KİTLENİN PSİKOLOJİSİ YA DA SOSYAL PSİKOLOJİNİN 'KİTLE'Sİ: KİTLEDE YENİ BİR ANLAYlŞA DOGRU

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 197 - 210, 01.01.2003

Aysel Gürel Kayaoğlu

Öz

Bu makale. sosyal psikolojik çalışma nesnesi olarak 'kitle davranışı'nın, kuramsal açıdan nasıl bir tarihsel seyir izlediğini konu etmektedir. Daha ôzgul olarak; bu makale, kitle hakkında ortaya çıkan yeni anlayışın tarihsel bir arkaplanla birlikte verilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Yazının içeriğinden de anlaşılabileceği gibi. sosyal psikolojide kitle davranışını açıklama çabalarını. genelde bilimsel bir disiplin olarak sosyal psikolojinin tarihsel gelişiminin ana ekseni olan 'birey-grup' ikiliği üzerinde temellendirmek olasıdır. Öncelikle, J9. yüzyılın sonları ve 20. yüzyılın başlarında ileri sürülen ilk kitle kuramları kısaca ele alınmış ve bunların kitle davranışı hakkındaki temel kuramsal öncülleri ortaya konmuştur. Daha sonra, grup zihni yaklaşımı ve bireyselci yaklaşımın yaptığı bağlamdan kopuk analizlerin tersine. kitle davranışını yer aldığı bağlam içinde analiz etme iddiasında olan sosyal kimlik yaklaşımı değerlendirilmiştir. Kitle davranışını sosyal kimlik yaklaşımı içinde anlamaya yönelik kuramsal çabalar, kitleye ilişkin Sosyal Kimlik Modeli SKM ve kitleye ilişkin Geliştirilmiş Sosyal Kimlik Modeli GSKM çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kitle. grup zihni, bireylik yitimi, sosyal kimlik. sosyal ôzdeşleşme. sosyal değişme.

CROWD PSYCHOLOGY OR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY'S 'CROWD': TOWARD A NEW UNDERSTANDlNG ON CROWD

Öz

This artiele examines how crowd behaviour as an object study of social psychology shows a historical development in terms oftheory. Specifically, this paper aims that a new understanding of crowd has undertaken together with a historical background. As is seen from the content ofthe article. it is possible to evaluate all efforts ofexplanations about crowd behaviours on the "individual vs. group" dichotomy. In the article. first, the crowd theories- which have been proposed at the end ofthe J9. century and the beginning of the 20. century- are examined and their assumptions about crowd behaviour are discussed. And then, unlike 'group mind' and 'individualist' approaches which divorce social phenomenon from its context, social identity approach which claims to make analysis of social phenomenon in its context is scrutinised. Theoretical efforts which are made to understand crowd behaviour within social identity approach are discussed in the frame of Social Identity Model of crowd behaviour SIM and Elaborated Social Identity Model ESIM ofcrowd behaviour.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Crowd, group mind, deindividuation, social identity, social identification, social change.

Kaynakça

• Allport, F. (1924). Social Pyschology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (1~99). The intergroup dynamics of collective empowerment: Substantiating the social identity model of crowd behavior. Group Processes and lntergroup relations, 2, 1-22.
• Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2000). Collective action and psychological change: The emergence of new social identities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 579-604.
• Festinger, L., Pepitone, A., & Newcomb, T. (1952). Some consequences of deindividuation in a group. Journal ofAbnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 382-389.
• Freud, S. (1993). Toplum PSikolojisi. (Çev.) Kemal Saydam. İstanbul: Düşünen Adam Yayınları.
• Hogg, M. A. & Abrams, D. (1988). Socialldentifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. London: Routledge. Le Bon, G. (189511999). Kitleler Psikolojisi. (Çev.) Tolga Sağlam. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları
• Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (1998). Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bul/etin, 123,238-259.
• Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1998). Breaching or building social boundaries? SIDE-effects of computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 25,689-715.
• Reicher, S. (1982). The determination of collective behavior. İçinde: H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
• Reicher, S. (1984a). The St Paul's 'riot': An explanation of the limits of crowd action in terms of a social identity modeL. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 1-21.
• Reicher, S. (1984b). Social influence in the crowd: Attitudinal and behavioral effects of deindividuation in conditions of high and low group salience. British Journal ofSocial Psychology, 23,341-350.
• Reicher, S. (1987). Crowd behavior as social action. İçinde: J. C. Tumer with M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher & M. S. Wetherell (Eds.), Rediscovering Social Group: A SelfCategorization Theory. Oxford: BlackwelL.
• Reicher. S. (1996a). Social identity and social change:..Rethinking the context of social psychology. İçinde: W. P. Robinson (Ed.), Social Groups and Identities: developing the Legacy ofHenri Tajfel. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Reicher, s. (1996b). 'The Battle of Westminster': Developing the social identity model of crowd behavior in order to explain the initiation and development of collective conflict. European Journal ofSocial Psychology, 26, 115-134.
• Reicher, S. (2001). The psychology of crowd dynamics. İçinde: M. A. Hogg & R. S. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwel/ Handbook ofSocial Psychology: Group Processes. Oxford: BlackwelL.
• Reicher, S., & Levine, M. (1994). Deindivuduation, power relations between groups and the expression of social identity: The effects of visibi1ity to the outgroup. Britishjournal ofSocial Psychology, 33, 145-163.
• Spears, R., Lea, M., & Lee, S. (1990). De-individuation and group polarization in computer-mediated communication. British Journal ofSocial Psychology, 29, 121-134.
• Stott, C. & Reicher, S. (1998). How conflict escalates: The inter-group dynamics of collective football crowd 'violence'. Sociology, 32,2,353-377.
• Tajfel, H. (1978). Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. İçinde: H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation Between Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology ofIntergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
• Tumer, J. C. with Hogg, M.A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D. & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering Social Group: A SelfCategorization Theory. Oxford: BlackwelL.
• Tumer, R. & Killian, L. (1987). Collective Behavior. (3rd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Zimbardo, P.O. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. İçinde: W.J. Amold & D. Levine (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln, NE:University of Nebraska Press.