,15,07-digitalprojectionsupd.htm.
- Cankaya, Ö. (1997). Dünden Bugüne Radyo Televizyon. İstanbul: Beta .
- Choong, Y.-Y. and Salvendy, G. (1998) Design of Icons for use by Chinese in mainland China, Interacting with Computers, Special Issue: Shared values and shared interfaces, 9(4): 417-430.
- Cormack, M. (1993). Problems of Minority Language Broadcasting: Gaelic in Scotland. European Journal of Communication, 8: 101-117.
- Crisell A, (1997). An Introductory History of British Broadcasting. London: Routledge.
- Daalmeijer, J. (2004). Public Service Broadcasting in the Netherlands. Trends in Communication. 12(1): 33-45.
- Dam, N. V., V. Evers ve F. Arts. (2005). Cultural User Experience Issues in E-Government: Designing for a Multi-Cultural Society. In Van den Besselaar, P. ve S. Koizumi. (Ed.). Digital Cities 3: Information Technologies For Social Capital–Cross Cultural Perspectives. Http://Hcs.Science.Uva.Nl/Usr/Evers/Dameversarts.Pdf .
- Desmet, P. (2002). Designing Emotions. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation), T/U Delft, the Netherlands.
- Dewey, J. (1934). Art as Experience. New York: Perigree.
- Dunaway, D. (2002). Community Radio at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Commercialism vs. Community Power. In Jankowski, N.W. (Ed.). Community Media in the Information AgePerspectives and Prospects, pp. 63-82, Cresskill, New Jersey: Hampton Press INC.
- Duran, R. (2000). Apoletli Medya, İstanbul: Belge. Enzensberger, H. M. (1974). The Consciousness Industry: on Literature, Politics and the Media, New York: Seabury.
- Ess, C., and Sudweeks, F. (2005). Culture and Computer-Mediated Communication: Toward New Understandings. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), article 9. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue1/ess.html.
- Evers, V. (1999). İntercultural Aspects of The Human Computer Interface. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Britain: Open University.
- Forlizzi J. and Battarbee, K. (2004). Understanding Experience in Interactive Systems. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, pp.261-268.
- Hall, E. (1959). The Silent Language, New York: Doubleday.
- Hendy, D. (2000). Radio in the Global Age, Cambridge: Polity press.
- Hilmes, M. (1997). Radio Voices: American Broadcasting (1922-1952), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
- Hofstede, G. (1996). Cultures and Organisations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Hollander, E. (1992). The Emergence of Small Scale Media. In Jankowski et al(Ed.). The people’s voice: Local radio and television in Europe, pp. 7-15, London: John Libbey.
- Kejanlıoğlu, B. (1998). 1980’lerden 90’lara Türkiye’de Radyo-Televizyon Yayıncılığı. Birikim, 110: 108-113.
- Kelly, M. (1984). Influences on Broadcasting Policies for Election Coverage. In Blumler, J.G. (Ed.). Communicating to Voters: Television in the First European Parliamentary Elections, pp.65- 82, London, Beverly Hills AND New Delhi: Sage.
- Kelly, G. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs, 1(2), London, UK: Routledge. Kroeber, A. L., Kluckhohn, C. (1954). A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions of Culture. New York: Random House.
- Lind, R.A. and Medoff, N.J. (1999). Radio stations and the World Wide Web. Journal of Radio Studies, 6(2), 203-221.
- Marcus, A. and E. W. Gould. (2000). User-Interface Design: Cultural Dimensions and Global Web Interactions, Interactions. 7(4): 32-46.
- McCarthy, J. and Wright, P. (2004). Technology as Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT-Press.
- McClung, S.R. (2001). College Radio Station Web Sites: Perceptions of Value and Use. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 56(1): 62-73.
- McQuail, D. (1992). The Netherlands: Freedom and Diversity under Multichannel Conditions. In Jay G. Blumler (Ed.). Television and the Public Interest, pp. 96-111, London: Sage.
