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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES: A PANEL FOURIER CAUSALITY ANALYSIS

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 194 - 210, 31.01.2026

Fatih Akın , Selin Dinçer

Öz

Income inequality and sustainable development are two fundamental issues at the heart of economic policies in both developed and developing countries in recent years. When the impact of economic growth on social welfare is not supported by a fair distribution of income, the sustainability of development becomes questionable. In societies with high income inequality, social stability weakens, economic opportunities shrink, individuals' ability to realize their potential decreases, and the effectiveness of environmental policies is limited. In this context, ensuring fairness in income distribution is seen as a critical element affecting not only economic growth but also sustainable development in its environmental and social dimensions. This study analyzes the relationship between income inequality and sustainable development for six countries in the Latin American region (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru) between 1990-2022 using the Panel Fourier Granger causality method. The GINI coefficient is used as an indicator of income inequality, and the Sustainable Development Index (SDI) is used as an indicator of sustainable development. The findings obtained at the panel level reveal a bidirectional causal relationship between income inequality and sustainable development. When evaluated on a country-by-country basis, a unidirectional causality from sustainable development to income inequality was found in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia, while a unidirectional causality from income inequality to sustainable development was found in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. These results indicate that reducing income inequality supports sustainable development and that sustainable development policies can also have an impact on income distribution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sustainable Development Income Inequality Latin American Countries Fourier Causality Method

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Alesina, A., & Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Anand, S., & Kanbur, S. R. (1993). The Kuznets process and the inequality—development relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 40(1), 25-52.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), 5-32.
  • Berigel, S., & Eroğlu, İ. (2025). N-11 ülkelerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve BM sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi ilişkisi: Dumıtrescu-Hurlın panel nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 40-56.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Brueckner, M., & Lederman, D. (2015). Effects of income inequality on aggregate output. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7317).
  • Crespo Cuaresma, J., Kubala, J., & Petrikova, K. (2018). Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence. Empirical Economics, 55(2), 905-912.
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2010). Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk. Istanbul University Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 59, 89-132.
  • Davis, L. S. (2007). Explaining the evidence on inequality and growth: informality and redistribution. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 7(1), 1-35.
  • Deininger, K., & Squire, L. (1996). A new data set measuring income inequality. The World Bank Economic Review, 10(3), 565-591.
  • Dinçer, S. & Kazancı, B. A. (2023). Küreselleşme bağlamında yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. In E. E. Kaya & M. S. Ö. Özcan (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda küreselleşme, siyaset ve uluslararası sistem (ss. 79-95). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & C. Hurlin. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • ECLAC (2025). ECLAC and UNDP present new multidimensional poverty ındex for Latin America. https://www.cepal.org/en/news/eclac-and-undp-present-new-multidimensional-poverty-index-latin-america Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Enders,W., & Jones, P. (2016). Grain prices, oil prices and multiple smooth breaks in a var. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Forbes, K. J. (2000). A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth. American Economic Review, 90(4), 869-887.
  • Frederick Solt (2025). Standardized world income inequality database, https://fsolt.org/swiid/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025.
  • Gatecenter (2025). Who funds well-being in the global South? New partnerships to sustain social protection in Latin America. https://gatecenter.org/en/who-funds-well-being-in-the-global-south-new-partnerships-to-sustain-social-protection-in-latin-america/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarla sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkinma. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 196-215.
  • Gu, X., & Tam, P. S. (2013). The saving–growth–inequality triangle in China. Economic Modelling, 33, 850-857.
  • Hickel, J. (2020). The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene. Ecological economics, 167, 106331.
  • Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., Ali, M., Turner, J. J., & Somasundram, S. A. (2023). Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100348.
  • Jabareen, Y. (2008). A new conceptual framework for sustainable development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10(2), 179-192.
  • Jalles, J. T. (2011). Growth, poverty, and inequality: Evidence from post-communist economies. Journal of Poverty, 15(3), 277-308.
  • Kaldor, N. (1955). Alternative theories of distribution. The Review of Economic Studies, 23(2), 83-100.
  • Khan, S., Yahong, W., & Zeeshan, A. (2022). Impact of poverty and income inequality on the ecological footprint in Asian developing economies: Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals. Energy Reports, 8, 670-679.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. In Capital formation and economic growth (pp. 19-111). Princeton University Press.
  • Li, H., & Zou, H. F. (1998). Income inequality is not harmful for growth: Theory and evidence. Review of Development Economics, 2(3), 318-334.
  • Malinen, T. (2012). Estimating the long-run relationship between income inequality and economic development. Empirical Economics, 42(1), 209-233.
  • Mulugeta Woldegiorgis, M. (2022). Inequality, social protection policy, and inclusion: pertinent theories and empirical evidence. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 24(2), 241-265.
  • Nazlıoğlu, S., & Karul, C. (2017). Panel LM unit root test with gradual structural shifts. 40th International Panel Data Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-26.
  • Nosratabadi, S., Atobishi, T., & Hegedűs, S. (2023). Social sustainability of digital transformation: Empirical evidence from EU-27 countries. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 126.
  • OECD (2024). Income inequality. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/income-inequality.html Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Öztürk, L. (2012). Türkiye’de bölgesel eşitsizliğin sektörel dinamikleri: Bir ayrıştırma analizi, 1987-2001. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(2), 149-159.
  • Öztürk, N., & Göktolga, Z. G. (2010). Yoksulluk ve gelir bölüşümünü belirlemede kullanılan ölçütler. Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, 2(34), 3-25.
  • Paukert, F. (1973). Income distribution at different levels of development: A survey of evidence. International Labour Review, 108, 97-125.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias adjusted Lm test of error cross section ındependence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Phimphanthavong, H. (2014). The determinants of sustainable development in Laos. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 3(1).
  • Robinson, S. (1976). A note on the U hypothesis relating income inequality and economic development. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 437-440.
  • Seo, H. J., Kim, H., & Lee, Y. S. (2020). The dynamic relationship between inequality and sustainable economic growth. Sustainability, 12(14), 5740.
  • Taban, S. (2017). The relationship between income distribution and development: the case of Turkey. Journal of Life Economics, 4(2), 9-16.
  • The Sustainable Development Index (2025). https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Ullah, A., Khan, S., & Pinglu, C. (2024). Income distribution and sustainable development nexus: Fostering poverty reduction and integrated sustainability amidst multi-dimensional regional integration. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100159.
  • Voitchovsky, S. (2005). Does the profile of income inequality matter for economic growth? Distinguishing between the effects of inequality in different parts of the income distribution. Journal of Economic Growth, 10(3), 273-296.
  • Warchold, A., Pradhan, P., & Kropp, J. P. (2021). Variations in sustainable development goal interactions: Population, regional, and income disaggregation. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 285-299.
  • World Bank (2025). Poverty and Equity Briefs. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/poverty-and-equity-briefs Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2025.
  • Yılancı, V., & Kılcı, E. N. (2021). The Feldstein-horioka puzzle for the next Eleven countries: A panel data analysis with fourier functions. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(3), 341-364.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 194 - 210, 31.01.2026

