Cynara scolymus L. Yaprağının Farklı Ekstraktlarda In vitro Aktioksidan Aktivitelerinin ve Makro ve Mikro Element Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Papatyagiller familyasına ait olan Küre enginarın (Cynara scolymus L.) antioksidan, hepatoprotektif ve hipoglisemik etkilere sahiptir, yaprakları geleneksel olarak idrar söktürücü ve koleretik amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın temel amacı enginar yaprağının ve yaprağın metanollü, etil asetatlı ve n-hekzanlı ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik içeriğini bazı in vitro antioksidan aktiviteleri, seçilmiş makro (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) ve mikro (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Se, I) element düzeylerini, belirlemektir. Toplam fenolik içerik değerlerine göre metanol, etil asetatlı ve n-hekzan ekstraktları sırasıyla 5,375 mg, 0,917 mg, 0,167 mg Gallik asit (GAE)/g bulunmuştur. Metanol ekstraktı en yüksek DPPH serbest radikal süpürme aktivitesi (%87,73) gösterirken, etil asetat ekstraktı en yüksek süperoksit radikal süpürme aktivitesine (%49,02) sahip iken n-hekzan ekstraktı yüksek seviye metal şelatlama kapasitesi (289,32 µM Fe) içermektedir. Makro ve mikro elementler açısından (I ve Cr seviyeleri hariç) en yüksek konsantrasyonlar doğal mineral kaynağı olarak kabul edilen yapraklarında kaydedilmiştir. Buna göre enginar yapraklarının potansiyel bir doğal K ve Zn kaynağı sağladığı, metanol ve n-hekzan ekstraktlarının ise iyi P ve Zn kaynağı olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antioksidan aktivite
• Cynara scolymus L
• enginar
• mineraller
• yaprak ekstraktları

Determination of In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Macro and Micro Elements Level in Different Extracts of Cynara Scolymus L. leaf

Öz

Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) belonging to the family of Astericaea, has antioxidant, hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic activities, its leaves have traditionally been used for diuretic and choleretic purposes. Therefore the main goal of this study is to determine the total phenolic content of artichoke leaf and its extracts with methanol, ethyl acetate and n- hexane, some in vitro antioxidant activities, selected macro (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) and micro (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Se, I) elements’ levels. Accordingly the total phenolic content values for the methanol, ethyl acetate and N-hexane extracts found 5,375 mg, 0,917 mg, 0,167 mg Gallic acid (GAE)/g respectively. Methanol extract showed highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87,73%), ethyl acetate extract possessed the highest Superoxide radical scavenging activity (SRSA) (49,02 %) whereas N-hexane extract contained high level metal chelating ability ( 289,32µM Fe). In terms of macro and micro elements (except I and Cr levels), the highest concentrations are recorded in its leaves, which are considered as a natural mineral source. Accordingly, it is evaluated that artichoke leaves provide a potential natural sources of K and Zn, while methanol and N-hexane extracts are good sources of P and Zn.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antioxidant activity
• artichoke
• Cynara scolymus L
• leafextracts
• minerals

Kaynakça

1. Al-Fartusie FS, Mohssan SN. Essential trace elements and their vital roles in human body. Indian J Adv Chem Sci. 2017; 5(3):127-136.
2. Avci G, Denk B, Bulbul A. Research on the antioxidant efficiacy of black seed essential oil using by in vitro method. Eurasian Journal Of Health Sciences. 2021; 4(3):154-161.
3. Ben Salem M, Affes H, Ksouda K, Dhouibi R, Sahnoun Z, Hammami S, Zeghal KM. Pharmacological studies of artichoke leaf extract and their health benefits. Plant Foods for Hum Nutr. 2015; 70:441-453.
4. Ben Salem M, Ben Abdallah Kolsi R, Dhouibi R, Ksouda K, Charfi S, Yaich M, Hammami S, Sahnoun Z, Zeghal KM, Jamoussi K, Affes H. Protective effects of Cynara scolymus leaves extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in alloxan-diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):328.
5. Ben Salem M, Affes, H. Chemicals compositions, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Cynara scolymus leaves extracts, and analysis of major bioactive polyphenols by HPLC. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017; 2017:4951937.
6. Biel W, Witkowicz R, Piątkowska E, Podsiadło C. Proximate composition, minerals and antioxidant activity of artichoke leaf extracts. Biological Trace Element Research. 2020; 194:589–595.
7. Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958; 181:1199-1200.
8. Carter P. Spectrophotometric determination of serum iron at the submicrogram level with a new reagent (ferrozine). Anal Biochem. 1971; 40(2): 450-458.