- Moody A., Greer J. and Linn T. (2003). Public Radio Station Web Sites and Their Users, Journal of Radio Studies, 10(2): 255-263.
- Murphy, R. and Rayho, M. (1997). Characteristics of Radio Stations on the Web: A Pilot Study. Paper Presented at the meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, NV.
- Murphy, R. (1999). Determining the Value of Radio Station Web Sites: An Exploratory Study. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Tennesee: Knoxville.
- Mutlu, E. (1999). Televizyon ve Toplum, Ankara: TRT Basım ve Yayım Müdürlüğü. Pitts, M. J. and Harms, R. ( 2003). Radio Website as a Promotional tool, Journal of Radio Studies. 10 (2): 270-282.
- Potter R. (2002). Give People What They Want: Content analysis of FM radio station homepages. Journal of Broadcasting and Media, 46 (2): 169-394.
- Prehn, O. (1992). From Small Scale Utopianism to Large Scale Pragmatism. In N. W. Jankowski and al. (Ed.). The People’s Voice: Local Radio and Television in Europe, pp.247-268, London: John Libbey.
- Ren, W. and Chan-Olmsted, M. (2004). Radio Content on the World Wide Web: Comparing Streaming Radio Stations in the United States. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1): 6-25.
- Rose, N. (1999). Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Simon, S. J. (2001). The Impact of Culture and Gender on Web Sites: An Empirical Study. The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems. 32(1): 18-37.
- Taşer, C. (1969). Radyonun Organizasyonu ve Özerkliği, Ankara: TRT Basılı Yayınları.
- Triandis, H.C. (Ed.) (1972). The Analysis of Subjective Culture, New York: Wiley.
- Topuz, H. and al. (1990). Yarının Radyo Televizyon Düzeni, TÜSES & İLAD Ortak Yayını.
- Trompenaars, F. (1993). Riding the Waves of Culture, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. TUN3R (May 2008). FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions, www.tun3r.com .
- Van der Wurff, R. (2004). Supplying and Viewing Diversity. European Journal of Communication 19(2): 215-237.
- Van Selm M., Jankowski N. W. and Kleijn B.(2003). Dutch Web Radio as a Medium for Audience. In A. Crisell (Ed.). More Than a Music Box: Radio Cultures and Communities in a Multi-Media World, pp. 265-282, New York: Berghahn Books.
- Vatikiotis, P. (2004). Communication Theory and Alternative Media. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 1(2): 4-29.
- Vyas D. and van der Veer G. C. (2006). Conceptual Issues: Experience as Meaning: Some Underlying Concepts and Implications for Design. Proceedings of the 13th European conference on Cognitive Ergonomics: Trust and Control in Complex Socio-Technical Systems ECCE '06, Switzerland, pp. 81-91.
- Wieten, J. (1979). Media Pluralism: the Policy of the Dutch Government, Media, Culture & Society, I: 171-180.
- Wright. P., McCarthy, J. and MeekiSon, L. (2003). Making Sense of Experience, in M. Blythe (Ed.) Funology – From usability to enjoyment, pp.43-53, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Herkes için Radyo? Türk ve Hollandalı Öğrencilerin Web Radyo Kullanıcı Deneyimleri üzerine Kültürlerarası bir Araştırma
Yıl 2009,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 66 - 85, 01.10.2009
Kerem Rızvanoğlu
H Serhat Güney
M Emre Köksalan
Öz
Bu çalışma Türkiyeli ve Hollandalı üniversite öğrencilerinin kültürlerarası web radyo kullanıcı deneyimini incelemektedir. Araştırmamız, antropoloji literatürünün sunduğu kültürel değerler ve radyo kültürünün gelişim süreçlerine dayanan karşılıklı bağıntılı iki değişken seti etrafında şekillenen bir kavramsal analiz çerçevesi üzerine kurulmuştur. Önerilen bu kavramsal analiz çerçevesi ise üç aşamadan oluşan deneyim öncesi, deneyim ve deneyim sonrası çoklu yöntemli bir niteliksel araştırma sürecinden elde edilen verilerin yorumlanmasında kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, özellikle kullanıcı deneyimi düzeyinde karşımıza çıkan bazı ayırt edici pratiklere rağmen, web radyo kullanımı ve kavranışının, radyonun kişiselleştirilebilinir bir müzik kutusu olmakla nitelendiği bir dinleme alışkanlığına doğru yöneldiği ortaya çıkmaktadır
Kaynakça
- Ahıska, M. (2005). Radyonun Sihirli Kapısı, Garbiyatçılık ve Politik Öznellik. İstanbul: Metis.