Fatih Akın , Selin Dinçer

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Alesina, A., & Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Anand, S., & Kanbur, S. R. (1993). The Kuznets process and the inequality—development relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 40(1), 25-52.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), 5-32.
  • Berigel, S., & Eroğlu, İ. (2025). N-11 ülkelerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve BM sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi ilişkisi: Dumıtrescu-Hurlın panel nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 40-56.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Brueckner, M., & Lederman, D. (2015). Effects of income inequality on aggregate output. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7317).
  • Crespo Cuaresma, J., Kubala, J., & Petrikova, K. (2018). Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence. Empirical Economics, 55(2), 905-912.
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2010). Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk. Istanbul University Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 59, 89-132.
  • Davis, L. S. (2007). Explaining the evidence on inequality and growth: informality and redistribution. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 7(1), 1-35.
  • Deininger, K., & Squire, L. (1996). A new data set measuring income inequality. The World Bank Economic Review, 10(3), 565-591.
  • Dinçer, S. & Kazancı, B. A. (2023). Küreselleşme bağlamında yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. In E. E. Kaya & M. S. Ö. Özcan (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda küreselleşme, siyaset ve uluslararası sistem (ss. 79-95). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & C. Hurlin. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • ECLAC (2025). ECLAC and UNDP present new multidimensional poverty ındex for Latin America. https://www.cepal.org/en/news/eclac-and-undp-present-new-multidimensional-poverty-index-latin-america Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Enders,W., & Jones, P. (2016). Grain prices, oil prices and multiple smooth breaks in a var. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Forbes, K. J. (2000). A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth. American Economic Review, 90(4), 869-887.
  • Frederick Solt (2025). Standardized world income inequality database, https://fsolt.org/swiid/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025.
  • Gatecenter (2025). Who funds well-being in the global South? New partnerships to sustain social protection in Latin America. https://gatecenter.org/en/who-funds-well-being-in-the-global-south-new-partnerships-to-sustain-social-protection-in-latin-america/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarla sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkinma. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 196-215.
  • Gu, X., & Tam, P. S. (2013). The saving–growth–inequality triangle in China. Economic Modelling, 33, 850-857.
  • Hickel, J. (2020). The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene. Ecological economics, 167, 106331.
  • Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., Ali, M., Turner, J. J., & Somasundram, S. A. (2023). Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100348.
  • Jabareen, Y. (2008). A new conceptual framework for sustainable development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10(2), 179-192.
  • Jalles, J. T. (2011). Growth, poverty, and inequality: Evidence from post-communist economies. Journal of Poverty, 15(3), 277-308.
  • Kaldor, N. (1955). Alternative theories of distribution. The Review of Economic Studies, 23(2), 83-100.
  • Khan, S., Yahong, W., & Zeeshan, A. (2022). Impact of poverty and income inequality on the ecological footprint in Asian developing economies: Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals. Energy Reports, 8, 670-679.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. In Capital formation and economic growth (pp. 19-111). Princeton University Press.
  • Li, H., & Zou, H. F. (1998). Income inequality is not harmful for growth: Theory and evidence. Review of Development Economics, 2(3), 318-334.
  • Malinen, T. (2012). Estimating the long-run relationship between income inequality and economic development. Empirical Economics, 42(1), 209-233.
  • Mulugeta Woldegiorgis, M. (2022). Inequality, social protection policy, and inclusion: pertinent theories and empirical evidence. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 24(2), 241-265.
  • Nazlıoğlu, S., & Karul, C. (2017). Panel LM unit root test with gradual structural shifts. 40th International Panel Data Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-26.
  • Nosratabadi, S., Atobishi, T., & Hegedűs, S. (2023). Social sustainability of digital transformation: Empirical evidence from EU-27 countries. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 126.
  • OECD (2024). Income inequality. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/income-inequality.html Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Öztürk, L. (2012). Türkiye’de bölgesel eşitsizliğin sektörel dinamikleri: Bir ayrıştırma analizi, 1987-2001. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(2), 149-159.
  • Öztürk, N., & Göktolga, Z. G. (2010). Yoksulluk ve gelir bölüşümünü belirlemede kullanılan ölçütler. Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, 2(34), 3-25.
  • Paukert, F. (1973). Income distribution at different levels of development: A survey of evidence. International Labour Review, 108, 97-125.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias adjusted Lm test of error cross section ındependence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Phimphanthavong, H. (2014). The determinants of sustainable development in Laos. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 3(1).
  • Robinson, S. (1976). A note on the U hypothesis relating income inequality and economic development. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 437-440.
  • Seo, H. J., Kim, H., & Lee, Y. S. (2020). The dynamic relationship between inequality and sustainable economic growth. Sustainability, 12(14), 5740.
  • Taban, S. (2017). The relationship between income distribution and development: the case of Turkey. Journal of Life Economics, 4(2), 9-16.
  • The Sustainable Development Index (2025). https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Ullah, A., Khan, S., & Pinglu, C. (2024). Income distribution and sustainable development nexus: Fostering poverty reduction and integrated sustainability amidst multi-dimensional regional integration. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100159.
  • Voitchovsky, S. (2005). Does the profile of income inequality matter for economic growth? Distinguishing between the effects of inequality in different parts of the income distribution. Journal of Economic Growth, 10(3), 273-296.
  • Warchold, A., Pradhan, P., & Kropp, J. P. (2021). Variations in sustainable development goal interactions: Population, regional, and income disaggregation. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 285-299.
  • World Bank (2025). Poverty and Equity Briefs. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/poverty-and-equity-briefs Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2025.
  • Yılancı, V., & Kılcı, E. N. (2021). The Feldstein-horioka puzzle for the next Eleven countries: A panel data analysis with fourier functions. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(3), 341-364.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 194 - 210, 31.01.2026

