PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC PIRACETAM TREATMENT ON TESTICULAR TORSION/DETORSION DAMAGE IN RATS: A DOSE-RESPONSE STUDY

Öz

Amaç: Testiste iskemi/reperfüsyon (I/R) etkili ile oluşan oksidatif hasar üzereine Pirasetam’ın koruyucu etkilerini araştırmak.
Gereç ve yöntemler: Ratlar rastgele 4 gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1 (sham, kontrol), Grup 2 = I/R (iskemi/reperfüsyon), ilaç verilmedi. Grup 3 = I/R + Pirasetam 250 mg/kg (i.p) ve Grup 4 = I/R + Pirasetam 500 mg/kg (i.p). Pirasetam intraperitoneal yolla testis torsiyonunu takiben 60. dakikada verilmiştir. Her 4 grupta işlemin başlangıcından 6 saat sonra ipsilateral sol testis ve kontralateral sağ testisler çıkarılmıştır. 
Bulgular: Çalışmamızda, Pirasetam’ın artan dozlarda (250 - 500 mg/kg) verilmesinin total antioksidan kapasiteyi (TAS) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı arttırdığını, oksidan kapasite markırı olan total oksidan düzeyi (TOS) istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olmayan düzeyde arttırdığını ve oksidatif stres indeks oranını (OSI) ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde azalttığını belirledik. İpsilateral ve kontralateral testis grupları arasında Johnsen skorlama sistemine göre istatistiksel farklılık saptamadık.
Sonuç: Bizim düşüncemize göre, Pirasetam tedavisi testis örneklerinde antioksidan aktiviteyi arttırmış, oksidan aktiviteyi de baskılamıştır. Ancak, histopatolojik incelemede ve spermatogenes skorlarında bir değişime neden olmamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Testis torsiyonu,detorsiyon,pirasetam

Ratlarda Sistemik Pirasetam Tedavisinin Testis Torsiyon/Detorsiyon Hasarında Koruyucu Etkileri: Doz Bağımlı Çalışma

Öz

Objective: To research the preventive effects of Piracetam on oxidative damage depending on ischemia / reperfusion (I / R) in the testis. 
Material and methods: The rats indiscriminately separated into 4 groups. Group 1 was considered as control/sham, Group 2 = I/R (Ischemia/Reperfusion), medicine was not administered to groups 1 and 2, Group 3 = Piracetam 250 mg/kg (i.p) + I/R and finally Group 4 = Piracetam 500 mg/kg (i.p) + I/R. Piracetam was given intraperitoneally (i.p) after 60 mins of testicular torsion. In all 4 groups, 6 hours after beginning of the method, the ipsilateral (Left testis) (L) and contralateral testes (Right testis) (R) of rats were excised. 
Results: In our study, administration of increasing doses of piracetam (250 mg / kg - 500 mg / kg) statistically increases total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the oxidant capacity marker, total oxidant status (TOS) statistically but non significant were increased and we have established statistically significant decrease in the rate of oxidative stress index (OSI). There was no difference statistically according to Johnsen’s scoring system between groups in the ipsilateral or contralateral testes. 
Conclusion: In our opinion, piracetam therapy increased antioxidant activity and decreased oxidative stres scores in testicular samples. However, it did not cause alteration in histopathological examination and spermatogenesis scores.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Testicular torsion,detorsion,piracetam

Kaynakça

1. 1. Williamson RC. The continuing conundrum of testicular torsion. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 509–510.
2. 2. Beheshtian A, Salmasi AH, Payabvash S, et al. Protective effects of sildenafil administration on testicular torsion/detorsion damage in rats. World J Urol 2008; 26: 197–202.
3. 3. Gukasov VM, Rasulov MM, Efuni SN, Kaplan EIa, Smiriagina VI. Characteristics of the antihypoxic action of piracetam. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1987;103: 683-5.
4. 4. Tortiglione A, Minale M, Pignataro G, Amoroso S, DiRenzo G, Annunziato L. The 2-oxopyrrolidinacetamide piracetam reduces infarct brain volume induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2002; 43: 427-433.
5. 5. Rauca C, Jantze H, Krug M. Does fucose or piracetam modify the effect of hypoxia preconditioning against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures? Brain Res 2000; 13;187-90.
6. 6. Hanon E, Klitgaard H. Neuroprotective properties of the novel antiepileptic drug levetiracetam in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of focal cerebral ischemia. Seizure 2001; 10: 4: 287-293.
7. 7. Ricci S, Celani MG, Cantisani TA, Righetti E. Piracetam in acute stroke: a systematic review. J Neurol 2000; 247: 4: 263-266.
8. 8. Johnsen SG. Testicular biopsy score count–a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results of 335 hypogonadal males. Hormones 1970; 1: 2-25.

9. 9. Erel O. A novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radical reactions. Clin Biochem 2004; 37: 112–119.
10. 10. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 1103–1111.