- Blumler, J.G. (1992). Public Service Broadcasting before the Commercial Deluge. In Jay G.
- Blumler (Ed.). Television and the Public Interest, pp. 63-82, London: Sage.
- Bourges-Waldegg, P., Scrivener S. A. R. (2000). Applying and Testing an Approach to Design for Culturally Diverse User Groups. Interacting with Computers, Elsevier, 13(2): 111- 126.
- BridgeRatings LLC. (2007). Digital Media Growth Projections. http://www.bridgeratings.com/press_08,15,07-digitalprojectionsupd.htm.
- Cankaya, Ö. (1997). Dünden Bugüne Radyo Televizyon. İstanbul: Beta .
- Choong, Y.-Y. and Salvendy, G. (1998) Design of Icons for use by Chinese in mainland China, Interacting with Computers, Special Issue: Shared values and shared interfaces, 9(4): 417-430.
- Cormack, M. (1993). Problems of Minority Language Broadcasting: Gaelic in Scotland. European Journal of Communication, 8: 101-117.
- Crisell A, (1997). An Introductory History of British Broadcasting. London: Routledge.
- Daalmeijer, J. (2004). Public Service Broadcasting in the Netherlands. Trends in Communication. 12(1): 33-45.
- Dam, N. V., V. Evers ve F. Arts. (2005). Cultural User Experience Issues in E-Government: Designing for a Multi-Cultural Society. In Van den Besselaar, P. ve S. Koizumi. (Ed.). Digital Cities 3: Information Technologies For Social Capital–Cross Cultural Perspectives. Http://Hcs.Science.Uva.Nl/Usr/Evers/Dameversarts.Pdf .
- Desmet, P. (2002). Designing Emotions. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation), T/U Delft, the Netherlands.
- Dewey, J. (1934). Art as Experience. New York: Perigree.
- Dunaway, D. (2002). Community Radio at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Commercialism vs. Community Power. In Jankowski, N.W. (Ed.). Community Media in the Information AgePerspectives and Prospects, pp. 63-82, Cresskill, New Jersey: Hampton Press INC.
- Duran, R. (2000). Apoletli Medya, İstanbul: Belge. Enzensberger, H. M. (1974). The Consciousness Industry: on Literature, Politics and the Media, New York: Seabury.
- Ess, C., and Sudweeks, F. (2005). Culture and Computer-Mediated Communication: Toward New Understandings. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), article 9. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue1/ess.html.
- Evers, V. (1999). İntercultural Aspects of The Human Computer Interface. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Britain: Open University.
- Forlizzi J. and Battarbee, K. (2004). Understanding Experience in Interactive Systems. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, pp.261-268.
- Hall, E. (1959). The Silent Language, New York: Doubleday.
- Hendy, D. (2000). Radio in the Global Age, Cambridge: Polity press.
- Hilmes, M. (1997). Radio Voices: American Broadcasting (1922-1952), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
- Hofstede, G. (1996). Cultures and Organisations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Hollander, E. (1992). The Emergence of Small Scale Media. In Jankowski et al(Ed.). The people’s voice: Local radio and television in Europe, pp. 7-15, London: John Libbey.
- Kejanlıoğlu, B. (1998). 1980’lerden 90’lara Türkiye’de Radyo-Televizyon Yayıncılığı. Birikim, 110: 108-113.
- Kelly, M. (1984). Influences on Broadcasting Policies for Election Coverage. In Blumler, J.G. (Ed.). Communicating to Voters: Television in the First European Parliamentary Elections, pp.65- 82, London, Beverly Hills AND New Delhi: Sage.