Fatih Akın , Selin Dinçer

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Alesina, A., & Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Anand, S., & Kanbur, S. R. (1993). The Kuznets process and the inequality—development relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 40(1), 25-52.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), 5-32.
  • Berigel, S., & Eroğlu, İ. (2025). N-11 ülkelerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve BM sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi ilişkisi: Dumıtrescu-Hurlın panel nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 40-56.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Brueckner, M., & Lederman, D. (2015). Effects of income inequality on aggregate output. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7317).
  • Crespo Cuaresma, J., Kubala, J., & Petrikova, K. (2018). Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence. Empirical Economics, 55(2), 905-912.
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2010). Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk. Istanbul University Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 59, 89-132.
  • Davis, L. S. (2007). Explaining the evidence on inequality and growth: informality and redistribution. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 7(1), 1-35.
  • Deininger, K., & Squire, L. (1996). A new data set measuring income inequality. The World Bank Economic Review, 10(3), 565-591.
  • Dinçer, S. & Kazancı, B. A. (2023). Küreselleşme bağlamında yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. In E. E. Kaya & M. S. Ö. Özcan (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda küreselleşme, siyaset ve uluslararası sistem (ss. 79-95). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & C. Hurlin. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • ECLAC (2025). ECLAC and UNDP present new multidimensional poverty ındex for Latin America. https://www.cepal.org/en/news/eclac-and-undp-present-new-multidimensional-poverty-index-latin-america Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Enders,W., & Jones, P. (2016). Grain prices, oil prices and multiple smooth breaks in a var. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Forbes, K. J. (2000). A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth. American Economic Review, 90(4), 869-887.
  • Frederick Solt (2025). Standardized world income inequality database, https://fsolt.org/swiid/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025.
  • Gatecenter (2025). Who funds well-being in the global South? New partnerships to sustain social protection in Latin America. https://gatecenter.org/en/who-funds-well-being-in-the-global-south-new-partnerships-to-sustain-social-protection-in-latin-america/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarla sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkinma. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 196-215.
  • Gu, X., & Tam, P. S. (2013). The saving–growth–inequality triangle in China. Economic Modelling, 33, 850-857.
  • Hickel, J. (2020). The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene. Ecological economics, 167, 106331.
  • Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., Ali, M., Turner, J. J., & Somasundram, S. A. (2023). Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100348.
  • Jabareen, Y. (2008). A new conceptual framework for sustainable development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10(2), 179-192.
  • Jalles, J. T. (2011). Growth, poverty, and inequality: Evidence from post-communist economies. Journal of Poverty, 15(3), 277-308.
  • Kaldor, N. (1955). Alternative theories of distribution. The Review of Economic Studies, 23(2), 83-100.
  • Khan, S., Yahong, W., & Zeeshan, A. (2022). Impact of poverty and income inequality on the ecological footprint in Asian developing economies: Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals. Energy Reports, 8, 670-679.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. In Capital formation and economic growth (pp. 19-111). Princeton University Press.
  • Li, H., & Zou, H. F. (1998). Income inequality is not harmful for growth: Theory and evidence. Review of Development Economics, 2(3), 318-334.
  • Malinen, T. (2012). Estimating the long-run relationship between income inequality and economic development. Empirical Economics, 42(1), 209-233.
  • Mulugeta Woldegiorgis, M. (2022). Inequality, social protection policy, and inclusion: pertinent theories and empirical evidence. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 24(2), 241-265.
  • Nazlıoğlu, S., & Karul, C. (2017). Panel LM unit root test with gradual structural shifts. 40th International Panel Data Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-26.
  • Nosratabadi, S., Atobishi, T., & Hegedűs, S. (2023). Social sustainability of digital transformation: Empirical evidence from EU-27 countries. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 126.
  • OECD (2024). Income inequality. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/income-inequality.html Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Öztürk, L. (2012). Türkiye’de bölgesel eşitsizliğin sektörel dinamikleri: Bir ayrıştırma analizi, 1987-2001. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(2), 149-159.
  • Öztürk, N., & Göktolga, Z. G. (2010). Yoksulluk ve gelir bölüşümünü belirlemede kullanılan ölçütler. Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, 2(34), 3-25.
  • Paukert, F. (1973). Income distribution at different levels of development: A survey of evidence. International Labour Review, 108, 97-125.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias adjusted Lm test of error cross section ındependence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Phimphanthavong, H. (2014). The determinants of sustainable development in Laos. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 3(1).
  • Robinson, S. (1976). A note on the U hypothesis relating income inequality and economic development. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 437-440.
  • Seo, H. J., Kim, H., & Lee, Y. S. (2020). The dynamic relationship between inequality and sustainable economic growth. Sustainability, 12(14), 5740.
  • Taban, S. (2017). The relationship between income distribution and development: the case of Turkey. Journal of Life Economics, 4(2), 9-16.
  • The Sustainable Development Index (2025). https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Ullah, A., Khan, S., & Pinglu, C. (2024). Income distribution and sustainable development nexus: Fostering poverty reduction and integrated sustainability amidst multi-dimensional regional integration. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100159.
  • Voitchovsky, S. (2005). Does the profile of income inequality matter for economic growth? Distinguishing between the effects of inequality in different parts of the income distribution. Journal of Economic Growth, 10(3), 273-296.
  • Warchold, A., Pradhan, P., & Kropp, J. P. (2021). Variations in sustainable development goal interactions: Population, regional, and income disaggregation. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 285-299.
  • World Bank (2025). Poverty and Equity Briefs. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/poverty-and-equity-briefs Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2025.
  • Yılancı, V., & Kılcı, E. N. (2021). The Feldstein-horioka puzzle for the next Eleven countries: A panel data analysis with fourier functions. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(3), 341-364.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 194 - 210, 31.01.2026

Fatih Akın , Selin Dinçer

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Alesina, A., & Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Anand, S., & Kanbur, S. R. (1993). The Kuznets process and the inequality—development relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 40(1), 25-52.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), 5-32.
  • Berigel, S., & Eroğlu, İ. (2025). N-11 ülkelerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve BM sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi ilişkisi: Dumıtrescu-Hurlın panel nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 40-56.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Brueckner, M., & Lederman, D. (2015). Effects of income inequality on aggregate output. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7317).
  • Crespo Cuaresma, J., Kubala, J., & Petrikova, K. (2018). Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence. Empirical Economics, 55(2), 905-912.
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2010). Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk. Istanbul University Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 59, 89-132.
  • Davis, L. S. (2007). Explaining the evidence on inequality and growth: informality and redistribution. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 7(1), 1-35.
  • Deininger, K., & Squire, L. (1996). A new data set measuring income inequality. The World Bank Economic Review, 10(3), 565-591.
  • Dinçer, S. & Kazancı, B. A. (2023). Küreselleşme bağlamında yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. In E. E. Kaya & M. S. Ö. Özcan (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda küreselleşme, siyaset ve uluslararası sistem (ss. 79-95). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & C. Hurlin. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • ECLAC (2025). ECLAC and UNDP present new multidimensional poverty ındex for Latin America. https://www.cepal.org/en/news/eclac-and-undp-present-new-multidimensional-poverty-index-latin-america Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Enders,W., & Jones, P. (2016). Grain prices, oil prices and multiple smooth breaks in a var. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Forbes, K. J. (2000). A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth. American Economic Review, 90(4), 869-887.
  • Frederick Solt (2025). Standardized world income inequality database, https://fsolt.org/swiid/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025.
  • Gatecenter (2025). Who funds well-being in the global South? New partnerships to sustain social protection in Latin America. https://gatecenter.org/en/who-funds-well-being-in-the-global-south-new-partnerships-to-sustain-social-protection-in-latin-america/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarla sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkinma. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 196-215.
  • Gu, X., & Tam, P. S. (2013). The saving–growth–inequality triangle in China. Economic Modelling, 33, 850-857.
  • Hickel, J. (2020). The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene. Ecological economics, 167, 106331.
  • Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., Ali, M., Turner, J. J., & Somasundram, S. A. (2023). Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100348.
  • Jabareen, Y. (2008). A new conceptual framework for sustainable development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10(2), 179-192.
  • Jalles, J. T. (2011). Growth, poverty, and inequality: Evidence from post-communist economies. Journal of Poverty, 15(3), 277-308.
  • Kaldor, N. (1955). Alternative theories of distribution. The Review of Economic Studies, 23(2), 83-100.
  • Khan, S., Yahong, W., & Zeeshan, A. (2022). Impact of poverty and income inequality on the ecological footprint in Asian developing economies: Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals. Energy Reports, 8, 670-679.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. In Capital formation and economic growth (pp. 19-111). Princeton University Press.
  • Li, H., & Zou, H. F. (1998). Income inequality is not harmful for growth: Theory and evidence. Review of Development Economics, 2(3), 318-334.
  • Malinen, T. (2012). Estimating the long-run relationship between income inequality and economic development. Empirical Economics, 42(1), 209-233.
  • Mulugeta Woldegiorgis, M. (2022). Inequality, social protection policy, and inclusion: pertinent theories and empirical evidence. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 24(2), 241-265.
  • Nazlıoğlu, S., & Karul, C. (2017). Panel LM unit root test with gradual structural shifts. 40th International Panel Data Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-26.
  • Nosratabadi, S., Atobishi, T., & Hegedűs, S. (2023). Social sustainability of digital transformation: Empirical evidence from EU-27 countries. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 126.
  • OECD (2024). Income inequality. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/income-inequality.html Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Öztürk, L. (2012). Türkiye’de bölgesel eşitsizliğin sektörel dinamikleri: Bir ayrıştırma analizi, 1987-2001. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(2), 149-159.
  • Öztürk, N., & Göktolga, Z. G. (2010). Yoksulluk ve gelir bölüşümünü belirlemede kullanılan ölçütler. Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, 2(34), 3-25.
  • Paukert, F. (1973). Income distribution at different levels of development: A survey of evidence. International Labour Review, 108, 97-125.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias adjusted Lm test of error cross section ındependence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Phimphanthavong, H. (2014). The determinants of sustainable development in Laos. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 3(1).
  • Robinson, S. (1976). A note on the U hypothesis relating income inequality and economic development. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 437-440.
  • Seo, H. J., Kim, H., & Lee, Y. S. (2020). The dynamic relationship between inequality and sustainable economic growth. Sustainability, 12(14), 5740.
  • Taban, S. (2017). The relationship between income distribution and development: the case of Turkey. Journal of Life Economics, 4(2), 9-16.
  • The Sustainable Development Index (2025). https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Ullah, A., Khan, S., & Pinglu, C. (2024). Income distribution and sustainable development nexus: Fostering poverty reduction and integrated sustainability amidst multi-dimensional regional integration. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100159.
  • Voitchovsky, S. (2005). Does the profile of income inequality matter for economic growth? Distinguishing between the effects of inequality in different parts of the income distribution. Journal of Economic Growth, 10(3), 273-296.
  • Warchold, A., Pradhan, P., & Kropp, J. P. (2021). Variations in sustainable development goal interactions: Population, regional, and income disaggregation. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 285-299.
  • World Bank (2025). Poverty and Equity Briefs. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/poverty-and-equity-briefs Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2025.
  • Yılancı, V., & Kılcı, E. N. (2021). The Feldstein-horioka puzzle for the next Eleven countries: A panel data analysis with fourier functions. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(3), 341-364.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 194 - 210, 31.01.2026

Fatih Akın , Selin Dinçer

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Alesina, A., & Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Anand, S., & Kanbur, S. R. (1993). The Kuznets process and the inequality—development relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 40(1), 25-52.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), 5-32.
  • Berigel, S., & Eroğlu, İ. (2025). N-11 ülkelerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve BM sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi ilişkisi: Dumıtrescu-Hurlın panel nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 40-56.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Brueckner, M., & Lederman, D. (2015). Effects of income inequality on aggregate output. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7317).
  • Crespo Cuaresma, J., Kubala, J., & Petrikova, K. (2018). Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence. Empirical Economics, 55(2), 905-912.
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2010). Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk. Istanbul University Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 59, 89-132.
  • Davis, L. S. (2007). Explaining the evidence on inequality and growth: informality and redistribution. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 7(1), 1-35.
  • Deininger, K., & Squire, L. (1996). A new data set measuring income inequality. The World Bank Economic Review, 10(3), 565-591.
  • Dinçer, S. & Kazancı, B. A. (2023). Küreselleşme bağlamında yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. In E. E. Kaya & M. S. Ö. Özcan (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda küreselleşme, siyaset ve uluslararası sistem (ss. 79-95). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & C. Hurlin. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • ECLAC (2025). ECLAC and UNDP present new multidimensional poverty ındex for Latin America. https://www.cepal.org/en/news/eclac-and-undp-present-new-multidimensional-poverty-index-latin-america Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Enders,W., & Jones, P. (2016). Grain prices, oil prices and multiple smooth breaks in a var. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Forbes, K. J. (2000). A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth. American Economic Review, 90(4), 869-887.
  • Frederick Solt (2025). Standardized world income inequality database, https://fsolt.org/swiid/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025.
  • Gatecenter (2025). Who funds well-being in the global South? New partnerships to sustain social protection in Latin America. https://gatecenter.org/en/who-funds-well-being-in-the-global-south-new-partnerships-to-sustain-social-protection-in-latin-america/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarla sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkinma. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 196-215.
  • Gu, X., & Tam, P. S. (2013). The saving–growth–inequality triangle in China. Economic Modelling, 33, 850-857.
  • Hickel, J. (2020). The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene. Ecological economics, 167, 106331.
  • Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., Ali, M., Turner, J. J., & Somasundram, S. A. (2023). Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100348.
  • Jabareen, Y. (2008). A new conceptual framework for sustainable development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10(2), 179-192.
  • Jalles, J. T. (2011). Growth, poverty, and inequality: Evidence from post-communist economies. Journal of Poverty, 15(3), 277-308.
  • Kaldor, N. (1955). Alternative theories of distribution. The Review of Economic Studies, 23(2), 83-100.
  • Khan, S., Yahong, W., & Zeeshan, A. (2022). Impact of poverty and income inequality on the ecological footprint in Asian developing economies: Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals. Energy Reports, 8, 670-679.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. In Capital formation and economic growth (pp. 19-111). Princeton University Press.
  • Li, H., & Zou, H. F. (1998). Income inequality is not harmful for growth: Theory and evidence. Review of Development Economics, 2(3), 318-334.
  • Malinen, T. (2012). Estimating the long-run relationship between income inequality and economic development. Empirical Economics, 42(1), 209-233.
  • Mulugeta Woldegiorgis, M. (2022). Inequality, social protection policy, and inclusion: pertinent theories and empirical evidence. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 24(2), 241-265.
  • Nazlıoğlu, S., & Karul, C. (2017). Panel LM unit root test with gradual structural shifts. 40th International Panel Data Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-26.
  • Nosratabadi, S., Atobishi, T., & Hegedűs, S. (2023). Social sustainability of digital transformation: Empirical evidence from EU-27 countries. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 126.
  • OECD (2024). Income inequality. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/income-inequality.html Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Öztürk, L. (2012). Türkiye’de bölgesel eşitsizliğin sektörel dinamikleri: Bir ayrıştırma analizi, 1987-2001. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(2), 149-159.
  • Öztürk, N., & Göktolga, Z. G. (2010). Yoksulluk ve gelir bölüşümünü belirlemede kullanılan ölçütler. Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, 2(34), 3-25.
  • Paukert, F. (1973). Income distribution at different levels of development: A survey of evidence. International Labour Review, 108, 97-125.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias adjusted Lm test of error cross section ındependence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Phimphanthavong, H. (2014). The determinants of sustainable development in Laos. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 3(1).
  • Robinson, S. (1976). A note on the U hypothesis relating income inequality and economic development. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 437-440.
  • Seo, H. J., Kim, H., & Lee, Y. S. (2020). The dynamic relationship between inequality and sustainable economic growth. Sustainability, 12(14), 5740.
  • Taban, S. (2017). The relationship between income distribution and development: the case of Turkey. Journal of Life Economics, 4(2), 9-16.
  • The Sustainable Development Index (2025). https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Ullah, A., Khan, S., & Pinglu, C. (2024). Income distribution and sustainable development nexus: Fostering poverty reduction and integrated sustainability amidst multi-dimensional regional integration. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100159.
  • Voitchovsky, S. (2005). Does the profile of income inequality matter for economic growth? Distinguishing between the effects of inequality in different parts of the income distribution. Journal of Economic Growth, 10(3), 273-296.
  • Warchold, A., Pradhan, P., & Kropp, J. P. (2021). Variations in sustainable development goal interactions: Population, regional, and income disaggregation. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 285-299.
  • World Bank (2025). Poverty and Equity Briefs. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/poverty-and-equity-briefs Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2025.
  • Yılancı, V., & Kılcı, E. N. (2021). The Feldstein-horioka puzzle for the next Eleven countries: A panel data analysis with fourier functions. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(3), 341-364.

LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 194 - 210, 31.01.2026

Fatih Akın , Selin Dinçer

Öz

Gelir eşitsizliği ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma, son yıllarda gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ekonomi politikalarının merkezinde yer alan iki temel konudur. Ekonomik büyümenin toplumsal refah üzerindeki etkisinin adil bir gelir dağılımıyla desteklenmediği durumlarda, kalkınmanın sürdürülebilirliği sorgulanır hale gelmektedir. Özellikle gelir eşitsizliğinin yüksek olduğu toplumlarda sosyal istikrarın zayıfladığı, ekonomik fırsatların daraldığı, bireylerin potansiyellerini gerçekleştirme olanaklarının azaldığı ve çevresel politikaların etkinliğinin sınırlandığı görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, gelir dağılımındaki adaletin sağlanması yalnızca ekonomik büyümeyi değil, aynı zamanda çevresel ve sosyal boyutlarıyla sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı da etkileyen kritik bir unsur olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 1990-2022 yılları arasında Latin Amerika bölgesinde yer alan altı ülke (Arjantin, Brezilya, Şili, Kolombiya, Meksika ve Peru) için gelir eşitsizliği ile sürdürülebilir kalkınma arasındaki ilişki, Panel Fourier Granger nedensellik yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Gelir eşitsizliği göstergesi olarak GİNİ katsayısı, sürdürülebilir kalkınma göstergesi olarak ise Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Endeksi (SDI) kullanılmıştır. Panel düzeyinde elde edilen bulgular gelir eşitsizliği ile sürdürülebilir kalkınma arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ülke bazında değerlendirildiğinde, Arjantin, Brezilya ve Kolombiya’da sürdürülebilir kalkınmadan gelir eşitsizliğine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik, Arjantin, Şili ve Peru’da ise gelir eşitsizliğinden sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, gelir eşitsizliğinin azaltılmasının sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı desteklediğini ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma politikalarının da gelir dağılımı üzerinde etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Gelir Eşitsizliği Latin Amerika Ülkeleri Fourier Nedensellik Yöntemi

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
  • Alesina, A., & Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Anand, S., & Kanbur, S. R. (1993). The Kuznets process and the inequality—development relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 40(1), 25-52.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), 5-32.
  • Berigel, S., & Eroğlu, İ. (2025). N-11 ülkelerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve BM sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi ilişkisi: Dumıtrescu-Hurlın panel nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 40-56.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Brueckner, M., & Lederman, D. (2015). Effects of income inequality on aggregate output. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7317).
  • Crespo Cuaresma, J., Kubala, J., & Petrikova, K. (2018). Does income inequality affect aggregate consumption? Revisiting the evidence. Empirical Economics, 55(2), 905-912.
  • Çalışkan, Ş. (2010). Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk. Istanbul University Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 59, 89-132.
  • Davis, L. S. (2007). Explaining the evidence on inequality and growth: informality and redistribution. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 7(1), 1-35.
  • Deininger, K., & Squire, L. (1996). A new data set measuring income inequality. The World Bank Economic Review, 10(3), 565-591.
  • Dinçer, S. & Kazancı, B. A. (2023). Küreselleşme bağlamında yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. In E. E. Kaya & M. S. Ö. Özcan (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda küreselleşme, siyaset ve uluslararası sistem (ss. 79-95). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & C. Hurlin. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • ECLAC (2025). ECLAC and UNDP present new multidimensional poverty ındex for Latin America. https://www.cepal.org/en/news/eclac-and-undp-present-new-multidimensional-poverty-index-latin-america Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Enders,W., & Jones, P. (2016). Grain prices, oil prices and multiple smooth breaks in a var. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Forbes, K. J. (2000). A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth. American Economic Review, 90(4), 869-887.
  • Frederick Solt (2025). Standardized world income inequality database, https://fsolt.org/swiid/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2025.
  • Gatecenter (2025). Who funds well-being in the global South? New partnerships to sustain social protection in Latin America. https://gatecenter.org/en/who-funds-well-being-in-the-global-south-new-partnerships-to-sustain-social-protection-in-latin-america/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Gedik, Y. (2020). Sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutlarla sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkinma. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 196-215.
  • Gu, X., & Tam, P. S. (2013). The saving–growth–inequality triangle in China. Economic Modelling, 33, 850-857.
  • Hickel, J. (2020). The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene. Ecological economics, 167, 106331.
  • Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., Ali, M., Turner, J. J., & Somasundram, S. A. (2023). Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100348.
  • Jabareen, Y. (2008). A new conceptual framework for sustainable development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10(2), 179-192.
  • Jalles, J. T. (2011). Growth, poverty, and inequality: Evidence from post-communist economies. Journal of Poverty, 15(3), 277-308.
  • Kaldor, N. (1955). Alternative theories of distribution. The Review of Economic Studies, 23(2), 83-100.
  • Khan, S., Yahong, W., & Zeeshan, A. (2022). Impact of poverty and income inequality on the ecological footprint in Asian developing economies: Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals. Energy Reports, 8, 670-679.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. In Capital formation and economic growth (pp. 19-111). Princeton University Press.
  • Li, H., & Zou, H. F. (1998). Income inequality is not harmful for growth: Theory and evidence. Review of Development Economics, 2(3), 318-334.
  • Malinen, T. (2012). Estimating the long-run relationship between income inequality and economic development. Empirical Economics, 42(1), 209-233.
  • Mulugeta Woldegiorgis, M. (2022). Inequality, social protection policy, and inclusion: pertinent theories and empirical evidence. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 24(2), 241-265.
  • Nazlıoğlu, S., & Karul, C. (2017). Panel LM unit root test with gradual structural shifts. 40th International Panel Data Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-26.
  • Nosratabadi, S., Atobishi, T., & Hegedűs, S. (2023). Social sustainability of digital transformation: Empirical evidence from EU-27 countries. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 126.
  • OECD (2024). Income inequality. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/income-inequality.html Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Öztürk, L. (2012). Türkiye’de bölgesel eşitsizliğin sektörel dinamikleri: Bir ayrıştırma analizi, 1987-2001. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12(2), 149-159.
  • Öztürk, N., & Göktolga, Z. G. (2010). Yoksulluk ve gelir bölüşümünü belirlemede kullanılan ölçütler. Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, 2(34), 3-25.
  • Paukert, F. (1973). Income distribution at different levels of development: A survey of evidence. International Labour Review, 108, 97-125.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias adjusted Lm test of error cross section ındependence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Phimphanthavong, H. (2014). The determinants of sustainable development in Laos. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 3(1).
  • Robinson, S. (1976). A note on the U hypothesis relating income inequality and economic development. The American Economic Review, 66(3), 437-440.
  • Seo, H. J., Kim, H., & Lee, Y. S. (2020). The dynamic relationship between inequality and sustainable economic growth. Sustainability, 12(14), 5740.
  • Taban, S. (2017). The relationship between income distribution and development: the case of Turkey. Journal of Life Economics, 4(2), 9-16.
  • The Sustainable Development Index (2025). https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2025.
  • Ullah, A., Khan, S., & Pinglu, C. (2024). Income distribution and sustainable development nexus: Fostering poverty reduction and integrated sustainability amidst multi-dimensional regional integration. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100159.
  • Voitchovsky, S. (2005). Does the profile of income inequality matter for economic growth? Distinguishing between the effects of inequality in different parts of the income distribution. Journal of Economic Growth, 10(3), 273-296.
  • Warchold, A., Pradhan, P., & Kropp, J. P. (2021). Variations in sustainable development goal interactions: Population, regional, and income disaggregation. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 285-299.
  • World Bank (2025). Poverty and Equity Briefs. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/poverty-and-equity-briefs Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2025.
  • Yılancı, V., & Kılcı, E. N. (2021). The Feldstein-horioka puzzle for the next Eleven countries: A panel data analysis with fourier functions. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(3), 341-364.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Makro İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fatih Akın 0000-0002-7741-4004

Selin Dinçer 0000-0003-3233-493X

Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akın, F., & Dinçer, S. (2026). LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 194-210. https://izlik.org/JA44XN64GC
AMA 1.Akın F, Dinçer S. LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. KUSBD. 2026;16(1):194-210. https://izlik.org/JA44XN64GC
Chicago Akın, Fatih, ve Selin Dinçer. 2026. “LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16 (1): 194-210. https://izlik.org/JA44XN64GC.
EndNote Akın F, Dinçer S (01 Ocak 2026) LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16 1 194–210.
IEEE [1]F. Akın ve S. Dinçer, “LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”, KUSBD, c. 16, sy 1, ss. 194–210, Oca. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA44XN64GC
ISNAD Akın, Fatih - Dinçer, Selin. “LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16/1 (01 Ocak 2026): 194-210. https://izlik.org/JA44XN64GC.
JAMA 1.Akın F, Dinçer S. LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. KUSBD. 2026;16:194–210.
MLA Akın, Fatih, ve Selin Dinçer. “LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 16, sy 1, Ocak 2026, ss. 194-10, https://izlik.org/JA44XN64GC.
Vancouver 1.Akın F, Dinçer S. LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA İLE GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL FOURİER NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ. KUSBD [Internet]. 01 Ocak 2026;16(1):194-210. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA44XN64GC

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