9. Chen HY, Yen GC. Antioxidant activity and free scavenging capacity of extracts from guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Food Chemistry. 2007;101(2):686-694.
10. Colak E, Ustuner MC, Tekin N, Colak E, Burukoglu, D, Degirmenci I, Gunes HV. The hepatocurative effects of Cynara scolymus L. leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats. Springerplus. 2016; 5: 216.
11. Colla G, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Svecova E, Reac E, Lucini L. Effects of saline stress on mineral composition, phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves of artichoke and cardoon genotypes grown in floating system. J Sci Food and Agric. 2013; 93(5):1119–1127.
12. Connie KL. Role of trace minerals in animal production. What do I need to know about trace minerals for beef and dairy cattle, horses, sheep and goats? http://www.progressivedairy.com/index.php?option= comcontent&view=article &id; Accessien date: 26.11.2011.
13. Demir T, Agaoglu S. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and metmyoglobin reducing activity of artichoke (Cynara Scolymus powder extract added minced meat during frozen storage. Molecules. 2021; 26(18):5494.
14. Dinis TCP, Madeira VMC, Almeida LM. Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1994; 315(1):161-169.
15. Erdogan SM, Akkol E, Avci G. Research on the antioxidant efficiacy of olive (Olea Europaea L.) leaf using by in vitro methods. Kocatepe Vet J. 2020; 13(3):319-326.
16. Evans P, Halliwell B. Micronutrients: oxidant/antioxidant status. British Journal of Nutrition. 85, Suppl. 2001; 2: 67-74.
17. Falowo AB, Fayemi PO, Muchenje V. Natural antioxidants against lipid–protein oxidative deterioration in meat and meat products: A review. Food Res. Int. 2014; 64:171–181.
18. Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 1986; 58: 61-97.
19. Gaetke LM, Chow CK. Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology. 2003; 189 (1-2): 147-163.
20. Halliwell B, Clement MV, Lonh LH. Hydrogen peroxide in human body. FEBS letters 2000; 486(1):10-13.
21. Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Raza A, Hawrylak-Nowak B, Matraszek-Gawron B. AlMahmud J, Nahar K, Fujita M. Selenium in plants: Boon or bane? Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2020; 178: 104170.
22. Hayouni EA, Abedrabba M, Bouix M, Hamdi M. The effect of solvent and extraction method on the phenolic contents and biological activities in vitro of Tunisian Quercus cocciferaand Juniperus phoenicea L. fruit extracts. Food Chemistry. 2007;105(3): 1126-1134.
23. Hua Y, Clark S, Ren J, Sreejayan N. Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2012; 23(4): 313-319.
24. Heimler D, Isolami L, Vignolini P, Tombell S, Romani A. Polyphenol content and antioxidative activity in some species of freshly consumed salads. J.Agric. Food Chem. 2007; 55:1724-1729.
25. Kalogianni AI, Lazou T, Bossis I, Gelasakis, AI. Natural phenolic compounds for the control of oxidation, bacterial spoilage, and foodborne pathogens in meat. Foods. 2020; 9(6):794–822.
26. Kraft K. Artichoke leaf extract - Recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. 1997; 4(4):369-78.
27. Miliauskas G, Venskutonis PR, van Beek TA. Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chemistry. 2004; 85(2):231-237.
28. Mocelin R, Marcon M, Santo GD, Zanatta L, Sachett A, Schönell AP, … Roman Junior WA. Hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects of Cynara scolymus in cholesterol-fed rats. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2016; 26: 233–239.
29. Nadova S, Miadokova E, Mucaji P, Grancai D, Cipak L. Growth inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Cynara cardunculus L. in leukemia cells involves cell arrest, cytochrome c release and activiation of caspases. Phytother Res. 2008; 22:165–168.
30. Nishimiki M, Appaji N, Yagi K. The occurance of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1972; 46(2):849-54.
31. Orlovskaya TV, Luneva IL, Chelombit′ko VA. Chemical composition of Cynara scolymus leaves. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2007; 43: 239-240.
32. Öcal N, Aşkar TK, Büyükleblebici O, Tok D, Dölarslan M, Güleryüzlü Z. The effect of artichoke supplement on lipid metabolism in rats subjected to experimental acute exercise model. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;2(3):114-119.
33. Özcan MM, Baydar H, Sağdıç O, Özkan G. Türkiye'de ticari açıdan önemli Lamiaceae familyasına ait baharat veya çeşni olarak kullanılan bitkilerin fenolik bileşenleri ile antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal etkilerinin belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK Projesi, No: TOGTAG-3319, Konya, 2007.
34. Palma JM, Jimenez A, Sandalio LM, Corpas FJ, Lundqvist M, Gomez M, Sevilla F, Rio LA. Antioxidative enzymes from choloroplast mitochondria and peroxisomes during leaf senescence of nodulated pea plants. J of Experimental Botany. 2006; 54(8):1747-1758.
35. Rehnberg GL, Hein JF, Carter SD, Linko RS, Laskey JW. Chronic ingestion of Mn3O4 by rats: tissue accumulation and distribution of manganese in two generations. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1982; 9(2):175–188.
36. Roohani N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R, Schulin R. Zinc and its importance for human health: an integrative review. J Res Med Sci. 2013; 18(2):144–157.
37. Sahoo S, Ghosh G, Das D, Nayak S. Phytochemical investigation and in vitro antioxidant activity of an indigenous medicinal plant Alpinia nigra B.L. Burtt. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013; 3(11): 871-876.
38. Sałata A, Gruszecki R. The quantitative analysis of polyphenolic compounds in different parts of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) depending on growth stage of plants. Acta Sci Pol Hortorum Cultus. 2010; 9(3):175–181.
39. Salekzamani S, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Rezazadeh K. The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Phytotherapy Research. 2019;33 (1): 55–71.
40. Shon MY, Kim TH, Sung NJ. Antioxidants and free radical scavenging activity of Phellinus baumii (Phellinus of Hymenochaetaceae) extracts. Food Chemistry, 2003;82(4): 593- 597.
41. Silva PSC, Francisconi LS, Goncalves RDMR. Evaluation of major and trace elements in medicinal plants. J Braz Chem Soc. 2016; 27(12):2273–2289.
42. Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 1965; 16: 144-158.
43. Sobirova M, Murodova S. Effects of biopraparites on cynara scolymus L., micro and macroelements, and quantity of flavonoids. E3S Web of Conferences 258, 04025 (UESF-2021).
44. Sokkar HH, Dena ASA, Mahana NA, Badr A. Artichoke extracts in cancer therapy: Do the extraction conditions affect the anticancer activity?. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 6(1):1-21.
45. Tannus CA, Dias FS, Santana FB, Santos DCMB, Magalhães HIF, Dias FS, Júnior AFS. Multielement determination in medicinal plants and herbal medicines containing Cynara scolymus L., Harpagophytum procumbens D.C., and Maytenusilifolia (Mart.) ex reiss from Brazil using ICP-OES. Biological Trace Element Research. 2021; 199:2330–2341.
46. Tokalioglu S. Determination of trace elements in commonly consumed medicinal herbs by ICP-MS and multivariate analysis. Food Chemistry.2012; 134(4):2504-2508. Wojdylo A, Oszmianski J, Czemerys R. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry. 2007; 105(3):940-949.
47. Vamanu E, Vamanu A, Niţă S, Colceriu S. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of Cynara Scolymus (Cynarae folium, Asteraceae Family). Trop J Pharm Res. 2011;10(6):777-783.
48. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2007; 39:44–84.
49. Wojdylo A, Oszmianski J, Czemerys R. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry. 2007; 105(3):940-949.
50. Yazar E, Konyalioglu S, Col R, Birdane YO, Bas AL, Elmas M. Effects of vitamin E and prednisolone on some oxidative stress markers in endotoxemic rabbits. Revue Méd. Vét. 2004; 155(11):538-542.