- Kelly, G. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs, 1(2), London, UK: Routledge. Kroeber, A. L., Kluckhohn, C. (1954). A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions of Culture. New York: Random House.
- Lind, R.A. and Medoff, N.J. (1999). Radio stations and the World Wide Web. Journal of Radio Studies, 6(2), 203-221.
- Marcus, A. and E. W. Gould. (2000). User-Interface Design: Cultural Dimensions and Global Web Interactions, Interactions. 7(4): 32-46.
- McCarthy, J. and Wright, P. (2004). Technology as Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT-Press.
- McClung, S.R. (2001). College Radio Station Web Sites: Perceptions of Value and Use. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 56(1): 62-73.
- McQuail, D. (1992). The Netherlands: Freedom and Diversity under Multichannel Conditions. In Jay G. Blumler (Ed.). Television and the Public Interest, pp. 96-111, London: Sage.
- Moody A., Greer J. and Linn T. (2003). Public Radio Station Web Sites and Their Users, Journal of Radio Studies, 10(2): 255-263.
- Murphy, R. and Rayho, M. (1997). Characteristics of Radio Stations on the Web: A Pilot Study. Paper Presented at the meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, NV.
- Murphy, R. (1999). Determining the Value of Radio Station Web Sites: An Exploratory Study. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Tennesee: Knoxville.
- Mutlu, E. (1999). Televizyon ve Toplum, Ankara: TRT Basım ve Yayım Müdürlüğü. Pitts, M. J. and Harms, R. ( 2003). Radio Website as a Promotional tool, Journal of Radio Studies. 10 (2): 270-282.
- Potter R. (2002). Give People What They Want: Content analysis of FM radio station homepages. Journal of Broadcasting and Media, 46 (2): 169-394.
- Prehn, O. (1992). From Small Scale Utopianism to Large Scale Pragmatism. In N. W. Jankowski and al. (Ed.). The People’s Voice: Local Radio and Television in Europe, pp.247-268, London: John Libbey.
- Ren, W. and Chan-Olmsted, M. (2004). Radio Content on the World Wide Web: Comparing Streaming Radio Stations in the United States. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1): 6-25.
- Rose, N. (1999). Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Simon, S. J. (2001). The Impact of Culture and Gender on Web Sites: An Empirical Study. The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems. 32(1): 18-37.
- Taşer, C. (1969). Radyonun Organizasyonu ve Özerkliği, Ankara: TRT Basılı Yayınları.
- Triandis, H.C. (Ed.) (1972). The Analysis of Subjective Culture, New York: Wiley.
- Topuz, H. and al. (1990). Yarının Radyo Televizyon Düzeni, TÜSES & İLAD Ortak Yayını.
- Trompenaars, F. (1993). Riding the Waves of Culture, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. TUN3R (May 2008). FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions, www.tun3r.com .
- Van der Wurff, R. (2004). Supplying and Viewing Diversity. European Journal of Communication 19(2): 215-237.
- Van Selm M., Jankowski N. W. and Kleijn B.(2003). Dutch Web Radio as a Medium for Audience. In A. Crisell (Ed.). More Than a Music Box: Radio Cultures and Communities in a Multi-Media World, pp. 265-282, New York: Berghahn Books.
- Vatikiotis, P. (2004). Communication Theory and Alternative Media. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 1(2): 4-29.
- Vyas D. and van der Veer G. C. (2006). Conceptual Issues: Experience as Meaning: Some Underlying Concepts and Implications for Design. Proceedings of the 13th European conference on Cognitive Ergonomics: Trust and Control in Complex Socio-Technical Systems ECCE '06, Switzerland, pp. 81-91.
- Wieten, J. (1979). Media Pluralism: the Policy of the Dutch Government, Media, Culture & Society, I: 171-180.
- Wright. P., McCarthy, J. and MeekiSon, L. (2003). Making Sense of Experience, in M. Blythe (Ed.) Funology – From usability to enjoyment, pp.43-53, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers